Álem tarihynda әskery operasiyalar jii qoldanylady. Alayda olardyng keybiri tek әskery sheberligimen ghana emes, batyldyghymen, dәl josparlanuymen jәne kýtpegen nәtiyjesimen erekshelenedi. Osynday oqighalardyng biri – 1976 jylghy Izrailiding «Entebbe» operasiyasy. Kóptegen әskery sarapshylar búl operasiyany XX ghasyrdaghy arnayy jasaqtardyng eng sәtti qútqaru missiyalarynyng biri dep baghalaydy. Tórt myng shaqyrymnan astam qashyqtyqqa úshyp baryp, kepilge alynghan jýzdegen adamdy aman alyp shyghu sol kezeng ýshin mýmkin emes mindet siyaqty kóringen edi. Biraq Izraili әskeri tәuekelge baryp, tarihta mәngi qalatyn operasiyany jýzege asyrdy.

1976 jyldyng 27 mausymynda Fransiyanyng Air France әue kompaniyasyna tiyesili jolaushylar úshaghy Izrailiding Teli-Aviv qalasynan Parijge baghyt aldy. Úshaq Afina әuejayynda qysqa uaqyt ayaldap, jana jolaushylardy mingizgennen keyin saparyn jalghastyrdy. Dәl osy kezde tórt qaruly adam úshaqty basyp aldy. Olardyng ekeui palestinalyq qaruly úiym mýsheleri bolsa, qalghan ekeui Germaniyadaghy radikaldy solshyl úiymmen baylanysty sodyrlar edi.

Úshaqty basyp alghandar ekipajdy baghytyn ózgertuge mәjbýrledi. Áueli әue kemesi Liviyanyng Bengazy qalasyna qonyp, keyin Afrikanyng ortalyghyndaghy Uganda memleketine úshty. Aqyrynda úshaq Entebbe halyqaralyq әuejayyna kelip toqtady. Ol kezde Uganda preziydenti Idy Amin bolatyn. Onyng biyligi halyqaralyq qauymdastyq tarapynan qatal әri avtoritarlyq dep baghalanghanymen, ol lankesterge qoldau kórsetip, olardyng әuejayda ornyghuyna mýmkindik berdi.

Kóp úzamay kepilge alynghan jolaushylar eski terminal ghimaratyna kóshirildi. Lankester óz talaptaryn jariyalady. Olar Izraili týrmelerinde otyrghan palestinalyq tútqyndardy bosatudy jәne basqa da birneshe eldegi tútqyndardy aiyrbastaudy talap etti. Eger talaptar oryndalmasa, kepildegi adamdardy óltiretinin mәlimdedi.

Birneshe kýn ótken song lankester kepildegi adamdardy últyna qaray bólip, Izraili azamattary men evrey tekti jolaushylardy ústap qaldy. Basqa memleketterding azamattarynyng kópshiligi bosatyldy. Osy sheshim býkil әlemde ýlken alandaushylyq tughyzdy. Kepilde qalghan adamdardyng ómiri qyl ýstinde túrdy.

Izraili ýkimeti óte qiyn tandau aldynda qaldy. Bir jaghynan, adamdardyng ómirin saqtau qajet edi. Ekinshi jaghynan, lankesterding talabyna kelisu bolashaqta múnday shabuyldardyng jiyileuine jol ashuy mýmkin bolatyn. Sondyqtan Izraili basshylyghy kelissózderdi jalghastyra otyryp, jasyryn týrde әskery operasiya әzirleuge kiristi.

Búl missiyanyng basty qiyndyghy – Entebbe әuejayynyng Izrailiden shamamen tórt myng shaqyrym qashyqtyqta ornalasuy edi. Izraili әskeri búryn-sondy múnday alys qashyqtyqta arnayy operasiya jýrgizip kórmegen. Onyng ýstine Uganda әskeri lankesterdi qorghap túrdy. Sondyqtan kez kelgen qatelik ondaghan, tipti jýzdegen adamnyng ómirine qauip tóndirui mýmkin edi.

Izraili barlau qyzmeti operasiya aldynda jan-jaqty aqparat jinady. Bir qyzyghy, Entebbe әuejayynyng terminalyn kezinde izrailidik kompaniyalardyng biri salugha qatysqan eken. Sonyng arqasynda әskery mamandar ghimarattyng naqty josparyn tauyp, arnayy jattyghu alanyn jasap shyqty. Arnayy jasaq sarbazdary operasiyany qayta-qayta pysyqtap, әrbir sekundty eseptep dayyndaldy.

1976 jyldyng 3 shildesi kýni keshke Izrailiding әskeriy-kólik úshaqtary jasyryn týrde әuege kóterildi. Olar Qyzyl teniz baghytymen tómen biyiktikte úshyp, radarlargha bayqalmaugha tyrysty. Úzaq sapardan keyin úshaqtar Entebbe әuejayyna týn ishinde qondy.

Operasiyanyng eng qyzyqty tústarynyng biri – arnayy jasaqtyng aldau tәsili boldy. Olar qara týsti Mercedes-Benz kóligi men birneshe әskery djipti birge ala kelgen. Ol kezde preziydent Idy Amin dәl osynday qara Mercedes kóligimen jýretin. Izraili sarbazdary kýzetshilerdi shatastyryp, preziydentting korteji kelgendey әser qaldyrmaq boldy. Alayda әuejay kýzetshilerining biri kýdiktenip, toqtaudy talap etedi. Osy sәtte arnayy jasaq oq atugha mәjbýr boldy da, operasiyanyng qúpiyalyghy ayaq astynan ashylyp qaldy.

Soghan qaramastan, izrailidik sarbazdar terminalgha sanauly minut ishinde jetti. Olar lankester ornalasqan zalgha basyp kirip, jedel shabuyl jasady. Qysqa uaqytqa sozylghan atysta barlyq lankesterding kózi joyyldy. Arnayy jasaq kepildegi adamdardy bosatyp, olardy әskery úshaqtargha qaray evakuasiyalay bastady.

Operasiya barysynda Uganda әskeri de qarsylyq kórsetti. Áuejay aumaghynda birneshe atys boldy. Izraili әskeri úshyp keter aldynda Uganda әskeriy-әue kýshterining ondaghan joyghysh úshaghyn joyyp jiberdi. Búl olardyng sonynan qughyn úiymdastyrudyng aldyn alu ýshin jasalghan әreket edi.

Barlyq operasiya nebәri bir saghatqa juyq uaqytqa sozyldy. Onyng ishinde terminaldaghy negizgi shabuyl birneshe minuttyng ishinde ayaqtaldy. Nәtiyjesinde kepilge alynghan 100-den astam adamnyng basym kópshiligi aman qútqaryldy.

Alayda búl jenis qúrbandyqsyz kelgen joq. Izraili arnayy jasaghynyng komandiyri, podpolkovnik Yonatan Netaniyahu operasiya kezinde oqqa úshty. Ol sarbazdaryn bastap kele jatqan sәtte auyr jaralanyp, qaza tapty. Keyin operasiya onyng qúrmetine «Yonatan operasiyasy» dep te atala bastady. Onyng esimi Izraili tarihynda erlikting simvolyna ainaldy.

Ókinishke qaray, kepildegi birneshe adam da qaza tapty. Olardyng keybiri atys kezinde oqqa úshsa, bir egde jastaghy әiel densaulyghyna baylanysty operasiyagha deyin auruhanagha jetkizilgen edi. Keyin ony Uganda biyligi óltirgeni belgili edi. Osy oqigha halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng qatty synyna úshyrady.

Entebbe operasiyasy ayaqtalghannan keyin әlemning kóptegen memleketteri Izraili arnayy kýshterining kәsibiyligine joghary baghalady. Áskery sarapshylar búl missiyany arnayy operasiyalardy josparlau men oryndaudyng klassikalyq ýlgisi retinde zerttey bastady. Keyin kóptegen elderding arnayy jasaqtary Entebbedegi tәjiriybeni ózderining oqu baghdarlamalaryna engizdi.

Degenmen operasiya halyqaralyq qúqyq túrghysynan da qyzu pikirtalas tughyzdy. Keybir memleketter Izrailiding Uganda aumaghyna kelisimsiz әskery kýsh engizuin egemendikti búzu dep aytyp keledi. Al basqalary azamattardyng ómirin qútqaru birinshi kezektegi mindet ekenin aityp, búl әreketti aqtady. Osylaysha Entebbe operasiyasy әskery ghana emes, qúqyqtyq jәne diplomatiyalyq túrghydan da erekshe tarihy oqighagha ainaldy.

Býginde Entebbe operasiyasy әskery tarihtaghy eng batyl әri eng dәl josparlanghan qútqaru missiyalarynyng biri retinde este qaldy. Ol kәsiby dayyndyqtyn, sapaly barlau júmysynyn, tәrtipting jәne batyl sheshim qabyldaudyng qanshalyqty manyzdy ekenin kórsetti. Sonymen qatar búl oqigha terrorizmmen kýreste memleketterding aldynda keyde óte kýrdeli moralidyq әri sayasy tandau tuyndaytynyn taghy bir dәleldedi.

Entebbe operasiyasynyng basty sabaghy – adam ómirin qútqaru jolynda tabandylyq, kәsibiylik jәne batyldyq sheshushi ról atqaratyny. Jarty ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt ótse de, búl operasiya әskery akademiyalarda zerttelip, tarihshylar men sayasattanushylardyng nazarynan týsken emes. Ol әlem tarihyndaghy eng erekshe qútqaru missiyalarynyng biri retinde óz manyzyn әli kýnge deyin joghaltqan joq.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek, 

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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