Qazaqtardaghy aryq aqsaqaly, múrap jәne toghanshy úghymdarynyng mәni men qyzmeti

Kenestik tarihnamada qazaq qoghamynyng «kóshpeli ghúmyry» keninen qarastyrylyp, qazaq dalasyndaghy otyryqshy mәdeniyet ekinshi dengeydegi taqyryptar qataryna yghystyryldy. Elimizdegi 1991 jyldan keyin tariyh, arheologiya, etnografiya salalarynda jýrgizilgen zertteu júmystarynyng nәtiyjesinde Qazaqstan territoriyasynda otyryqshy mәdeniyetting izderi keninen qarastyryldy. Búl zertteuler, óz kezeginde, qazaq dalasynda kóshpeliler qoghamymen qatar, otyryqshy mәdeniyetting qarqyndy damyghandyghyn kórsetti. Al, otyryqshy qoghamnyng negizgi sharuashylyq dingegi bolyp tabylatyn eginshilik – qazaq dalasynyng iri ózenderi arealynda damydy. Atap aitqanda, Ertis, Syrdariya, Ile, Talas, Shu syndy t.b. ózenderding boyynda eginshilikting alghysharttary erte temir dәuirinde qalyptasqan. Keyinnen týrli sayasi, sharuashylyq-ekonomikalyq sebepterge baylanysty key ónirlerde eginshilik óz manyzyn joydy. Biraq, Qazaqstannyng ontýstik ónirlerinde key uaqyttarda toqyraugha úshyraghanymen, egin sharuashylyghy joyylghan joq.

Jalpy qazaqtarda eginshilikting sualmaly (limandyq / tәlimi) jәne suarmaly týrli boldy. Alayda, negizinen ózenderden, kólderden aryq tartugha negizdelgen suarmaly eginshilikke basymdyq berildi. Óitkeni, Qazaqstannyng ontýstik ónirleri tabighaty janbyr az týsetin qúrghaq kontiynetke jatady. Al, eginshilik arnayy suarylghanda ghana jaqsy nәtiyje beretindigi dausyz. Egindi sumen bas aryq, aryq, kishi aryq, jap, salma syndy t.b. týrli kólemdegi birtútas sulandyru jýiesi qamtamasyz etti. Sonday-aq, atalmysh aryq týrlerine salynatyn shyghyr, qarabura, týkirtki, tarnau syndy irrigasiyalyq qúrylghylar sulandyru jýiesining funksiyasy kýrdeli bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Osynday kýrdeli sulandyru jýiesin әrdayym dúrys qalpynda ústau jәne eginshilerge sudy shyghynsyz hәm uaqytyly qamtamasyz etu men sudy bóluding tәrtip rettiligin qadaghalaudyng ózindik qiyndyghy boldy. Úzaq jyldardaghy halyqtyq tәjiriybe negizinde osy baghyttaghy kýrdeli júmysty ýilestirip otyratyn jәne basqaratyn arnayy mamandardyng qyzmeti qalyptasty. Búl rette, qazaqtarda aryq qazu, sudy bólip paydalanu, qazu-tazalau júmystaryn jýielep úiymdastyratyn aryq aqsaqaly men múrap syndy halyqtyq basqaru qyzmetin atap ótuge bolady. Dәstýrli ortada institusionaldyq mәni bar atalmysh sudy paydalanudyng dәstýrli jýiesi otyryqshy qoghamnyng újymdasa enbek etuin qamtamasyz etti. HIH gh. 60-jyldarynan bastap Týrkistan ólkesinde patshalyq Resey ýkimeti ózining әskeriy-sayasy biyligin myqtap ornatqannan keyin jergilikti biylikke yqpal etu tetikterin arttyryp, onyng ishinde ónirding sulandyru jýiesin basqaru isin de nazardan tys qaldyrghan joq.

Sharuashylyq jýiesi eginshilikke negizdelgen otyryqshy qoghamda bas aryq, aryq, bóget, toghan, jap tәrizdi týrli sulandyru jýielerining tehnikalyq jay-kýiin jәne sudy bóludi ýilestiretin aryq aqsaqaly, múrap, toghanshy, shybyqshy t.b. syndy funksionaldyq úghymdar boldy. Atalmysh úghymdardyng ishindegi eng kónesi, әri otyryqshy halyqtarda keng taralghan atau múrap jóninde N.D. Ondasynovtyng «Parsysha-qazaqsha týsindirme sózdiginde»: «Miyr+ab jer, egin suaratyn, sudyng dúrys paydalanuyn baqylaytyn kisi (su bastyghy, su aqsaqaly)» (Ondasynov, 1958: 258), – dep berilgen. Sonymen qatar, keybir enbekterde múrap sózi arab tilinen shyqqan degen de pikir bar.

L.Meyerding enbeginde arab tilinde «miyr» – patsha, «ob» – su degen sózderding biriguinen tuyndaghan sóz dep keltirilgen (Meyer L. Materialy dlya geografiy y statistiky Rossii, sobrannye ofiyseramy Generalinogo shtaba. Kirgizskaya stepi Orenburgskogo vedomstva. SPb.: Tiyp. Veymara y Persona, 1865. S. 103.). Dәl osynday oy E.Smirnovtyng enbeginde de kezdesedi (Smirnov E. Syri-Dariinskaya oblasti. Opisaniye, sostavlennoe po ofisialinym istochnikam. SPb.: Tiyp. M.M. Stasulevicha, 1887. S. 104). Múndaghy eki avtor tarapynan da birdey keltirilgen pikir tildik túrghydan da, tarihy ýderister túrghysynan da eshqanday qisyngha kelmeydi. Óitkeni, arab tilinde su sózi «ob» emes, shyn mәninde «ma'» dep qoldanylady (Baranov, 1994: 735). Osynyng ózi-aq múrap arabtyng sózi emestigin bildiredi. Shyndyghynda, «ob» sózi parsy tilinde su degen maghyna beredi (Rubinchiyk, 1-tom, 1970: 31). Al, «mirob» sózining alghashqy buyny «miyr» patsha maghynasyn beretin «ämiyr» sózining qysqarghan týri. Yaghni, «miyr» jәne «ob» sózderining biriguinen parsy tilindegi «mirob» sózi tuyndaghan (Rubinchiyk, 2-tom, 1970: 588). Múny ejelgi Iran jerinde sudy bólushi adamnyng «mirob» dep atalghandyghy naqtylay týsedi. Parsylardaghy (irandyqtar) atalmysh múrap qyzmeti funksionalidyq túrghydan biz qarastyryp otyrghan kezendegi (HIH gh. ayaghy – HH gh. basy) Orta Aziya halyqtaryndaghy múraptarmen birdey bolghanymen, institusionalidyq túrghyda mýldem kereghar boldy. Óitkeni, parsylardaghy múraptardy qauym mýsheleri tandauymen emes, arnayy patsha tarapynan taghayyndalghan. Múnday múraptyq qyzmet atadan balagha múragerlik jolmen berilgen. Sondyqtan, olar biyleushi taptyng ókili retinde iri jer iyelerining mýddelerin qorghaghan. Búl óz kezeginde shaghyn jerge ie qarapayym sharualardyng eginderining qúldyrauyna (әsirese, suy az qúrghaq ólkelerde) әkelip otyrghan (Famili, 1967: 131). Sonymen qatar, parsylardyng atamekeni Qosózen aralyghy ejelden eginshilikting otany bolghandyghy da «múrap» sózining Orta Aziya elderine parsy tilinen engenine kýmәn tudyrmasy anyq.

Sulandyru jýiesindegi kelesi bir úghym «toghanshy» atauy jergilikti Syr boyy qazaqtarynyng qoldanysyndaghy toghan sózinen kelip shyqqan. Degenmen, O. Naqysbekov 1955–1963 jj. aralyghynda el ishinen jinaqtaghan materialdary negizinde jazylghan «Jergilikti halyq tilindegi aryq-atyz týrlerine baylanysty qoldanylyp jýrgen sózder jayynda» atty maqalasynda toghan sózining eki týrli maghynada qoldanylatyndyghyna toqtalady. Naqtyraq aitqanda, jergilikti túrghyndar Almaty, Jambyl jәne Shymkent (qazirgi Týrkistan oblysy) oblystarynyng túrghyndary kendigi eki-ýsh metrdey bolatyn ýlken aryq, al Qyzylorda oblysynyng halqy sugha salynghan bóget maghynasynda qoldanady (Naqysbekov, 1965: 169-170). Demek, qarastyryp otyrghan Syr boyy qazaqtarynda toghanshy dep bas aryqtardyng bastauyn Syrdariyadan alatyn túsqa qoyylatyn sudyng kólemin retteushi bógetterding qyzmetin baqylaushy adamdy ataydy. Búl pikirimizdi, E.Smirnovtyng tómendegi sipattamasy naqtylay týsedi: «Keybir ýlken kanaldardyng suqabyldaghysh nemese su taratqysh túsyndaghy bógetterdi salu kezinde tas, qamys, shybyq jәne topyraqty qoldanghandyqtan ýnemi baqylaudy talap etedi. Sondyqtan osynday bógetterdi búzyludan saqtaumen qatar, aryq aqsaqalynyng baghyty boyynsha sudy rettep otyratyn toghanshy qyzmeti de eskerilgen. Yaghni, toghanshy bógetting biyiktigin kóteru, enin úzartu, kanaldyng basyn bógeu nemese sudy aghyzu syndy júmystardy jýrgizu arqyly sudy rettep otyrdy (týpnúsqadan audarghan – N.D.)» (Smirnov, 1887: 108). Sonymen qatar, toghanshyny aryq aqsaqalynyng ózi tanday alady (Shahnazarov, 1908: 92). Búl, әriyne, aryq aqsaqalynyng sulandyru jýiesining júmysyn tolyqqandy qadaghalaugha berilgen «tetik» deuge bolady.

Sulandyru jýiesin retteu funksiyasyn atqarushy túlghalardyng ishindegi eng jogharghy satysyndaghy qyzmet týri aryq aqsaqaly bolyp tabylady. Suyn birneshe auyl paydalanatynday ýlken kanalgha birneshe múrap tandalyp, al olardyng birlese júmys isteuin dúrys ýilestiru ýshin múrapbasy nemese aryq aqsaqaly taghayyndalady. Oghan býkil múraptardyng basshysy retinde joghary basqaru men manyzdy mәselelerdi sheshu mindeti jýkteledi (Smirnov, 1887: 108). Aryq aqsaqaly negizinen sulandyru jýiesining tehnikalyq jay-kýiin baqylaugha alady. Bas aryqtar men ózge de sulandyru jýiesi týrlerining aqaularyn qalpyna keltiru, olardy tazalau syndy jauapkershiligi joghary, halyqty úiymdastyrudy talap etetin kýrdeli júmystar aryq aqsaqaldarynyng mindetine kiredi (Aleksandrov, 1919: 21).

Sulandyru jýiesin úiymdastyrushy túlghalar qyzmetining funksiyalyq erekshelikteri men enbek bólinisi jóninde L. Meyer tómendegidey maghlúmat keltiredi: «múraptar eginshilerge aryqtaghy sudy bólumen, shybyqshy bolsa aryq qazu, tazartu syndy júmystardy qadaghalaumen ainalysty. Al, aqsaqal býkil aryqtardyng jýieli týrde halyqqa qyzmet etuine basshylyq etkendikten, qaramaghyndaghy aryqtar men bógetter onyng esimimen atalatyn bolghan (týpnúsqadan audarghan – N.D.)» (Meyer, 1965: 103).

Jergilikti halyq aryq aqsaqalyn ýsh jylgha saylaghannan keyin, saylau nәtiyjesi retinde ony Áskery Gubernator arnayy bekitken. Al, múraptardy aryq aqsaqaly taghayyndaghan. Múraptar aryq qazu kezinde negizinen ómirlik nemese atadan balagha múra bolghan tәjiriybege sýienip otyrghan. Arnayy tehnikalyq bilimi bolmaghanymen dúrys oilau, zerektik jәne kóz mólsherimen júmys isteudi mengergen (Dingelishtedt, 1893: 200).

Sugha qatysty dauly mәseleler kóbine tez arada jәne әdil sheshim qabyldaudy talap etkendikten, múraptardyng aralasuymen lezde sheshilgen. Múnday mәseleler kóbinese su bólu kezinde tuyndaydy. Al, egin suaru kezek kýttirmeytin mәsele bolghandyqtan, keyinge qaldyrugha bolmaytyn edi. Óitkeni, uaqytynda suarylmaghan eginning shyghymy da az bolatyny dausyz. Al, jergilikti ónirde sheshimin tappaghan ýlken dauly mәseleler men týsinispeushilikter keyde uezdik әkimshilikke deyin jetip otyrghan (Dingelishtedt, 1893: 376-377).

Eger, bir aryqpen sugharyp otyratyn bes eginshi óz jerlerin sulandyru ýshin kim birinshi suarady dep  ózara bәstesedi, osy mәseleni sheshu ýshin ózderining múrabyna jýginip otyrady. Kezektegi songhy eginshi dauly jerding mәselesining sheshimin ýnemi súrap otyrghan. Naqty negiz bolmaghandyqtan, búl mәselening sheshimi tabylmay, jerebe tastaugha mәjbýr bolatyn edi. Bәsteskenderding әrbiri úzyndyghy ¹/₂ vershokty (Orystyng kóne úzyndyq ólshem birligi. 1 vershok shamamen 4,4 sm-ge ten) qúraytyn tayaqshany alyp, ony kertedi. Tayaqshadaghy kertikterding sany birden beske deyin bolghan. Sodan keyin tayaqshalardyng barlyghyn múrapqa bergen. Al, múrap bolsa tayaqshalardy qúmgha nemese jerge qoyghan. Sodan keyin olardy jaqyn mandaghy auylgha shaqyryp, shamamen 10 jastaghy balagha әlgi jerdegi nemese qúmdaghy tayaqshalardy bir-birden alyp, múrapqa úsynu kerektigin týsindirgen. Eger, bala birinshi ýsh kertigi bar aghashty alsa, onda әlgi tayaqtyng egesi birinshi kezekke ie bolsa, sodan keyingi alynghan  bir kertigi bar ekinshi tayaqsha ekinshi kezekti bildirip otyrghan. Osylaysha, kezek mәselesin sheshe alghan (Dingelishtedt, 1893: 333).

Syr boyy jәne Týrkistan óniri halyqtaryna ortaq әdettik qúqyq jýiesine negizdelgen sudy paydalanu boyynsha qauym mýsheleri ústanatyn tómendegidey erejeler qalyptasqan:

– eginin suarghysy keletin әrbir qauym mýshesi aryqty sumen qamtu jәne sulandyru jýiesin tiyisti tәrtipte ústau jónindegi barlyq júmystargha qatysuy kerek;

– barlyq daqyldardy suarugha su jetispese, su birdey bólinui qajet;

– jerebe boyynsha әrbir qauym mýshesine kezek belgilenui tiyis;

– su tapshylyghy kezinde, eng aldymen, sudy aryqtyng tómengi jaghyndaghy jer iyeleri, sodan keyin joghary túsyndaghylar suarugha mindetti;

– sudy kezeksiz paydalanu nemese artyghymen suaru qúptalmaytyn is bolyp tabylady jәne aiyp salynady (Shahnazarov, 1908: 91-92).

Týrkistan general-gubernatorynyng jobasy bolghan «Aryq aqsaqaly» men «Múrap» qyzmettik belgileri Áskery ministrding úsynysymen 1896 jylghy 2 jeltoqsandaghy Memlekettik kenesting arnayy jarlyghymen bekitildi. Atalmysh belgiler 1917 jylghy Aqpan tónkerisine deyin soghylyp, aryq aqsaqaldary men múraptargha berilip keldi (Meliniyk, Mojeyko, 1993: 116).

Jiyrma jyldan asa qysqa uaqyttyq qoldanysta bolsa da atalmysh qyzmettik belgiler ózgeriske úshyrady. Alghashynda dóngelek jәne badamgýl pishindegi belgilerding betki jaghyna (avers) Týrkistan ónirining gerbi soghyldy (suret). Belgining iyesi ne qyzmet atqaratynyn (aryq aqsaqaly nemese múrap), kimge jәne oghan kim baghynatyn týsinui ýshin qyzmettik atau orys jәne arab tilderinde jazyldy. Artqy jaghyna (revers) soghylghan jyly II Nikolaydyng venzeli⁴ týsirildi. Keyinnen búl belgiler búrynghydan da jenildetilip, Týrkistan ólkesining eltanbasynyng ornyna lauazym atymen aldynghy jaghynda: «Jetisu óniri» degen jazu payda boldy, al artqy jaghynda – jazuy joq aimaqtyng eltanbasy bar. Múrap pen aryq aqsaqaly qyzmettik belgileri aq metalgha soghylghan alghashqy «auyldyq» belgiler bolghanyn atap ótken jón (Meliniyk, Mojeyko, 1993: 116).

Múraptargha berilgen medali jóninde Á.J. Ahantaeva ózining dissertasiyalyq zertteuinde óte qúndy mәlimet keltiredi. Avtordyng mәlimetinshe, Syr boyy qazaqtarynyng arasynda bedeli joghary bolghan múrap Núrtaza Qospambetúly temir jol qúrylysy kezinde dariyagha qoyylatyn kópirding ornyn anyqtap kórsetkeni ýshin Nikolay II-ning qolynan «mirab» degen medali alyp, shekpen kiygen eken (Ahantaeva, 2008: 65). Biraq, búl dәstýrli qazaq qoghamyndaghy әsireleuding nәtiyjesi deuge bolady. Óitkeni, patshalyq kezende «mirab» degen medalidyng týri bolmaghan. Al, shyn mәninde Núrtaza Qospambetúlyna berilgen medali emes, «mirab» qyzmettik belgisi boluy bek mýmkin.

Suret. Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghyndaghy múraptyng qyzmettik belgisi.

Sulandyru jýiesin basqaru jәne úiymdastyru barysynda eng birinshi rette egistikke su bólu men onyng rettik kezegin saqtau manyzdy mәsele bolyp tabylady. Yaghni, aryqtyng boyyndaghy eginshilerge sudy óz kezegimen uaqytynda bólip beru. Búl mәsele negizinen múraptardyng jauapkershiligine jýktelgen. Óz kezeginde aryqtyng basyna jaqyn ornalasqan eginshiler birinshi kezekte su alatyndyghy qisyndy, әri dausyz. Osy orayda «Ákeng múrap bolsa da su basynan oryn al», «Hannyng qasynda bolghansha, sudyng basynda bol» degen halyqtyq tәmsilderding qalyptasuynyng negizsiz emestigin bayqaugha bolady.

Eginshiler qauymyndaghy ekinshi mәsele – egin mausymy ayaqtalghannan keyin, aryqtardy tazartu júmystary boldy. Búl iske aryq aqsaqaly men qatar múraptar da atsalysyp otyrghan. Múnday júmystarda atalmysh jandardyng úiymdastyrushylyq qyry kórinis tabady. Múraptar men aryq aqsaqalynyng talaby boyynsha, ózderi tútynatyn aryqty tazartu júmystaryna әr shanyraq júmysqa enbek kýshin shygharugha mindettelip otyrghan. Júmysqa tartylghan әrbir jan ózimen birge ketpen ala keletin bolghan. Búl sol kezendegi aryq tazartu júmysyna tartylatyn shamamen 100-den 1000-gha deyingi adamnyng barlyghyn enbek qúralymen qamtamasyz etu mýmkin bolmaghandyqtan tuyndaghan jaghday edi. Key uaqyttarda aryqqa kýrdeli júmystardy jýrgizu kezinde búdan 2-3 ese kóp enbek kýshi qajet bolghan.

Eng kýrdeli әri jauapkershilikti talap etetin ýshinshi mindet – ol janadan aryq qazu nemese úzartu, toghan bekitu, qarabura, sipay syndy gidrotehnikalyq qúrylghylar ornatu. Osynday ýlken jauapkershilikti talap etetin júmystar aryq aqsaqalynyng tikeley jauapkershiligine jýktelgen. Aldyn ala júmys barysy, júmys kýshining sany, olargha tólenetin aqysy eseptelip joghary basshylyqtan rúqsat alynatyn. Aryq qazu barysynda halyqtyq tәjiriybe negizgi ról atqardy. Yaghni, aryq aqsaqaly aryq arnasynyng baghytyn kóz mólsherimen baghamdap anyqtaydy. Janadan tartylghan aryq negizinen úiymdastyrushy adamnyn, qarjylay qoldau bildirgen túlghanyng esimimen nemese qazugha qatysqan rudyng atauymen atalghan. Aryq tazartu júmystary jyl sayyn jýrgizilip otyrghan. Sebebi, eki-ýsh jyl tazartylmaghan aryqtyng arnasy bekitilip, su kólemi azayyp, qoldanystan shyghyp otyrghan. Al, aryqtyng bitelui otyryqshy qoghamnyng tirshilik kózi – eginning qúldyrauyna әkeletin edi. Sondyqtan, sulandyru jýiesin basqaratyn aryq aqsaqaly men múraptar eginshiler qauymynda joghary qúrmetke ie boldy.

Sulandyru jýiesin basqaru jәne ýilestiru boyynsha atqaratyn jandardy aryq aqsaqaly, toghanshy, shybyqshy, syryqshy syndy ataular bolghanymen, eng kónesi jәne barlyghyn biriktirushi úghym múrap boldy. Sulandyru jýiesin basqaru instituty otyryqshy qoghamda eginshilikting damuyna yqpal etushi qoghamdyq qyzmetting týri boldy. Óitkeni, egindi suaru ýderisi mol ónim aludyng kepili bolyp tabylady. Al, osy egindi suaru barysynda aryqtan sudyng dúrys bólinuin qamtamasyz etu múraptardyng jauapkershiligine jýkteldi. Osynyng ózi-aq sharuashylyq jýiesi eginshilikke negizdelgen otyryqshy qoghamda múraptardyng bedeli joghary bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Osynday jan-jaqty jýielengen baqylaudyng arqasynda aryqtardyng arnasy bekitilmeytin. Eginshilerge su jetpey qalatyn jaghdaylar siyrek oryn alatyn. Búl múraptar men aryq aqsaqalynyng sulandyru jýiesining dúrys júmys jasauyn jiti qadaghalap otyrghandyghynyng nәtiyjesi edi. Aryqtardyng qanday da bir jerin su jyryp ketken jaghdayda der kezinde halyqty jinap qalpyna keltiretin. Qazaq auyz әdebiyetinde «Su patshasy múrap, týn patshasy shyraq», «Jaqsy múraptyng sonynan su eredi, jaman múraptyng sonynan shu eredi» syndy maqaldardyng qalyptasuynan halyq arasynda múraptardyng әleumettik-sharuashylyq ornynyng joghary bolghandyghynyng kórinisi retinde baghamdaugha bolady.

Ádebiyetter:

Aleksandrov N.N. Zemledelie v Syr-Dariinskoy oblasti. Opisanie priyemov zemledeliya preimushestvenno Tashkentskogo hlopkovogo y suhozemledelicheskogo rayona // Turkestanskoe seliskoe hozyaystvo za 1916–1918 gg. Ch. 1. Obshie priyemy zemledeliya. Tashkent. 1919. S. 1–247.

Ahantaeva Á.J. Syr óniri qazaqtarynyng dәstýrli jer sharuashylyghy: tarihi-etnografiyalyq zertteu (HIH gh. ortasy men HH gh. basyndaghy derekter boyynsha). Tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty ghylymy dərejesin alu ýshin úsynylghan dissertasiyasynyng qoljazbasy. Ghylymy jetekshileri S.E. Ájighali, A.U. Toqtabay. Almaty, 2008. 164 b.

Baranov H.K. Arabsko-russkiy slovari. Tashkent: Kamalak, 1994. 912 s.

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