ShOQAN - 190

«Dýniyede әdildik pen adaldyqty
tu etken adamnan artyq eshkim joq», -
Shoqan Uәlihanov.

Búl oqigha úly ghalymnyn  1856 jyly Qúlja qalasyna Resey imperiyasy atynan jiberilgen arnayy әskery delegasiya qúramynda  jasaghan sayahaty barysynda oryn alghan. Basty maqsat – bir jyl búryn, yaghny 1855 jyly Shәueshekte oryn alghan býlik saldarynan japa shekken orys saudagerlerining shyghynyn óteu jóninde Qytay tarapymen kelissózder jýrgizu. Múnday jauapkershiligi auyr isti sәtti orynday otyryp, qosymsha mәlimetter jinau ýshin jan-jaqty bilikti әskery adam qajet bolady. Sondyqtan, Resey Syrtqy ister ministrligi basshylyghy 1856 jylghy 23 mamyrda Batys Sibir general-gubernatory V.G. Gasfortqa «Qúljagha arnayy adam jiberu turaly» hat joldaydy. Ol adamdy kelissózge qatysatyn qytay basshylarymen qalay әreket jasau kerektigi jóninde núsqaulyqtarmen qamtamasyz etu turaly da eskertiledi.

Áskery otryadtan qúralghan delegasiyany basqaru Ýlken orda qazaqtarynyng pristavy podpolkovnik Peremysheliskiyge jýkteledi. Solarmen birge Shoqan 1856 jylghy 1 tamyzda «bir jaghday sebep bolyp» dep ózi jazghanday, Qytaydyng sol kezdegi Borohudjir degen shekaralyq beketine ayaq basady. Osy kýnnen bastap, Shoqan Uәlihanov «1856 jylghy Qúlja kýndeligi» dep ataghan jazbalaryn asa tynghylyqty týrde jýrgize bastaydy. Keyinirek osy kýndelikting negizinde «Qytay imperiyasynyng batys ólkesi jәne Qúlja qalasy» atty әigili enbegin jazghan.

Endi basty taqyrybymyzgha oralyp, Shoqannyng qytay týsiniginde «asqan súlu» bolyp esepteletin, sol zamanda «qala oiranshylary» dep atalatyn sylqym qyzdardyng birimen qalay tanysyp, sipattaghany jayly avtordyng óz sózimen bayandaymyz.

12 qyrkýiek.

Fu-Chan-lun degen tanys kópesimiz ózining túrghyn ýiine qonaqqa shaqyrdy. Meyram kýnderi kiyetin sәndi kiyim kiygen ýy iyesi – Chjan-Gu-da bizdi esik aldynan qarsy alyp, bólmesine kirgizdi. Bir-birimizben amandasyp, ózderining amandasu salty boyynsha, bizding qarnymyzdyng toqtyghyn súrastyryp bolghannan keyin, biz neshe týrli jemis pen luchy jәne jujib degen qytay janghaqtaryn ýiip-tógip qoyghan alasa stol túrghan sәkige shyghyp otyrdyq.

Ýsti-basy alba-júlba bir jigit týtikterge shylym toltyryp, shoqqa tútatyp әkeldi de, әrqaysymyzgha bir iyilip, taghzym etip úsyndy. Biz, qytay rәsimi boyynsha, týtigimizdi bir-birimizge úsynyp, ústata saldyq ta, shylym shege bastadyq. Jogharyda aitqan jigit búl kezde shoqqa qoyghan jez qúmyrany alyp, shynyayaqtarymyzgha shay qúidy. Shaygha qosyp, qarbyz әkelindi. Biz shay iship, jemis jep otyrghan kezimizde Chjan-Gu-da hatshymen sybyrlasyp, qúpiyalap sóilese bastady. Biz búl sózderining nәtiyjesin әuesqoylyqpen kýtip otyrdyq; keshikpey-aq isting mәn-jayy belgili boldy. Chjan-Gu-da bizge shyn mәnisinde tolyq syi-qúrmet kórsetpek eken, sondyqtan bizding kónilimizdi kótergisi keletin kórinedi, qysqasy, oqyghan, mәdeniyetti adamdardyng (әriyne qytay oqyghandarynyn) saltymen búl da bizding qonaqasymyzdyng ýstinde «qala oiranshylary» dep atalatyn sylqymdardyng biri bolghanyn qalaydy eken. Búl jaghday, ýy iyesining aituy boyynsha, bizding tәbetimizdi ashtyryp jәne kónildi әngimege shabyttandyryp otyru ýshin qajet kórinedi. Biz, birinshiden, elderining saltyn, ekinshiden, ýy iyesining niyetin syilap, ýshinshiden, Ortalyq patshalyqtyng kameliyalaryn ózimizde bir kórip, tanysayyqshy degen oimen Chjan-Gu-da ne isteymin dese de jәne óz elining dәstýrin qalay oryndaymyn dese de erikti degen pikirdi aittyq. Ýy iyesi ózderining dәstýrlerin bizding jatsynbaytynymyzdy bilip, qatty quandy. Ol bir-eki sóz aituy-aq múng eken, alba-júlba jigitter abyr-sabyr bola qaldy da, esikten shyghyp joq bop ketti. Arada birneshe minut ótkennen keyin qarqyldap kýlip kele jatqan bireulerding dauystaryn jәne bir sýikimdi nәzik dauysty qúlaghymyz shaldy, ol bir asyl jynys ókilining dausy ekeni kýmәnsiz edi. Kýlki men dauys jaqyndaghan sayyn Chjan-Gu-da jymyndap, qayta-qayta kózin qysa berdi.

Aqyry ol bizge qúpiya týrde sybyrlap qana: - «kele jatyr», - dep, jalma-jan esikke qaray úmtylyp, syrtqa shyghyp ketti, sóitip, qayta kirgende qasyna qytaydyng «jýrek tebirentushilerinin» birin erte keldi. Chjan-Gu-da anday qolapaysyz bolyp kóringenimen, nuyjenge kelgende óte epti, әiel babyn tapqysh naghyz «shi-i», yaghny sabazdyng ózi bolyp shyqty. Áyelmen sóileskende ol ylghy kýlimdep, kózderi sol kezde bir týrli syghyraya týsip, dausy әn salghanday sayrap shyqty. Búl jýrekti jaulap alushy bizge tize býgip, taghzym etip, amandasty da sәkige jaqynday týsip, әdeppen syzylyp, jan-jaghyna qarap, úyalghansyp túryp qaldy. Chjan-Gu-da әiel janyna jalma - jan doghaday býgilip, jetip baryp, bizding aramyzdan oryn kórsetip, oghan jay ghana: - soha iydei, - dedi. Hanymdy Chao-go (alma) dep ataydy eken – ol ózining tal boyyn sәl iyinkirep, oimaqtay ghana ayaqtaryn sylty basyp, sәkige shyqty. Áyel bizding qasymyzdan kórsetken ózining ornyna kelip, tizesin býgip, jayylynqyray týsip otyryp aldy da, óz mindetin ghajayyp sheberlikpen atqara bastady. Ol bizding әrqaysymyzgha: – hәule! – dedi de, biz týsinbeytin bir sypayy әzil aityp, shәinektegi sharapty kishkentay keselerge qúiyp, bizge úsynghan boyy tura auzymyzgha taqap alyp keldi. Biz ekeuimiz sharapty bólip ishtik. Sharapty birneshe ret jútyp alghannan keyin bizding hanymymyzdyng ózi bir óte әzilqoy, kónildi kisi bolyp shyqty. Ádeptilikke úzaq shydamay, әlgi әiel bizding ýsti-basymyzdy kózben tinte әbden qarap shyqty. Qytaysha júrday bolghandyqtan, biz qolmen kórsetip, ymdap týsiniskensidik; búghan ol mәz boldy. Bizding ersiligimizge rahattana kýlip, kónilge almaghan synay bildirdi. Búl boyjetkenning jasy jiyrmalarda, biraq sol jastyghyna qaramastan reni solghyn, bylaysha aitqanda, tozyghy jetkendey eken. Qytay talghamymen qaraghanda, bet әlpeti kelisti, әdemishe kelgen edi. Ózining bet-әlpeti sýikimdi, qytaylardyng talghamynsha aitqanda – óte kórikti bolghan kórinedi. Keyin qaray tarap, órgen qalyng qara shashy ókshesine deyin tógile týsken. Basyndaghy jasandy bir shoq gýlge ýimelegen kóbelekter men týrli ajarsyz qonyzdary úshyp-qonyp jýrgen tәrizdi. Opa-dalap jaghyp, boyap alghan erini qyp-qyzyl shoqtay janady. Onyng qysyqtau kelgen kózderi birese joghary qarap, birese qymtamay ashyp qoyyp otyrghan ayaghyna qarap oinaqtap túrdy. Jalghyz ghana kemistigi bet oramalyn qayta-qayta alyp, múrnyn sýrtkishtep әure boldy.

Búghan qarsy men iltipat bildiru retinde bir ydystan sharap ishuge saq bolu kerek eken dep oiladym. Ol ýstine jensiz, jaghasyz, omyrau túsynan týimelenetin keudeshe kiyipti. Keudeshening әr týimelerinde qaltasha túmarshalar men tis shúquysh tәrizdi temir jәne iyneler ilingen. Keudeshening ishinen keng de úzyn etip tigilgen, biraq keltejeng kaftan kiygen. Etekteri men jeng tigisteri toqyma baularmen әdiptelgen. Kaftan ishinen syrtqy halat siyaqty piship tigilgen jibek kóilek kiygen. Boyyn sәndep, taza kiyinipti, túlghasy da symbatty, qytaylarsha aitqanda, kýrishting sabaghynday ýzilip túr eken.

Hanymnyn, әsirese, kishkene nәzik qoly erekshe әdemi edi. Ony ózi de jaqsy bilip, barynsha baptap, kýtetin boluy kerek. Úzyn tyrnaqtaryn qyzghylt boyaumen boyap jaynatyp qoyghanyn azsynghanday, sol qolynyng shynashaghymen taghy bir sausaghynyng úp-úzyn tyrnaqtaryna altyn syr jalatypty. Eki birdey sausaghyna altyn jýzik salyp, bilekterine bilezik pen jipke tizgen marjan taghypty. Qúlaqtaryn orystyng qalashy tәrizdi asyl tastan istelgen syrgha taghyp, әshekeylepti.

Osy kiyimder men týrli әshekeylerining ýstine taghy da eki jaq samayyna eki meng japsyryp alghanyn aita ketuimiz kerek. Búl bas auruynyng myng da bir emi kórinedi.

Biz búl jaqta talay әielderdi kórdik, biraq solardyng bәrining qol-ayaghy jaratylysynan-aq kishkentay әri súlu bolady eken. Eki-ýsh kese sharap ishkennen keyin, súluymyz jeninen әiel týtigin suyryp alyp, auzy múrnynyng ýsh sanylauynan birdey shyqqan týtinin shyghyrshyqtay dóngelentip artistik ónerin kórsete bastady da, búrynghysynan beter erkinsip aldy. Ol bizge bәriniz de súlu jigitsizder dep otyrdy, onyng ýstine men, baqytyma qaray taghy da sol ózimning syghyrayghan qysyq kózim men qara shashymnyng arqasynda qytay qyzynyng airyqsha qamqorlyghyna bólendim. Ol  maghan qaray tyghyla týsip, jaqynyraq otyryp alyp, sóiley bastady, jýzi eljirep, qolymen basymnan sipay beruine qaraghanda, ózi maghan óte bir meyirimdi, jyly sózder aityp otyrghanday bop kórindi.

Men ózimning ýnsiz qalghanyma qysylyp, tastay júmyp alghan auzymdy ashyp, sausaqtarymdy birese býgip, birese bir sausaghymdy ghana shoshaytyp, sóitip, qolymdy erbendetip, sóiley bastadym. Qytaylar biletin barsha tatar sózderi men ózim biletin qytay sózderin ayamay jaudyra berdim. Qytaylardyng ózderi siyaqty men de oghan bas barmaghymdy shoshaytyp: - hau! – senen basqa әiel zatynyng barshasy da týkke túrmaydy, - dedim.  Búl pikirimdi men oghan әueli shynyshaghymdy kórsetip, sodan keyin «barlyq әielder» dedim de, tfu – dep týkirip jibergen bop, mýmkin bolghansha, qysqasha týsindirgen boldym. Men ózim biletin sózderding barshasyn: chjangoyanzy (osy qoldas) degen sózden bastap, lohani (shal), lota (týie), toou (bas) degen sózderge deyin týgel aityp, tilim jetpegen jerde birese ymdap, birese qolymdy erbendetip, әbden әlek boldym. Búl maqtauymnyng ózi maghan keremettey auyr azapqa týsti, sóitip, monologymnyng ayaghyn barynsha jigerlene týsip, asyldyng asyly nemese jeksúryn «nes plus ultra» (bir dәrejening shegine jetken degen maghynada), yaghni, jaman qarghys, ne izgi tilek siyaqty neshe týrli úghymda aitylatyn myndaghan maghynasy bar «djandurlya» degen sózben ayaqtay bergenimde, kenetten jýregim qysylyp, әbden qaljyrap, janymdaghy jastyqqa qisayyp, qúlay kettim. Qytay qyzy, múnysy nesi degendey, qarghys atqyr oramalyn múrnyna taqay otyryp, týsindirudi ótingendey ýy iyesine qarap auzyn ashyp, anqidy da qaldy.

Bizding bas konsulymyz, sinolog Ivan Zaharov búl hanymdy anaghúrlym týsiniktirek sózdermen madaqtay týsip,  tórt jamby kýmis berdi de, sóitip onyng kónilin tauyp, әbden jaylandyrdy. Áyel búghan qatty razy bolyp, bizding aldymyzgha tize býgip, taghzym etip, әrqaysysymyzgha jeke-jeke alghys aitty; biraq sóitken qytay qyzymyzdyng ilezde ózgerip, manadan beri bizdi ózining arsyzdyghymen jәne siyrek búrymynyng siyqsyz týrimen jynymyzdy keltirip otyrghan bir qytaymen sәl kenesip alyp, sodan keyin bizge: - kórgendi adamdar búdan góri sypayyraq bolu kerek, - dep, alghan aqshasyn qaytadan aldymyzgha tastay salghanyna qayran bolghanymyzdy kórsenizder! Osy danalyq sózin aitty da, qan jaqqanday alqyzyl ernin dýrdiytip, búryshqa baryp, jalghyz ózi oqshau otyryp aldy... Ol, sirә, ózining taghaday býgilip, býrisip qalghan ajarsyz ayaghyna bizdi әldeqashan esi ketip, qúshtar bolyp otyr dese kerek, sondyqtan bizder siyaqty jabayy orystar Qytaydyng múnday shynayy súlu ghalamatyn kórgenimizding ózin zor abyroy sanap, tek sonyng qúrmeti ýshin ghana qaltamyzdyng týbin qaghyp, bar aqshamyzdy sypyryp beredi dep oilasa kerek. Biz oghan osy aqshamyzdyng ózine razy bolynyz, әitpese odan da qúr qalasyz dedik te, jaybaraqat óz betimizben sóilesip otyra berdik... Qytaydyng «qala oirandaushysy» sylqymdarymen tanysuymyzdyng ayaghy osylay bitti. Biz oghan kóktem әseri jayly «fanza» - dep ishara etip edik, ol әueli qatty quanyp qaldy da, keyin oilana otyryp, bolmaydy degendi ókinishpen aitty. Eger polisiya bilip qoysa... dep sózining ayaghyn jútyp qoydy. Biraq onyng ne aitpaghy týsinikti edi, bambuk – ghajayyp nәrse degeni bolatyn (óz tarapymyzdan qosymsha týsindirme: ol zamanda qytay polisiyasy bambuk tayaghyn jazalaugha qoldanghan).

Mine, qúrmetti oqyrman, osy shaghyn ýzindining ózinen-aq Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng bayandau sheberligin, әzil-syqaqqa toly til baylyghyn jәne eng úsaq nәrselerding ózin nazarynan tys qaldyrmaytyn qyraghylyghyn bayqaugha bolady.

Jalpy, úly ghalym Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng qazaqtan shyqqan túnghysh kәsiby suretshi jәne túnghysh prozaiyg-jazushy ekenin kópshilik bile bermeydi. Búl olqylyqtyng ornyn toltyru maqsatynda ózimiz 2024 jylghy 20 mamyrda «Abai.kz» internet portalynda «Shoqan – qazaqtyng túnghysh prozaiygi, kәsiby suretshisi» jәne 2024 jylghy 22 qarashada «Qazaq әdebiyeti» gazetinde «Shoqannyng әzil-syqaqtary» atty maqalalar jariyalaghan bolatynbyz.

Shoqan múrasyn eng tynghylyqty zerttegen akademik Á. Maghúlan bylay dep atap ótken: «Jýz jyldar boyy Sh.Uәlihanovtyng әdeby múralarynyng zerttelmey keluining saldarynan qazaq әdebiyetining búl asyl shygharmalary kýni býginge deyin bizge mәlim bolmay keldi. Endi býginde osylardyng bәri belgili bop otyrghanda, Uәlihanovty tek oishyl-ghalym ghana emes, qazaqtyng túnghysh jazushy-prozaiygi dep moyyndau mәselesi kýn tәrtibine qoyylyp otyr».

Shoqan ózining alghashqy ghylymy enbekterin kórkem proza týrinde jazghan. Onyng «Ystyqkól kýndelikteri» men «Qytay imperiyasynyng batys ólkesi jәne Qúlja qalasy» atty enbekterin eng ýzdik, eng kórkem prozalyq shygharmalar qataryna qonggha bolady. Ásirese Shoqannyng jergilikti halyqtyng tarihyn, mәdeniyetin, túrmysyn baghzy zamanmen baylanystyra otyryp sheber әri biliktilikpen jazuy tang qaldyrady. Al,  tabighat kórinisterin naghyz oishyl, filosof dәrejesinde suretteui oqyrmangha erekshe әser etetini sózsiz.

Shoqannyng tumysynan zerek, jastayynan sózge sheshen, úshqyr oily adam bolghany belgili. Onyng әdiletsizdikke jany qas bolghany sonsha, ozbyr, dóreki adamdardy mysqyldap, synap tastaytyny turaly zamandastary jazyp ketken. Mysaly ataqty orys ghalymy, etnograf, arheolog N.M. Yadrinsev «Shoqannyng qysynqylau kózderi aqyl-oygha túnyp, jarqyrap túratyn, jinishke erinderinen mysqylgha toly kýlki ketpeytin. Ángimeleri ylghy da útqyrlyqpen erekshelenetin, ol óte bayqampaz әri mysqylshyl edi. Onyng mysqyly geynelik yumor men satiralyq sipatta edi», - dep jazghan bolatyn.

Reti kelgen jerde Shoqan әzildesudi, qaljyndasudy da jaqsy kórgen. Ol kez kelgen ortada osy minezimen erekshelendi. Oiyn ashyq, býkpesiz jetkizu ýshin Shoqan kóptegen suretteri men shygharmalarynda әzil-syqaq janryn keninen qoldandy.

Olay bolsa, qúrmetti oqyrman, qazaq halqynyng mandayyna bitken jaryq júldyzy Shoqan Uәlihanovty jana qyrynan dәriptey otyryp, qazaqtyng túnghysh jazushy-prozaiygi degen ataqty resmy týrde Qazaqstan Jazushylar Odaghy atynan jariyalaudy úsynamyz.

Búl iygilikti iske Qazaqstan Respublikasy Parlament deputattary, Mәdeniyet ministrligi men mýddeli memlekettik organdar, qoghamdyq úiymdar men últjandy azamattar atsalysa otyryp, Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng tughanyna 190 jyl toluyna oray jýzege asyrsa núr ýstine núr bolar edi.

Baghdat Baqtybayúly Aqylbekov,

Jetisu oblysy, Kerbúlaq audanynyng tumasy, QR Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi, Tezek tóre jәne Shoqantanushy, ólketanushy, birqatar tarihiy-tanymdyq, ghylymiy-zertteu maqalalardyng avtory

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