Seysenbi, 8 Shilde 2025
Ádebiyet 208 0 pikir 8 Shilde, 2025 saghat 13:00

Qytaydyng sal-serilik әdebiyeti

Suret: Avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik-Ontýstik dәuiri Qytay tarihyndaghy eng jii biylik auysqan kezeng bolyp tabylady. Búl kezeng b.z. 220 jyly Sao Py Hani әuletinde handyqty alghannan bastap, 589 jyly Suy әuleti Cheni memleketin qúlatqangha deyin jalghasty.

Osy kezende ýsh patshalyqtyng Vey, Shu, U memleketteri ózara bәsekelesti, keyin Syma Yan Vey memleketining ornyna Batys Szini әuletin qúrdy jәne eldi uaqytsha biriktirdi, biraq kóp úzamay Batys Szini qúlap, soltýstikte on alty memleket arasyndaghy soghys bastaldy, al ontýstikte Shyghys Szini әuleti basqardy. Keyinnen, soltýstik aimaqty Batys Vey biriktirip, ol Shyghys Vey jәne Batys Vey bolyp bólinip, әri qaray Soltýstik Sy jәne Soltýstik Chjougha ainaldy; ontýstikte Son, Si, Lyan jәne Cheni әuletteri almasty. Búl kezende jii soghystar boldy, qogham túraqsyz boldy, biraq mәdeniyet erekshe gýldenip, әdebiyet, suret, kalligrafiya, mýsin siyaqty salalarda eleuli jetistikterge jetti, buddizm de keninen tarady.

Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik-Ontýstik dәuiri Qytay әdebiyetining damu tarihyndaghy erekshe janashyl kezeng bolyp tabylady. Búl kezende poeziya, fu, roman siyaqty janrlar jana zamandyq erekshelikterge ie bolyp, olardyng keyingi damu baghytyn belgiledi. Oi-sanalyq jәne mәdeny túrghydan alghanda, osy kezendegi әdebiyettegi “janashyldyqtar” buddizmning Qytaygha taraluymen tyghyz baylanysty. Ádebiyet tarihynda Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik-Ontýstik dәuiri kezeni Shyghys Hani әuletining Szyaniani kezeninen bastap, Suy әuletining biriguine deyin sozyldy, shamamen tórt jýz jyldy qamtydy. Búl kezenning tarihy jaghdaylary óte kýrdeli boldy. Soltýstik jәne Ontýstik dәuiri әdebiyette manyzdy kezeng bolyp tabylady.

Sal-serilik әdebiyet (隐世文学)

Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik jәne Ontýstik әuletter kezenindegi sal serilik әdebiyet erekshe tarihy jaghdaylarda qalyptasty, ol keyingi әdebiyetke ózindik kórinis pen tereng әser qaldyrdy.

Búl kezende qogham túraqsyz boldy, soghystar jii oryn alyp, biylik jii auysyp otyrdy. «Segiz bektikting qaqtyghysy» jәne «Kóshpendi bes Hudyng Qytaydy basyp aluy» (b,z.304-439jj kóshpendi Ghúndar, Syanibiyler, Sze, Di, Syan taypalar qytaydyng soltýstigin jaulap alyp on alty patashalyq qúrghan) siyaqty oqighalar әdebiyetshilerding ómirin qauipti etti, olar ózderining ómirin saqtau ýshin sayasattan alshaqtap, elden oqshaulanugha tura keldi. Auqatty otbasy ókilderi biylikten oryn taba almay, ishki kýizelisti keshti. Sonymen qatar, daosizm men naturalizm keninen taralyp, shygharmashylyq izdenister men ruhany erkindikti izdegen aqyndar әdebiyette jana aghymdar qalyptastyrdy. Olar elden ketip orman, toghay men kólding jaghasynda kýrke tigip besten, altydan birlesip shygharmashylqpen ainalysty.

Suret: Avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Búl kezendegi sal serilik әdebiyetting kóptegen ataqty ókilderi qalyptasty. Tao Yuaniminining auyl poeziyasy ýlgisi klassikalyq әdebiyet bolyp tabylady, onyng «Guy yuani tyani szi» óleni auyldyq ómirding qarapayym súlulyghyn tamasha beynelegen. «Sharap ishu» óleni onyng ruhany tynyshtyqqa degen kózqarasyn kórsetedi. «Tauhua yuani szi» shygharmasy naghyz izgi jәne oqshaulanghan jerding utopiyalyq beynesin jasap, kópshilikti qyzyqtyrady. Szy Kannyng «ngy Shan Szuy Yuani Sze Szu» shygharmasy ýkimetke qarsy shyqpay, ózin saqtaugha degen sheshimin bildiredi, al onyng «ngnfen shi» óleni ózindik ashuyn jәne erkindikke degen úmtylysyn kórsetedi. Ruan Sziyding «ngnhuay baishy shu» ólenderi shyndyqqa kónil tolmauyn jәne ómirge degen tereng oilaryn bildiredi. Sonymen qatar, Se Liniun ózining tau men su turaly poeziyasymen tanymal, onyng «Shanszuy fu» siyaqty shygharmalary tabighatty nәzik sipattap, onyng suretterin kórsetu arqyly tabighatqa degen sýiispenshiligin jәne sal serilik ómirding lәzzatyn beyneleydi.

Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik jәne Ontýstik әuletter kezenindegi sal-serilik әdebiyetting mazmúny bay, kóbine tabighattyng әsem kórinisterin jәne dalalyq ómirding tynysh, ýilesimdi kezenderin suretteydi. Ol tabighatty beyneleu arqyly aqyndardyng erkin, tynysh ómirge degen úmtylysyn kórsetedi. Sonymen birge, shygharmalar aqyndardyng jalghyzdyghyn, qayghysyn jәne ómirge tereng oilaryn kórsetedi, olardyng búl әlemnen tysqary bolugha jәne ruhany erkindikti izdeuge degen ishki dýniyesin ashady. Stili boyynsha, búl әdebiyet jana jәne tabighi, qarapayym jәne әdemi bolyp keledi, til qysqa әri mәndi, tabighat kórinisterin jazu arqyly tereng oilar men sezimder bildiredi, oqyrmandardy shygharmashylyqtyng joghary ruhany dengeyine jetelep, avtorlardyng ózindik kózqarastaryn kórsetedi.

Vey Szini jәne Soltýstik jәne Ontýstik әuletter kezenindegi jasyryn әdebiyet Qytay әdebiyetining tarihynda ýlken manyzgha iye. Búl әdebiyet taqyryptar men mazmúndy bayytyp, keyingi tau men su turaly poeziya siyaqty әdeby aghymdardyng damuyna negiz qalady. Onyng erkindikke degen úmtylysy jәne tabighatty qúrmetteui keyingi úrpaqtyng oilau jýiesine jәne shygharmashylyqqa tereng әser etip, Qytay әdebiyetining asyl ruhany qazynasyna ainaldy.

Bambuk ormanynyng jeti perisi

«Bambuk ormanynyng jeti perisi» — búl Vey Szini kezenindegi Szy Kan, Ruan Szi, Shani Tao, Syan Su, Lu Liyn, Van Jun jәne Ruan Syan atty jeti adamnyng birigui. Olar jii Shaniyanda (qazirgi Henani provinsiyasynyng Suvý qalasy) bambuk ormanynyng astynda jinalyp, erkin kónil-kýimen uaqyt ótkizgen, osylaysha olardy «Bambuk ormanynyng jeti perisi» dep ataghan.

Suret: Avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Szy Kan

Szy Kan, laqap aty Shue, — Bambuk ormanynyng jeti perisining ruhany jetekshisi. Ol Lao-Szy men Chjuan-Szyny joghary baghalap, tabighatqa úmtyldy, «ataq-danqtan adamdyqty joghary qoyyp, tabighatqa basymdyq beru» degendi ústandy. Onyng әdeby shygharmalarynyng eng tanymaly — «Shan Ju Yuanimen dostyqty ýzgen hat», onda ózining memlekettik qyzmetke barudan bas tartqanyn kórsetedi.

Szy Kan pyanino oinaudy jaqsy kórdi, әsirese «Guan Lini San» kýiin oryndaumen ataqty boldy, onyng adamgershilik qasiyetteri men muzykalyq daryndary keyingi úrpaqqa tereng әser etti.

四言诗十一首•其一

淡淡流水,沦胥而逝。

泛泛柏舟,载浮载滞。

Tórt sózdi ólen, on bir ólenning birinshisi:

Su bayau aghyp barady,

Toqtausyz, ýnemi aghyp jatady.

Qayyq aqyryn jýzip keledi,

Qayranda toqtap sonda qalady.

Ólenning stiyli taza jәne tabighi, tabighat kórinisteri arqyly shabyt alady, ol dýniyening ótkinshi ekenin kórsetip, tabighatqa degen sýiispenshiligi men daos filosofiyasyna degen úmtylysyn bildiredi.

Ruan Szy

Ruan Szy, esimi Sy Szun, Ruan Yudyng úly. Ol sayasattan qashu ýshin jii ishimdik iship, mas kýide ómir sýrgen. Onyng «Erkin oilar» atty shygharmasy bes joldy ólenning klassikalyq ýlgisi bolyp tabylady. Ólenning stiyli tereng әri kýrdeli, kóp jaghdayda ishki auyrtpalyqty jәne qoghamgha degen narazylyqty bildiredi.

Ruan Szy salt-dәstýrge baghynbaytyn adam bolghan, onyng әigili «kók kóz» degen hikayasy bar. Ol dәstýrdi ústanatyndardy «aq kóz» dedi, al ózine úqsas oidaghy adamdargha «kók kóz» dedi.

咏怀诗•其一

夜中不能寐,起坐弹鸣琴。

薄帷鉴明月,清风吹我襟。

«Erkin oilar» óleni:

Týnde úiyqtay almay,

Túryp, kýy oinaymyn.

Júqa perdeden aidy kóremin,

Taza da jel samal meni sipap ótedi.

Búl ólende aqyn týnde úiyqtay almay, kýy oinaghan sәtin beyneleydi, búl óz kezeginde ishki auyrtpalyqty, qoghamgha degen narazylyqty jәne ómirge degen kýmәn men oilaudy kórsetedi.

鸿鹄相随去

鸿鹄相随去,飞飞适荒裔。

双翮凌长风,须臾万里逝。

«Qazdar qatar úshady»

Qazdar birge úshady, alystaghy dalagha ketedi.

Qos qanat jelmen kóterilip, bir sәtte myndaghan shaqyrymgha jetedi.

Búl ólende joghary úshyp bara jatqan qazdar beynesi arqyly aqyn ózining erkindik pen iydealdy ómirge degen qúshtarlyghyn bildiredi, sol arqyly  adamdar arasynan qashyp ketudi menzeydi.

Shani Tao

Esimi Szuy Yuani, jeti perining ishinde jasy ýlkeni. Jas kezinde elden bólek qarapayym ómir sýrgen, keyin memlekettik qyzmetke qatysyp, ýkimette jaqsy jetistikterge jetken.

Shani Tao adam retinde salmaqty, talantty jan boldy. Ol memlekettik keneske Szy Kandy úsynghan, búl Szy Kannyng «Shani Szuy Yuanimen dostyqty ýzu haty» atty shygharmasyn jazuyna sebep boldy, biraq ekeuining dostyghy búdan keyin de ýzilmedi.

Syan Suy

Esimi Szy Si, Lao Szy men Chjuan Szynyng ilimderin jaqsy kórgen, Chjuan Szynyng týsindirmesin jazyp, onyng taraluyna ýlken ýles qosqan.

Szy Kan ólim jazasyna kesilgennen keyin, Syan Suy qyzmetten ketuge mәjbýr bolghan, biraq ol Szy Kannyng eski ýiining janynan ótip bara jatqanda ataqty «Eski dostardy eske alu» degen shygharmasyn jazghan, búl shygharmasynda ol Szy Kangha degen saghynyshyn bildirgen.

Lu Liyn

Esimi Bo Lun, ishimdikti jaqsy kóretindigimen tanymal, «Ishimdik turaly maqtau» shygharmasyn jazghan. Lao Szy men Chjuan Szynyng ilimderin uaghyzdaghan.

Ol jii búghy arbasymen sayahatqa shyghyp, ózimen birge ishimdik alyp jýretin, adamdargha «ólesem, meni kóminder» dep aitatyn. Onyng minezi erkin jәne qoghamnyng dәstýrlerine degen nemqúraydy kózqarasymen erekshelenedi.

Van Jun

Esimi Szuni Chun, balalyq shaghynan aqyldy, anyq jәne tereng oiymen tanymal. Ol jeti perining ishine songhy bolyp qosylghan adam, Batys Szini kezeninde manyzdy lauazymdardy atqarghan.

Van Jun bay otbasynan shyqqanymen, úqypsyz jәne sarang bolghan, onyng sarandyghy turaly kóptegen әngimeler taralghan. Mysaly, óz qyzy odan aqsha qaryz súraghanda, ol qarsy bolghan, biraq qyzy aqshany qaytarghanan keyin ghana quanghan eken.

Ruan Syan

Esimi Chjun Ron, Ruan Szynyng jiyeni, Ruan Szy ekeui «Ýlken jәne kishi Ruan» dep atalghan. Ol muzykalyq sazdy óte jaqsy mengergen, pipa aspabynda sheber oinaytyn, әri Guy Szyden kelgen pipany qayta jasap, keyingi úrpaqtar ony «Ruan Syan» dep ataghan.

Ruan Syan da salt-dәstýrden bas tartqan, anasy qaytys bolghanda, ol naghashylyrymen qarym-qatynas jasaghan, al tuystary ony alyp ketuge barghan kezde, ol qayghy kiyimderin kiyip, atqa minip, olardy quyp jibergen.

Jeti peri de daryndy adamdar, olar әdebiyet, filosofiya, muzyka siyaqty salalarda joghary dengeyde bilim men daghdylargha ie bolghan. Olardyng oilary men is-әreketteri, әsirese, Vey Szini kezenindegi әdebiyetting ruhany sipatyn kórsetedi, әri keyingi úrpaqtardyng mәdeniyetine tereng әser etti.

Tao Yuanimiyn

Tao Yuanimin (shamamen 365—427 jyldar) — aty Syani, esimi Yuanilyan, laqap esimi U Liu Syanishen, jeke esimi Szinisze, halyq arasynda Szinisze Syanishen dep tanylghan. Ol shynymen Jyansu okrugi, Chaysan audany (qazirgi Szyansy provinsiyasy, Szuszyan qalasy) tumasy, al basqa bir derekter boyynsha, ol Qytaydyng Yanifen audanynda tuylghan dep te aitady. Ol shyghys Szini dәuirining sonyndaghy kórnekti aqyn, ritor jәne jazushy.

Tao Yuanimin Djanjou (Szyansi) aimaghynda birneshe memlekettik lauazymdardy atqardy, onyng ishinde Szyanchjou (Jangchjou) mamany, Szyanchjou әskery kenesshisi, Pensze okrugining basshysy bolyp qyzmet atqarghan. Songhy ret Pensze audanynda qyzmet etken, biraq shamamen 80 kýnnen keyin búl qyzmetti tastap, auylyna oraldy. Ol Qytayda auyl poeziyasy tendensiyasyn qalyptastyrghan aqyn retinde tanylyp, “sal seri aqyndarynyng tóresi”, Tao Yuaniminning shygharmalary arasynda “Sharap ishu”, «Guy yuani tyani sziy», «Say suydun Shiyan», «Tauhua yuani szi» shygharmalary ataqty.  Ol Szyansy provinsiyasynyng eng alghashqy әdebiyet salasyndaghy úly túlghasy bolyp sanalady.

Suret: Avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

饮酒

结庐在人境,而无车马喧。

问君何能尔?心远地自偏。

采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。

山气日夕佳,飞鸟相与还。

此中有真意,欲辨已忘言。

Sharap ishu

Tao Yuanimiyn

Adamdar shoghyrlanghan jol boyynda ýy saldym,

Biraq múnda midy ashytar kólik pen attardyng shuyly joq.

Siz qalay ghana kermek ómirden qútyldyng deseniz,

Mening janym adamdardan alysta, tabighat óz qúshaghyna alghan-di.

 

Shyghys qabyrghadan jýregimning tәji gýlin jinaymyn,

Basymdy zorgha kóterip ontýstik taudyng ghalamatyn kóremin.

Aq kýmis búlttar taudy býrkep әdemi suret salady,

Úshqan qústarda alystaghy mekenine asygha barady.

Shynymende búl ara ghalamat jayly meken-di

Til jetpes beyneleuge ómirding mәnin.

Búl ólenning taqyrby auyspaly maghynada berilgen, ólende sharap turaly sóz joq, alghashqy tórt joly — aqynnyng dýniyelik qiynshylyqtardan arylghan songhy sezimderi turaly jazylghan. Al keyingi alty joly — ontýstiktegi taudyng keremet keshki kórinisi men aqynnyng odan alghan rahaty turaly bayandalady. Búl óleng aqynnyng auyl ómirin sýietin shynayy sezimin jәne onyng asqaq túlghasyn kórsetedi.

Shabdal gýldi auyl

Tao Yuanimiyn

Shyghys Szini kezi tayyani jyldary, Vulin audanynda bir balyqshysy bolypty. Bir kýni ol kishkene qayyghymen jýzip bara jatyp, jaghalaudan úzap ketkenin angharmay qaldy. Shabdal aghashty qalyng ormangha tap boldy, artyna qarasa ózi túratyn aumaq jýzdegen shaqyrym artta qalypty. Tabighaty tamasha orman balyqshyny ózine qatty baurady, gýlder men shópteri sonday әdemi әri taza. Mýlde múnday әsem tabighatty kórmegen balyqshy tanghala-tanghala ormannyng ishine qaray qayyghyn aidady.

Ormannyng ishine kire ózen bastauynda búlaq suy aghyp jatty, odan ary aldynda  qalqiyp tau túrdy, tauda kishkentay ýngir kórindi, ýngirden jaryq sәulesi shyqqanday boldy. Balyqshy qayyghynan týsip, ýngirge kirdi. Alghashynda ýngirding auzy óte tar, tek bir adam ghana ótetindey siyaqtandy. Bes alty qadam jýrip edi, kenetten keng alqap ashylyp, jarqyraghan jazyq dala men qatar-qatar ýilerdi kórindi. Onda shaqpaqty egistik alqaptary, atyz ortasynda әdemi toghandar, jibektey tógilgen aghashtary men bambuk ormandary sәn berip túrdy. Alqap arsyndaghy egistik joldary ózara qiylysyp atyzgha odan sayyn sәn beredi, qústar sayrap, itter ýrip jatty, adamdar egis basynda júmystarymen harbalas, er-әielding әngimeleri estildi. Auyl túrghyndary shabdal gýldi kiyimdermen júmys istep, bala-shagha alansyz quanyshta ómir sýrdi.

Auyl túrghyndary balyqshyny kórip, tanghalyp, odan qaydan kelgenin súrady. Balyqshy bar jayyn tolyghymen týsindirip berdi. Barlyghy ony ýiine qonaqqa shaqyryp, tauyq soyyp, tamaq dayyndap, qonaq etti. Balyqshy kelgenin estigen basqa túrghyndarda onmen әngimelesuge zәru boldy. Olar ózderining ata-babalarynyng Sin әuleti kezinde soghystarynan qashyp, otbasy jәne kórshilerimen osy jerge kelgenin, basqa adamdarmen baylanys ornatpaytynyn aitty. Olar balyqshydan býgingi zaman turaly súrady, Hani әuleti men Szini jәne Vey әuletteri turaly bilmeytinderin aitty. Balyqshy óz bilgenderin tolyq aitty. Auyl túrghyndary ony tyndap, tanghaldy. Olarda balyqshyny óz ýilerine shaqyryp, qonaq qyldy. Balyqshy birneshe kýnnen song auyldan qoshtasyp, ketuge sheshim qabyldady. Auyl túrghyndary oghan: «Bizding jerimiz turaly syrtqa aitushy bolma!» dep ótinish jasady.

Balyqshy óz qayyghyn tauyp, eski jolmen keri qaytyp, joldyng boyyna belgiler qaldyrdy. Ol audangha baryp, gubernatorgha búl oqighany bayandady. Gubernator ony dereu belgiler boyynsha izdedi, biraq olar joldan adasyp, Shabdol gýldi auylgha aparatyn joldyng qayda ekenin taba almady.

Naniyan qalasynyng túrghyny Lu Szyszy ruhany dәrejesi joghary adam bolatyn, ol búl әngimeni estigen son, sol auylgha barudy josparlady, biraq ol búl sapardy jýzege asyra almay, kóp úzamay aurudan qaytys boldy. Sodan keyin Shabdal gýldi auyldyng jolyn súraghan adamdar bolmady.

Búl shygharmadaghy Shabdal gýldi auyldydaghy tynyshtyq pen baqyt, erkin әri adamdardyng teng dәrejede ómir sýretin jerin surettey otyryp, avtordyng jaqsy ómirge degen armanyn jәne qazirgi ómirden alandaushylyghyn kórsetedi.

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