2026 jyldyng 15-nauryzyna belgilengen jalpyhalyqtyq konstitusiyalyq referendum – el damuyndaghy aituly sayasy oqigha. Konstitusiyanyng jobasynda memleketting institutsionaldyq basty qúrylymdarynyn biri – Parlamentti «Qúryltay» dep atau kózdelgen. Preziydent tarapynan úsynylghan búl bastamaqazaq memlekettiliginde institutsionaldyq qúrylymdardyng kóne bastauy bolghandyghyna ishara jәne ony qayta jandandyru maqsatynda túspaldanghanysózsiz. Osy orayda, úzaq jyldar boyy qúryltay termiynin qazaqtyng sayasiy-әleumettik tirshiligine qatysty kontekste qoldanugha atsalysyp jýrgen jan retinde (Qúryltay turaly birer sóz... // https://abai.kz/post/210577) Qazaq handyghy túsyndaghy kezekti bir qúryltaydyng mәn-manyzy jayynda sóz jalghastyrmaq oiymyz bar. Oydyng jalghasy – Qaraqúm qúryltayy.

HÝIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda Jonghar handyghy qatty kýsheyedi. Jigerli, qayratty biyleushisi Sevan (qazaqsha – Siban) Rabdan (1697-1727 jj.) Shyghys Týrkistan, Jetisu ónirlerin jaulap alyp, jongharlar Shyghys jәne Ortalyq Aziyadaghy (Týrkistan) halyqaralyq qarym-qatynasta jetekshi roli atqaratyn bedelge ie bolady. Osy tústa, kórnekti tarihshy Zlatkin jazghanday, Siban Rabdan jәne odan keyin qontayshy bolghan Qaldan Seren túsynda Jonghar handyghynyng biyleushileri Shynghys han túsynda bolghan kóshpeli týrki-monghol halyqtarynyng imperiyasyn qayta janghyrtu maqsattaryna bir taban jaqyndaydy.

Al Shynghys hannyng kindiginen tura taraytyn biyleushiler qúrghan Qazaq Ordasyndaghy jaghday kerisinshe qalyptasty. HÝII ghasyrdyng songhy shiyreginde Tashkent manyndaghy Kýltóbe qúryltayynda últtyq birigeylikti nyghaytyp, Jongharlar handyghyna qarsy kýreske tuystas týrki halyqtarynyng sayasy odaghyn qúrghan Áz-Tәuke han (Kýltóbe qúryltayy: Áz-Tәuke han jәne jeti biy// https://abai.kz/post/203187 ) HÝIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghynyng bir ortalyqqa baghynghan biyligin qojyratyp alady. Onyng ýstine, tarihshylardyng jazuynsha, Tәuke han jas kezindegi joryqta bolghan jaraqatynyng saldarynan sal bolyp qalady. Biyleushisin taq iyesi ghana emes, «batyr, jauynger» dep tanityn qazaq júrtynyng aldynda onyng bedeli kýrt tómendey bastaydy. Qazaq ordasy birneshe shaghyn handyqtargha bólinip ketedi. Kishi handyqtar ózderi biylegen jekelegen qala nemese ru-taypalar mýddesine say sayasat jýrgizip, «Jeti jarghyda» bekitilgen tútastyq ydyray bastaydy.

1710-1711 jyldary Siban Rabdan qazaq dalasynyng ontýstik ónirlerine joryqtar jasaydy. Al batystan Edil qalmaqtary, orys kazaktary, bashqúrttardyng shabuyldary kýsheyedi. Halyqtyng jýregine ýrey úyalap, oi-sanasyn ýmitsizdik pen saryuayym shyrmap alady. «HVIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghy qazaq halqynyng ómirindegi asa auyr kezeng boldy. Jongharlar, Edil qalmaqtary, Jayyq kazaktary men bashqúrttar jan-jaqtan antalap, auyldardyshauyp, mal-jandy tonap, tipti, qazaqtardy tútas otbasylarymen tútqyngha aidap ketip otyrdy», – dep jazady Sh. Uәlihanov.

El taghdyryna auyr syn týsken kezende Qazaq Ordasynyng sayasy tarihynasurylyp Ábilqayyr súltan kóteriledi. Qazaq handyghynda Shynghys túqymynan shyqqandar súltan atanyp, han taghyna ýmitker retinde tanylatyn. Biraq taqqa otyru ýshin ol júrt kónilinen shyqqan qadyr-qasiyetke ie boluy tiyis edi. «Eger aqsýiek han túqymy, – dep jazady A. Levshiyn, – aqylymen, baylyghymen jәne taghy basqa qadir-qasiyetimen manayyna tileulesterin jinay almaghan bolsa, eshqashan halyq jiynynda basym dauys ala almaydy».

Qazaq júrtyna jaulyq oilaghan kórshi elderding tarapynan talaugha úshyrap, zorlyq-zombylyq jangha batqan jatqan auyr kezende Ábilqayyr «qalyng júrtshylyq kónilinen shyqqan» qadyr-qasiyetke ie bolghany anyq. Onyn boyyndaghy búl qasiyet – jaujýrek batyrlyq, qajymas jaugershilik edi.1736 jyly hannyng ordasynda bolghan Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng mýshesi, tegi aghylshyndyq nemis suretshisi Djon Kestli Ábilqayyrdy óte qayraty kisi jәne qazaq arasynda odan myqty jebe tartatyn kisi joq dep sipattaydy. Onyng handyq mórine «Abulhaiyr-Muhammed-Gaziy-bahadur-han» degen batyrlyq ataqtyng tanbalanuy jas súltannyng han taghyna kóterilgenge deyin erlik istermen danqy shyqqan batyr bolghanyn bildiredi. Batyrlyq ataqqa Esim, Jәngir, Tәuke, Abylay han syndy biyleushiler de ie bolghan. Búl – jauyngershilik zamannyng han taghyna úmtylghan Shynghys túqymdarynan halyq talap etken súranystardyng biri bolatyn.

1710 jyly Ábilqayyr bahadýr-súltan Aral tenizining manyndaghy ordada –Qaraqúmda qúryltay shaqyryp, qazaq biy-batyrlarynyng basyn biriktirip, jaugha qarsy kýresti úiymdastyrugha bel baylaydy. Qúryltay turaly naqty tarihy jazba joq. Biraq elding tarihy jadynda saqtalghan anyzdyq derek bizding zamanymyzgha jetken. Ol keshe nemese taban astynda «sopan» etip payda bolghan «olpy-solpy» jalan anyz emes, sonau HIH ghasyrdyng bas kezinde, úrpaqtar kerueni ótken tarihtan asa úzap ketpegen, sondyqtan halyq jady kómeskilenbegen tústa jazba tirkelgen kóne anyz. Ony Kishi jýz ru-taypalarynyng aqsaqaldarynyng tebirene otyryp aitqan sózinen jazyp alghan kisi – 1803-1804 jyldary qazaq dalasy arqyly Búqara handyghyna sauda-sattyq mәselesimen saparlap barghan orys ofiyseri Ya. P. Gaverdovskiy.

Or qalasynan shyghyp, Kishi jýz jaylaghan ólke arqyly Aralgha qúlap, odan әri Búqara handyghyna jol tartqan Ya. Gaverdovskiy 1803 jәne 1804 jyldary qazaq dalasynda jýrgizilgen kýndelik jazbalarynyng birinde mynaday mazmúndaghy tarihy anyzdy bayandaydy: «...1710 jyly Qaraqúmdy jaylaytyn birneshe taypalardyng rubasy kósemderi eldi jaudan qorghaudyng jolyn izdeu maqsatynda qúryltaygha jinalady. Qúryltaydyn ýstinde keybir janayar jandar ýreyge boy aldyrtyp, qiyametten qútylar joldy «iyilgen moyyndy qylysh kespeydi» degen ýmitpen qontayshynyng meyiriminen izdeudi qolayly kórse, endi biri qonysty tastay qashyp, Edilden әri ótip ketudi úsyndy. Al bәz bireuler sujýrek qoyanday tym-tyraqay qashyp, keng dalanyng әr tarabyna bytyrap ketudi qalady. Sol kezde el arasynda erjýrektigimen danqy shyqqan Bókenbay batyr sóz alady. Ol qyzylkenirdek aitystyng ýstinde ornynan túryp keudedegi jeydesin qaq aiyryp, qolyndaghy kýn sәulesimen shaghylysyp jarq-júrq etken semserin shenberlep otyrghan keneske qaray kezep, ashu-yzagha bulyqqan dauyspen: «Jaudan kek qaytarayyq! Tonalghan júrtyn, tútqyngha týsken bala-shaghanyng qayghy-qasiretin tarqan qorqau jan bolghansha, el ensesin kóteretin erge layyq is atqarayyq! Qan maydanda qarumen qaza tabayyq! Qay kezde Deshti-Qypshaqtyng jauyngerleri jaudan taysalyp qashyp edi?! Men jaudyng qanyna myna qos qolymdy malyghanda, iyegimdegi saqal-shashym әli agharmaghan edi. Endi oghan aq týskende, men osy zúlym jauyzdyqqa qalay bey-jay qaraymyn? Beldeude – auyzdyghyn shaynaghan túlpar, qolda – jalandaghan qylysh, bilekte – egeuli kók nayza, qoramsaqta – susyldaghan ýshkir jebe bar kezde, neden qorqamyz! Attan, attan!», – dedi.

Sol-aq eken әr jerden shyqqan «attan, attan» degen úran әp-sәtte tútastana ketip dalany janghyrtty. Qúryltaygha qatysushylar Bókenbaydyng aitqanyn bir auyzdan qoldap, jaugha qarsy qasyq qany qalghansha kýresuge saltanatty týrde ant berdi. Batyrdyng jalyndy sózderining әserinen qazaqtyng keybir el aghalary ant-sertti bekite týsu ýshin denelerin jaralap, ortada janyp jatqan otqa qandaryn tamyzdy. Ant beru bitken son, namaz oqyldy da, qúrbandyqqa aqboz at shalyndy. Osy rәsimder arqyly olar birikken odaqtyng beriktigin, oghan adaldyghyn pash etti. Qúrylytay qorytyndysyna razy bolghan biy-batyrlar han әuletining túqymy retinde Ábilqayyrdy bas qolbasshy, Bókenbaydy әskerding sardary etip saylaydy. Búl odaqqa Qarakesekter jaylaytyn jerde ótkendikten «Qarakesektik odaq» dep te ataldy. Qúryltaygha Kishi jýzding Álim atasynyng basym bóligi, Bayúly men Jetirudyng bir bóligi, Orta jýzden nayman men qypshaq rulary qatysty. Osylaysha, Qaraqúm qúryltayynda jaugha qarsy kýresuge ant berip, birin-biri qoldaugha kelisip alghan qazaqtar qalmaqtargha shabuyl jasap, az uaqyt ishinde olardy Jem, Jayyq boyynan quyp, Qaraqúm men Sarysudan әri asyryp tastady...».

Qaraqúm qúryltayy Ábilqayyrdy bas qolbasshy dep tanyp, «bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen qol» shygharghan qazaq qosyndary Úlytau manyndaghy Búlanty, Qalmaq qyrghan (búrynghy aty bólek boluy mýmkin), Sarysu ózenderining manyndaghy maydanda jeniske jetedi (suret 1).

Suret: avtordyng jeke múraghatynan alyndy.

Suret 1. Týrkistan әskery okrugining kartasy. 1901 j.

Osylaysha, shyghystaghy Jonghar handyghy men batystaghy Edil qalmaqtarynyng (torghauyttardyn) Saryarqa dalasy arqyly emin-erkin aralasyp, kýsh-quat toghystyruyna tosqauyl qoyady. Sonymen qatar, qazaq dalasynyn batys ónirinde Edige by biyliginde kýrkirey kóterilip, Ormanbet biytúsynda borday tozghan Noghay Ordasynyng qonysyn torauyldap jýrgen torghauyt qalmaqtaryna, Edil-Jayyqty jaghalap kelgen orys-kazaktaryna, Oral tauynan ekpindey týsken estekterge toytarys beredi. Qazaqtardyng jazdyq jayylymy keneyip, Yrghyz, Torghay, Tobyl ózenderine, Úlytaugha, Saryarqaghaqaray kóshuine mýmkindik ashylady.

Týiindey kelgende, Ya. Gaverdovskiyding saparnama kýndeligine tirkegen anyzdyng tarihy derektik sipaty asa qúndy dep sanaymyz. Birinshiden, onda HÝIII ghasyrdyng basyndaghy handyqtyng sayasy jaghdayynan, qazaq ru-taypa basshylarynyng týrli ústanymynan, batyrlardyn bedeli men qayrat-qajyrynan, maydan baghytynan habar beretin jalpy mәlimetter bar.

Ekinshiden, anyzda Tabyn Bókenbay qazaq júrtyn «Deshti-Qypshaq jauyngerleri» («voiny ravnin kipchakskiyh») dep ataydy. Demek, Joshy úlysynan beri kele jatqan tarihy atau halyqtyng jadynda bertinge deyin saqtalyp jetken.

Ýshinshiden, anyz mazmúny Baraqúly Jәnibekting Óske әuletinen taraytyn Ábilqayyr súltannyng Álim, Bayúly jәne Jeti ru, Nayman, Qypshaq rularynyng kósemderi ru-taypa kósemderi men belgili batyrlarynyng qatysuymen әskerding bas qolbasshysy bolyp saylanuy – qysyltayang sayasy  jaghdaygha baylanysty han saylau rәsimimen para-par qúbylys bolghandyghyn tanytady. Handy bekitken resmy jiyn – Qaraqúm qúryltayy, merzimi – 1710 jyl.

Tórtinshiden, jaugha qarsy qazaq qolynyng bas sardary bolghan Bókenbay batyr – Kishi jýzding Tabyn ruynan shyqqan Bókenbay Qarabatyrúly. Ol Tabyn ruynyng taraqty tarmaghynan, onyng ishinde Jiyenbet atalyghynan taraydy. Taraq tanbaly Bókenbaydyng Ábilqayyr hannyng janynan tabyluy kezdeysoqtyq emes. Qazaqtyng shejirelik anyzdarynda taraq tanbaly taypalar Shynghyshannan taraytyn biyleushi han-súltandardyng tiregi retinde tanylghan. Búl kórinis – Shynghys túqymdarynyng qazaq ru-taypalaryn basqarudaghy qúrylymdyq jýiesining belgisi.

Qazaqtyng ru-taypalar birlestigi bolyp qalyptasqan Ýsh jýzden túratyn odaqta taraq tanbaly taypalardyng әkimshilik biylikke qatysyn beyneleytin: «Úly jýzde Ýisin – agha balasy, Jalayyr – noqtaghasy, Orta jýzde Arghyn – agha balasy, Taraqty – noqtaghasy, Kishi jýzde Álim agha balasy, Tabyn (keyde Tama) – noqtaghasy» degen sóz bar. Múnda «noqtaghasy» dep sanalatyn taypalar taraq tanbaly bolyp keledi. «Noqtagha» degendi býgingi sózben aitsaq, hannyng biyligi oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etetin ókili – әkimshilik túlgha.

Jalpy, taraq tanbasy – tóre túqymdaryna da ortaq. Biraq olardyng keskindemesinde ayyrma bar: tóre tanbasyndaghy aiyr tister kókke baghyttalsa, taraq tanbalary rulardyng tisteri tómenge baghyttalghan. Biri – «biyleushi» , ekinshisi – «baghynyshty» degendi bildirse kerek.

Tabyn Bókenbay – ómirining sonyna deyin Ábilqayyr hannyng eng senimdi serigi bolghan batyr. 1731 jyly Ábilqayyr han jeke dara, rubasy kósemderining kelisiminsiz Resey protektoraty bolugha sheshim qabyldaghanda, Bókenbay batyr hannyng sheshimin birden qoldaydy jәne ol iske ózine tileules biy-batyrlardy tartady.

Qazaq dalasynyng batys jәne ortalyq bólikterindegi qazaq-qalmaqmaydanyndaghy jenister Ábilqayyrdyng batyrlyq, biyleushilik ataq-danqyn arttyrady. Qazaq handyghynyng sayasy elitasynda ol qartayghan Tәuke hannyng ornyna ýlken han taghyna otyratyn birden-bir ýmitker boldy. Búl endi basqa әngimening sonary... Bizding maqsat – el tarihynda manyzdy oryn alghan Qaraqúm qúryltayy naqty qay jerde ótken edi degen saualagha jauap izdeu.

Qaraqúm – Aral tenizin shyghystan batysqa qaray qorshay ornalasqan shól-shóleytti ónir. Ol shyghysynda Sarysugha tirelse, batysynda Borsyq qúmyna úlasatyn, al soltýstiginde Yrghyz dalasymen shektesip, ontýstiginde Syrdariyagha tireletin qonys. Qazaq halqynyn HH ghasyrdyng 30-jyldardaghy kenestik otarshyldyqqa qarsy qaru alyp kýresken iri kóterilisting biri osy Qaraqúmda ótedi. Ol tarihta «Qaraqúm kóterilisi» dep atalady. Azattyqty armandaghan elding ansary «Qaraqúm degenshe, qaraghym-ay deseyshi» degen saghynysh sazyna oralghan sóz tirkesi arqyly kýni keshege deyin el ishindeaytylyp keldi.

Qazaq júrtynyng Aral tenizi men Syrdariya manyndaghy qonystary turaly ertedegi tarihy jazbalardyng biri – 1740 jyly Or (Orynbor) qalasynan qazaq dalasy arqyly Hiuagha sapar shekken patshalyq Reseyding әskery qyzmetkerleri poruchik D.Gladyshev pen praporshiyk, geodezist Muravinnin kýndeligi. Olar qazaq júrty men qatar Hiuany biylep otyrghan Ábilqayyr hannyng patsha ýkimetinen Syrdariya boyynda qala salyp beru ótinishin oryndau maqsatynda keledi. Saparnama nәtiyjesinde geodezist Muraviyn sapardyng lankartasyn sipattaghan jazba jasaydy. Sonyng negizinde jәne odan keyingi jýrgizilgen ekspedisiyalardyng derekterin basshylyqqa ala otyryp HIH ghasyrdyng orta sheninde patsha ýkimetining әskeriy qyzmetkerleri Or qalasy men Hiua ólkesi aralyghyndaghy traktattyng (kýre joldyn) syzba kartasyn kesteleydi (suret 1).

Suret: avtordyng jeke múraghatynan alyndy.

Suret 1. Or qalasynan qazaq dalasy arqyly Hiuagha shyghatyn kýre joldyng syzbakartasynan ýzindi.

Atalghan kartada Aral tenizining soltýstiginde ornalasqan Qaraqúm qonysy degen belgi bar (suret 2). Qazaqtyng jalpaq «Qaraqúmyndaghy» kishkentay Qaraqúm qonysy.

Suret: avtordyng jeke múraghatynan alyndy.

Suret 2. Eski kartadaghy Qarqaúm qonysy

Zerdeli kisige Ábilqayyrdyng qúryltay ótkizgen jer osy bolar degen oy qylang beretini anyq. Sebebi qúryltay han jaylaghan qonysta, yaghny han ordasynda ótetini belgili. Búl – ortalyqtandyrylghan handyq biylikting basty belgilerining biri. Aytpaqshy, poruchik Gladyshev pen geodezist Muraviyn Syr boyyndaghy Ábilqayyr hangha 1740 jyldyn qazan ayynda saparlap jetken kezde, hannyng ordasy Quandariya manyndaghy Adam ata ózeninin boyynda bolady. Al Qarqúm qonysy men Adam ata ózeni arasy asa alys emes (suret 3).

Suret: avtordyng jeke múraghatynan alyndy.

Suret 3. Adam ata ózeni men Qaraqúm qonysy.

Demek, Ábiqayyr han Aral tenizining manayyn erteden qonys etken. Sol qonystardyng birinde, yaghny Qaraqúmda qúryltay shaqyryp, qazaq ru-taypalaryn jaugha qarsy kýresti úiymdastyryp, qazaq-qalmaq maydanynda aytuly jenisterge jetken. Qazirgi tanda búl jerde «Qaraqúm» degen shaghyn auyl tirshilik qúruda. Auyl Aral qalasynan 100 shaqyrym qashyqtyqtaornalasqan. Songhy jyldary qoldanysqa berilgen Jezqazghan-Beyneu temirjoly osy auyldyng ýstinen ótedi.

Qoryta kelgende, Qazaq handyghynyng tarihynda ayryqsha manyzy bar, halyqtyng ruhyn kóterude, erik-jigerin qayrauda erekshe mәni bar Qaraqúm qúryltayy men ony úiymdastyrghan Ábilqayyr hannyn, sayasy jiyngha qatysqan danqty Tabyn Bókenbay, Tama Eset, Shaqshaq Jәnibek syndy batyrlardyng el tútastyghyn saqtaugha qosqan ýlesin salmaqtay bilu ózekti mәsele. Osy orayda, tarihiy Qaraqúm qúryltayyn este saqtau maqsatyndaQyzylorda oblysynyn Aral qalasynda (Qaraqúmgha eng jaqyn ýlken eldi meken) arnayy belgi soghylsa – sauap, abzal is. Búl ata-babalarymyzdyng tarihy qyzmetine býgingi azat elding azamattarynyng taghyzymy jәne Aral syndy tarihy ólkenin tanymdylyghyn arttyrugha qosqan ýlesting biri bolar edi dep payymdaymyz.

Almasbek Ábsadyq, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory.

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