I bólim: Qaghaz betine týsken Tama tarihy turaly birer sóz

II bólim

Qaghaz betine týsken Tama tarihy mәselesi turaly oilaghanymyzda, qazaqtyng myng jyldyq tarihyn tiriltken jazushy hәm ghúlama tarihshy ghalym Múhtar Maghauinning «Shynghys han» atty tórt tomdyq ghylymiy-zertteu epopeyasynda: «Tama әskeri - Shynghys hannyng tikeley jarlyghymen qúrylghan, keyingi úlys handary odan әrmen kýsh berip, týbinde quatty taypagha ainalghan bir ýlken qauym. Tarihtyng tospaly kezenderinde torghauyt siyaqty tozghyndamay, uaqyt tizbeginde qorshy, bolatshy, kónshi siyaqty, birte-birte joyylmay, әrqily jaghday әserimen qússhy siyaqty ydyramay, keyingi zamangha әuelgi ataghy, dýrmekti tobymen jetipti. Tama – úly Qaghan jasaqtaghan ishki әsker. Jaulap alynghan jana aimaqtardy baghynyshta ústau jәne sol ónirdegi tәrtip pen tynyshtyq kepili retinde qúrylghan, barghan jerine birjola ornyghatyn túraqty jasaq. Tama әskerining úzyn sany әuelden-aq kóp bolghan. Ortalyq qalyng qoldan, әrbir týmennen bólinip alynghan jana jasaqtyng qolbasy noyany lәshkәr-tama atanady jәne oghan janamalas әsker qosyndarynan tәuelsiz, derbes ókim jýkteledi. Soghys, maydan uaqytynda әskery qolbasy, beybit kýnderde әmirshi әkim bolghan Tama әskeri, ishki kýzet, qauipsizdik júmystarymen qatar, orayyna qaray úlys sheginen tysqary ýlken joryqtargha da júmsalyp otyrghan. Biraq búdan son, әuelgi mindeti boyynsha bodangha kirgen jana ólke, keneygen aimaqty tikeley óz qarauyna alady. Tamalar Shynghys han túsynda airyqsha bedel tauyp, ózderi jýrgen tónirekti tynyshtyqqa keltirip otyrghan. Olar kýngey Kavkaz - Arran, Ázirbayjan shegine bekingen horezmshah Jalel ad-dindi talqandaydy. Húlaghu hannyng jasaghynda bolyp, Baghdat halifatyna qarsy joryqqa qatysady. Mine, osy qúramdaghy býkil tama әskeri keyinnen Iran tarabynda qalyp qoyyp, olar parsy, týrik, Ázirbayjan halyqtarynyng qúramyna sinisip ketedi. Altyn Orda shegindegi tama әskerlerining taghdyry basqasha bolghan. Olar әsirese Qazan handyghynda ýlken yqpalgha jetse, Noghay Ordasy, Qyrym handyghy jәne Qasym handyghynda belgili de bedeldi rulardyng biri bolyp, Qazaq Ordasyndaghy eng negizgi rulardyng birine ainalypty», – dep jazghan avtordyng Tamalar turaly jazbasy oiymyzgha aldymen oralady. (M.Maghauiyn. 355-356 better, Shynghys han I tom. Almaty, «Dәuir» – 2011 jyl.)

Kishi jýzding Tama taypasy turaly búl jazbany M.Maghauin Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Tarihtar jinaghy» (Jamigh at-Tauariyh) enbegine sýiene otyryp jazghan. Búl –anyq!

Sonda, Rashid ad-Din Hamadany ózining Álemge әigili «Tarihtar jinaghy» (Jamigh at-Tauariyh) dep atalatyn enbeginde Tamalar turaly ne jazghan? Endi soghan kósheyik.

Áuelgi oy – Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Tarihtar jinaghy» (Jamigh at-Tauariyh) enbegi haqynda birer sóz.

Rashid ad-Din Hamadany «Tarihtar jinaghy» (Jamigh at-Tauariyh) enbegin –  kóp tildi mengergen, jan-jaqty bilim iyesi, Qúlaghu dinastiyasynyng ókili, Irannyng Elhany Ghazan hannyng tikeley búiryghymen, Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng kóne tarihy men Aziyadaghy kýlli týrki taypalarynyng basyn biriktirip, Shynghys han qúrghan Monghol imperiyasynyng sol kezde jýz jylgha tolghan tarihyn jazyp shyqty. «Mongholdyng qúpiya tarihy» jәne osy «Qúpiya tarihtyn» keneytilip, óndelgen núsqasy «Altyn dәpterdi» negizgi derekkózi retinde paydalanyp,  1300-1310 jyldar arasynda jazylghan Rashid ad- Din Hamadaniyding «Jamigh at-Tauariyh» enbegi – dýniyejýzi tarihshylary birauyzdan moyyndaghan shynayy tariyh. Orta ghasyrlardaghy Aziya men Monghol imperiyasynyng tarihyna qatysty ghylymy enbek jazghan Aziya ne Europa tarihshylarynyng ishinen Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Jamigh at-Tauariyh» enbegin tarihy derek kózi retinde paydalanbaghan birde-bir tarihshy joq. Sondyqtan da, Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniydi erte dýnie men orta ghasyrlyq Aziya tarihy jәne Shynghys han qúrghan Monghol imperiyasy «tarihynyng atasy» dep ataydy.

Mine osy Rashid ad-Dinning 1300-1310 jyldar arasynda jazghan «Jamigh at-Tauariyh» enbeginde orta ghasyrda ómir sýrgen basqa týrkilik taypalar sekildi, «Tamalar tarihy» da jazylyp qalypty. «Jamigh at- Tauarihtaghy» «Tamalar tarihynan» búryn, 1300-1310 jyldary parsy tilinde jazylghan Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Jamigh at-Tauariyh» enbegining qazaqshagha audaryluy jayynan birer sóz.

Enbekti parsy tilindegi týpnúsqadan tikeley qazaq tiline audarghan arab, parsy jәne týrki-shaghatay tilderining mamany, audarmashy, Qazaqstan Músylmandary Diny basqarmasy janyndaghy Ghúlamalar Kenesining mýshesi Orazbay Zәripbay Júmanúly jәne audarmashynyng kómekshisi Orazbaev Múhammedzafar Zәripbayúly. Audarma enbekti baspagha dayyndap, týsindirme sózdigi men ghylymy týsinikterin jazghan filologiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty Tәjiyev Qazybek Toghyzbayúly. Kitap «Mәngilik El» jobasy jyly Shymkent qalasy, «Ar-print»  baspahanasynan 2017 jyly basylyp shyqqan.

Mine, osy enbekting 2-kitabynyng 36-37 betterinde: «(Negizinde) sýnit taypasynan әmirshiler kóp shyqqan bolatyn. Shynghys dәuirinde onyng atqosshysy Shyrmaghún bolghan. Shynghys han dýnie salghanda Iranga kelgen Eka Jebe men Subedey Temir Qahalgha jolymen qaytyp oraldy. Sodan Ýgedey qaghangha kelip, oghan ózderining qúrmetin kórsetti. Ol (Ýgedey qaghan) Shyrmaghúndy tórt myndyq әskerding әsker tammasy etip taghayyndap, sol tarapqa (Irangha) attandyrdy. Ásker tamma degen myndyq pen jýzdik (qúramynan) arnayy bosatylyp, әsker (basshy) etip taghayyndalghan, әri (jibergen) uәlayatta әrdayym boluy ýshin bir aimaqqa jiberiletin (adam) bolady»,- dep jazady. (Rashid ad-Din Hamadany 36-37 bet. Tarihtar jinaghy. 2-kitap. Shymkent qalasy, «Ar-print»-2017 jyl.)

Búl jerde sóz – jaulap alynghan elde ornyghyp, sol jerdi basqaratyn «Ásker Tama» yaghni, Tama әskerining qolbasy jәne әskerding «jýzdik» ne «myndyq» qúramynan arnayy bosatylghan «Tama әskeri» turaly bolyp otyr.

Ayta ketetin bir mәsele: Tama әskerleri «jýzdiktin» qúramynan emes, M.Maghauin jazghanday «týmennen» (on myng qol) jәne ortalyq әskerden bólinip alynghan sarbazdar.

Shynghys han әsker qúramyn «ondyq», «jýzdik», «myndyq», «týmen» (on myndyq) dep bólgen. Al, әsker – «týmenderden» qúralghan.

Enbektegi: «Ásker Tama – jýzdik pen myndyq qúramnan  arnayy bosatylghan», – degen sóilem: «Tama әskeri – myng jәne jýz adamnyng ishinen alynghan әsker», – degen jansaq úghym qalyptastyryp, oqushyny adastyrady.

Anyghyna kelgende, Tama әskerleri «myndyq» ne «týmennin» qúramynda bolghan. Búlay dep oilauymyzdyng sebebi, Rashid ad-Dinning «Tarihtar jinaghynyn» 3-kitabynyng 164-165 betterinde: «Temir, Sali, Mengidu jәne Qútyqy, Tama Shiramin noyannyng týmeninde boldy», –  dep anyq jazylghan.

Rulyq jýie boyynsha qalyptasqan qoghamda әskeriy-feodaldyq memleket qúrghan Shynghys han da, odan keyingi Monghol imperiyasynyng әsker qosyndary da ru-taypalyq jýy boyynsha jasaqtalghanyn Shynghys han tarihyn zertteushiler óz enbekterinde bir auyzdan atap ótedi.

Mine, osy Shynghys han tarihyn zertteushiler enbegine sýiene otyryp aitpaghymyz: Shynghys han әskeri qúramyndaghy Tama әskeri – ortalyq әsker men týmenderden bólinip alynyp, erekshe tapsyrmalardy oryndau ýshin rulyq jýie boyynsha qúrylghan arnauly jasaq.

Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Tarihtar jinaghy» atty enbegining ekinshi kitabynyng 36-37 betterindegi jazbalardan týsingenimiz: Irannan kelgen Jebe (noyan) men Sýbedey (Sýbitay) bahadýrlar Ýgedey hangha kelip, óz qúrmetterin kórsetken. Sodan song Ol (Ýgedey qaghan) Shyrmaghúndy tórt myndyq әsker Tammasy etip taghayyndap, Tama әskerin sol tarapqa (Irangha) attandyrady.

Osy jazbalardy taldayyq: Ýgedey 1229-1241 jyldar arasynda Monghol imperiyasynyng Shynghys hannan keyingi ekinshi Úly Qaghany boldy. Ýgedey qaghan biyligi túsynda mongholdardardyng Irandy әli jaulap almaghan uaqyty. Irandy Qúlaghu bastaghan Monghol әskeri 1256 jyly Mónke qaghannyng túsynda jaulap alghan bolatyn. Sol ýshin Úly Qaghan Mónke Monghol imperiyasy atynan Qúlaghudy Irangha biyleushi (namestniyk) etip taghayyndady.

1229-1241 jyldar arasynda Monghol imperiyasynyng úly qaghany bolghan Ýgedey túsynda mongholdar әli Irandy jaulap almaghan kezi. Demek, Ýgedey qaghan Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbeginde aty atalghan Shyrmaghún basqarghan tórt myndyq Tama әskerin әli jaulap almaghan Irangha barlau ýshin attandyryp otyr. Ýgedey Qaghannyng búl is әreketinen úqqanymyz: Áli jaulap alynbaghan Iran tarapyna attandyrylghan Tama әskeri – shyn mәninde  erekshe tapsyrmalardy oryndau ýshin arnayy qúrylghan jasaq bolghandyghyna anyq kózimiz jetedi.

Demek, M.Maghauinning «Shynghys han» ghylymiy-zertteu epopeyasyndaghy: «Tama – Úly Qaghan jasaqtaghan ishki әsker. Jaulap alynghan jana aimaqtardy baghynyshty ústau jәne sol ónirdegi tәrtip pen tynyshtyq kepili retinde qúrylghan, barghan jerine bir jola ornyghatyn túraqty jasaq», – degen jazbanyng tarihy ózegi Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding Álemge әigili «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbeginen alynghan oy ekendigi  – anyq. (M.Maghauiyn. 355-356 better, Shynghys han I tom. Almaty, «Dәuir» – 2011 jyl.)

Tamalar turaly taghy bir jazba Rashid ad-Dinning «Tarihtar jinaghy» dep atalatyn kóp tomdyghynyng altynshy kitabynda kezdesedi. Shynghys hannyng shejireli tarihyn týgeldegen úly tarihshy Rashid ad-Din Hamadany búl jerde de Tamalar turaly taghy da bir janama aqparat berip ketipti. Ol bylay deydi: «Oghan qosa boysúndyrylghan aimaqtardyng ózi de túraqsyz jaghdayda edi jәne kishkentay da bolsyn jeleu payda bolsa, bólinip ketuge dayyn túrghan bolatyn. (Sonda) ol (Mónke qaghan) jalpy kenes úiymdastyryp, barlyq bauyrlary, hanzadalar men Shynghys hannyng úrpaqtarynyng bәri, onyng mandayynda aiqyn úlylyq pen sayasat(patshalyq qabilet), qúdirettilik pen dәuletting (zor baqyttyn) belgilerin kórgen ózining bauyry Qúlaghu handy Irangha taghayyndady. Sóitip odan búryn tama әskerleri retinde jiberilgen әskerlerding barlyghy jәne Saly noyanmen Kashmir tarapynda jәne Balh pen Badahshan jerlerinde tama әskeri retinde bolghandardyng barlyghy Qúlaghu hangha baghynatyn bolady dep búiyrdy. Jәne barlyq Eke noyannyng úlyghyna tiyesili ózge әskerlerden jәne ózge hanzadalargha tiyesili әskerlerden, olardyng negizgi sany azayyp qalmasyn dep, әrbir ondyqtan esepke kirmeytinderden eki adamnan bólip beruin jәne ol iyelikterge baryp qonystanuy ýshin Qúlaghu hannyng injuine (onyng iyeligine) tapsyrularyn búiyrdy. Sosyn osy (atalghan) әskerler de, taghy boysúndyrylghan memleketter de oghan jәne onyng balalaryna tiyesili bolatyn boldy.»  (Rashid ad-Din Hamadani. 156-bet, Tarihtar jinaghy. 6-kitap. Shymkent qalasy, «Ar-print»-2017)

Rashid ad-Din Hamadaniyding «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbegindegi Tamalar turaly alghashqy sóz 1229-1241 jyldar arasynda Úly Monghol imperiyasynyng Shynghys hannan keyingi ekinshi Úly Qaghany bolghan Ýgedey (Ókitay) túsynda bolyp otyr. Al, ekinshi jazbadaghy Tamalar turaly sóz 1251-1259 jyldar arasynda Monghol imperiyasynyng Úly Qaghany bolghan Mónke túsynda bolyp otyr. Búl jazbada: Mónke Qaghan ózining bauyry Qúlaghudy Irangha han etip taghayyndaghany jәne Qúlaghu Irangha han bolyp taghayyndalghangha deyin Iran tarapyna jiberilgen Tama әskerleri jәne Salin noyanmen birge Kashmiyr, Balyq jәne Badaqsham jerlerindegi Tama әskerleri týgelimen, Irangha han bolyp taghayyndalghan Qúlaghugha baghynugha tiyis ekendigi aitylghan.

Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghynyn» 2-kitabyndaghy jazba boyynsha: Shyrmaghún bastaghan tórt myng Tama әskeri әli jaulap alynbaghan Iran tarapyna Ýgedey Qaghannyng túsynda attandyrylypty. Búryn Iran tarapyna jiberilgen osynday Tama әskerleri aragha 10-15 jyl salyp, Irandy jaulap alu ýshin Irangha attandyrylghan Qúlaghu әskerine baghynugha tiyis ekendigi «Tarihtar jinaghynyn» 6-kitabynda anyq aitylghan.

Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghy» kóp tomdyghynyng ekinshi jәne altynshy kitabyndaghy jazbalardan týsingenimiz: M.Maghauin «Shynghys han» atty zertteu epopeyasynda jazghanday: Tama әskeri – erekshe tapsyrma oryndau ýshin arnayy qúrylghan jasaq. Búl sózimizge dәlel: Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghyndaghy» Tamalar turaly jazbalar.

1251 jyly Monghol imperiyasynyng úly qúryltayynyng sheshimine sәikes Qúlaghu Iranmen birge Irannyng batysyndaghy Siriyany, Palestinany, Mysyrdy, Rum jәne Armeniyany baghyndyrugha tapsyrma alady. Úly qúryltay sheshimine say qimyldaghan Qúlaghu Aldynghy Aziyagha 1256-60 jyldar joryq jasap, Irandy 1256 jyly jaulap alyp әuelgi kezde Qúlaghu úlysy, keyinnen  1261 jyly Qúlaghudyng sol tústa Monghol imperiyasynyng Úly Qaghany bolghan Qúbylaydan Elhan (Úlys han) dәrejesin aluyna baylanysty, 1261 jyldan bastap Irandaghy Qúlaghu úlysy – Elhan (Ilihan) memleketi dep atala bastaghany tarihtan belgili.

Ásker isining dýniyejýzilik dәrejedegi úly reformatory Shynghys han – bolashaqta jaulap alatyn elin jan-jaqty zerttep barlau ýshin jauyngerlik sheberligi joghary sarbazdardan arnauly әsker jasaghyn qúrghanyn, Shynghys hannyng әskery ónerin arnayy zerttegen Monghol halqynan shyqqan Yugoslaviya uniyversiytetining professory Erendj Hara-Davan, aghylshyn ghalymdary Bezil Liddep Hart, Men Djon, qazaq ghalymy Múhtar Maghauiyn, orys ghalymy B.Ya. Vladimirsovtar óz zertteu enbekterinde keninen toqtalyp, anyq jazghan. Shynghas han tarihynyng әsker isin zerttegen búl ghalymdar Shynghys han turaly óz zertteu enbekterinde, Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng 1300-1310 jyldar arasynda jazylghan «Tarihtar jinaghy» (Jamigh at-Tauariyh) enbegine negizgi derek kózi retinde ýnemi silteme jasap otyrady. (Qaranyz: E.Hara-Davan. Chingiz han kak polkovodes y ego naslediye. (1929) Bezil Liddip Hart. Strategiya nepryamyh deystviye. M.Maghauin Shynghys han, Men Djon Chingizhan. Jizni, smerti y voskresheniye. B.Ya.Vladimirsov Obshestvennyy stroy mongolov. Mongoliskiy kochevoy feodalizm. (1934)

Qúlaghu әskeri qosyndary Iran, Irak, Badaqsham, Balhy ónirlerin jaulap alghan son, soghys maydan uaqytynda aldynghy shepte bolyp, maydan bastalmay túryp, bolashaqta jaulap alynatyn elderge әskery túrghydan barlau jasap, sol elderdi kóp zerttegen Tamalar – beybit kýnderde jaulap alynghan elderding biyleushi, әmirshileri bolghan. Iran tarapyndaghy Qúlaghu әskerining qúramynda bolyp, jaulap alynghan jerlerdi basqarugha qaldyrylghan Tama әskerleri – jergilikti parsy, týrik, әzirbayjan halyqtarymen assimilyasiyagha týsip, sol halyqtardyng qúramyna sinisip ketken. Iran tarapyndaghy Tama әskerlerining keyingi taghdyry osylay bolghanda, Altyn Orda shegindegi Tama әskerlerining taghdyry mýlde basqasha qalyptasqan. Múhtar Maghauinning zertteui boyynsha: Altyn Orda memleketinde ýlken yqpalgha ie bolghan Tamalar, Altyn Orda memleketining qúramyndaghy Noghay ordasy, Qyrym handyghy, Qasym handyghynda belgili de bedeldi rulardyng biri bolyp, keyin qúrylghan Qazaq ordasynda eng negizgi rulardyng birine ainalypty.

Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbegindegi Tama әskerleri turaly jazbalardan dúrys týsinuge tiyis bir mәseleler bar.

Ol – Tama tarihtar jinaghynyng altynshy kitabynyng 156-betindegi: «...Ol (Mónke Qaghan) ózining bauyry Qúlaghu handy Irangha taghayyndady. Sóitip odan búryn Tama әskerleri retinde jiberilgen әskerlerding barlyghy jәne Saly noyan men Kashmir tarapynda jәne Balyh pen Badaqsham jerlerinde Tama әskeri retinde bolghandardyng barlyghy Qúlaghu hangha baghynyshty bolady. Jәne barlyq Eke noyannyng úlylyghyna tiyesili ózge әskerlerden, olardyng negizgi sany azayyp qalmasyn dep, әrbir ondyqtan esepke kirmeytinderden eki adamnan bólip beruine jәne ol iyelikterge baryp qonystanu ýshin Qúlaghu hannyng injuine (iyeligine) tapsyrularyn búiyrdy», - degen jazba. (Rashid ad-Din Hamadani. 156-bet. Tarihtar jinaghy. 6-kitap. Shymkent qalasy, «Ar-print»-2017)

Búl ýzindige erekshe mәn berip otyruymyzdyng negizgi sebebi, jazbadaghy: «...Ár ondyqtan eki adamnan bólip beruin... búiyrdy», - degen sóilemdegi oidy keybir tarihshylar: «Tamalar әr rudan synaq arqyly eki kisiden alynghan tandauly әsker jasaghynan qúralghan ru», - dep tәpsirlep, týsindirip jýr.

Á degende bizde solay oilap qalghanbyz. Tipten osy oiymyzdy Tamalar turaly jazghan zertteu enbegimizde jazdyq ta. Alayda, búl – Rashid ad-Dinning «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbegin dúrys týsinbegendikten tuyndaghan qate tújyrym ekendigin keyinnen baryp baghamdadyq.

«Tarihtar jinaghynda»: «Tama әskeri – әr rudan eki kisiden synaq arqyly alynghan tandauly әsker jinaghy», – degen sóilem mýldem joq. «Tarihtar jinaghynda»: «Ásker Tama – myndyq pen jýzdik (qúramynan) arnayy bosatylyp, әsker (basshy) etip taghayyndalghan, әri uәlayatta  әrdayym bolu ýshin bir aimaqqa jiberiletin (adam) bolady», – dep jazylghan. (Rashid ad-Din Hamadani. Tarihtar jinaghy. 36-37 bet.  2-kitap. Shymkent qalasy, «Ar-print»-2017)

Búl jerde әngime kýlli Tama әskeri turaly bolyp otyrghan joq. Ángime «Ásker Tama» (týpnúsqada Lәshkar Tama) yaghni, Tama әskerining basshysy turaly bolyp otyr. Sóilemde aitylghan: «Ásker Tama» – uәlayatta әrdayym bolu ýshin... aimaqqa jiberilgen adam», – degen sóz tirkesterin býgingi kýnning jalpaq tilimen týsindirsek: «Tama әskerining basshysy jaulap alghan uәlayatty basqarady», – degen maghynadaghy sóilem shyghady. Yaghni, búl sóilemdi: Tama әskerining basshysy – beybit kýnderde jaulap alynghan aimaqty basqaratyn sol jerding әkimi bolghan, – degen maghynada týsinuimiz kerek.

Al, Rashid ad-Dinning «Tarihtar jinaghynyn»  6-kitabynyng 156-betindegi: Kashmiyr, Badaqsham, Iran tarapyndaghy Tama әskeri turaly aitylyp kelip: «...ózge әskerlerden... eki adamnan bólip beruin búiyrady», – degen sóilemdegi «ózge әsker», «eki adam» degen tirkester: «Tamalar – Shynghys han túsynda әr rudan (Shynghys han әskerlerdi ru boyynsha jasaqtaghan) synaq arqyly alynghan eki adamnan qúralghan ru», – degen oidyng aityluyna sebepker bolghan.

Anyghyna kelgende, «Tarihtar jinaghynyn» 6-kitabynyng 156-betindegi jazbada: «...ózge әskerlerden, olardyng negizgi sany azayyp qalmasyn dep, әrbir ondyqtan eki adamnan alynsyn», – degen Mónke Qaghan búiryghynyng Iran, Balhy, Badaqsham, Kashmir tarapynda búrynnan  jýrgen Tama әskerlerine esh qatysy joq.

Iran men Aldynghy Aziyany jaulap alu ýshin qúrylyp jatqan Qúlaghu әskerine әr әsker bóliminen 2 adamnan alynuynyng sebebi – basqa bólimdegi әskerler sanynyng azayyp qalmau ekendigi Mónke Qaghannyng jarlyghynda anyq jazylghan. Sondyqtan, Mónke Qaghannyng jarlyghyn dәlel retinde ústap: «Tamalar – týrli әsker bólimderinen synaq arqyly eki kisiden alynghan tandamaly әsker jasaghynan qúralghan ru», – degen oy shyndyqqa mýldem janaspaydy.

Múnday oidy tәpsirlep jýrgen – parsy tilinde, orta ghasyrlyq ghylymy stilide jazylghan Rashid ad-Dinning «Tarihtar jinaghyndaghy» keybir sóilemderding maghynasyn dúrys týsinbegen keyingi tarihshylar. Bolmasa, Tamalar – synaq arqyly alynghan әskerlerden qúralghan ru degen tújyrym – Rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghynda» da, M.Maghauinning «Shynghys hanynda» da kezdespeydi.

Myna mәseleni týsinip alghanymyz jón: Shynghys han qúrghan Monghol imperiyasy túsyndaghy әsker bólimder – ru-taypalyq negizde qúrylghan. Mysaly: Nayman, Arghyn, Kerey, Tama, Tabyn әsker qosyndary degen sekildi.

Ár rudan synaq arqyly alynghan adamdardy bir әsker bólimine jinap: «Sender býginnen bastap bir rusyndar», – dep aitu, orta ghasyrlyq rulyq-patriarhaldy qoghamda mýmkin emes jaghday. Sebebi, ru – arghy tegi bir atadan taraghan, qan tuystyghy arqyly birigetin adamdardyng qoghamdyq әleumettik toby. Ru mýshelerin biriktiretin eng basty faktor, ol – qan tuystyghy yaghni, genologiyalyq túrghydaghy baylanys. Qanday biyleushi bolsa da, rudy qoldan úiymdastyra almaydy. Búl – tabighat zandylyghyna hәm orta ghasyrdaghy qoghamdyq týsinikke mýldem janaspaytyn qarama-qayshy qúbylys. Sondyqtan da, Tamalar Shynghys han әmirimen әr әsker bóliminen synaq arqyly alynghan jauyngerlerden qúralghan ru degen pikir – ghylymy negizi óte tómen, týp-tamyrymen qate tújyrym.

XIII ghasyrda týrki taypalarynyng basyn biriktirip, Shynghys han qúrghan әskeriy-feodaldyq memlekette әsker myndyqtary men týmender taypalyq-rulyq jýie boyynsha qúryldy. Rulyq jýie boyynsha Shynghys han qúrghan әsker qosyndaryn tyldan kerek jabdyqtarmen qamtamasyz etu ýshin, ainalysatyn kәsibine oray Kónshi, Temirshi, Bolatshy, Otynshy dep atalyp ketken tútas rular bolghan. Biraq, búl rulardy Shynghys han qoldan úiymdastyrghan joq. Olar ru boyynsha, beyimdelgen kәsibine oray solay atalghan. Keyinnen jaulap alynghan elden qolgha týsken tútqyndardy, Shynghys han kәsibi men beyimine oray Kónshi, Temirshi, Baltashy rularyna sinistirip otyrghan kezi bolghan. Búl – tarihy fakt.  Kónshi, Bolatshy, Temirshi, Otynshy dep atalghan rulardyng keybiri kýni býginge deyin qazaq halqyn qúraytyn ru-taypalar qúramynda jýr. Mysaly: Úly jýz Dulattyng ishinde Temir, orta jýz Naymannyng ishinde Kónshi, Bolatshy, Baltaly degen rular bar.

Shynghys han Kónshi, Bolatshy, Baltaly rulary sekildi, Tama ruyn da synaqpen  qoldan úiymdastyru arqyly emes, әskery túrghydaghy jogharghy kәsiby sheberligine oray, arnauly әsker jasaghy dep qúruy da bek mýmkin. Sebebi: Orta ghasyrlarda әskery ónerdi kәsip etip, kelisim shart arqyly tútas memleketterdi qorghaghan týrki – qypshaq taypalary óte kóp bolghan. Búghan mysal: Orta ghasyrdaghy Mysyr men Siriya biyleushilerining jeke gvardiyasyn qúraghan, Mamlýkter dep atalghan týrki halyqtarynan shyqqan kәsibiy-әsker jauyngerleri men XI ghasyrdyng sony men XII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda Gruziya memleketining negizi qalaghan IV  David (David qúrylysshy (stroiyteli) patshanyng memleketin syrtqy jaulardan qorghaghan týrki rularynan qúralghan qypshaq jauyngerleri. Egin sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn orta ghasyrlardaghy ejelgi Rusi te jaldamaly qypshaq jauyngerlerining әskery kýshin syrtqy jaulardan qorghanu ýshin kelisim-shart arqyly aqy tólep, molynan paydalanghan. Orta ghasyrlardaghy týrki júrtyn qúraghan Qypshaq taypalarynda  múnday mysaldar óte kóp.

Osynday mysaldargha sýiene otyryp aitpaghymyz: Orta ghasyrlardaghy týrki taypalarynyng basyn qosyp, memleket qúrghan Shynghys han, kәsiby túrghydaghy әskery sheberligi ýshin Tama taypasynan qúralghan әskerdi erekshe tapsyrmalardy oryndaytyn arnauly jasaq retinde paydalanghan dep oilaymyz. Búl oiymyzdyng dәleli: 1300-1310 jyldar arasynda jazylghan rashid ad-Din Hamadanidyng «Tarihtar jinaghy» enbegindegi Tama әskeri turaly jazbalar.

Qalay desek te, Shynghys han túsynda da, odan keyingi úly Qaghandar túsynda da erekshe tapsyrmalar oryndaytyn arnauly әsker jasaghy bolyp, Altyn Orda túsynda odan keyingi Aq Orda, Noghay Ordasy, Qyrym handyghy jәne Qasym (Kasimovka) handyghy túsynda da erekshe bedelge ie bolghan Tamalar – XV ghasyr sheginde qúrylghan Qazaq handyghy túsynda da qazaq halqyn qúraytyn negizgi rulardyng biri bolghany anyq.

Núrghaly Mahan

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