Býgingi kýnde sanamyzgha asyp tógile qúiylyp jatqan tolassyz aqparattar tasqyny arasynan «nanofizika», «nanotehnologiya», «nanoinjeneriya», «nanomedisina» jәne basqa da tolyp jatqan «nano...»-lar turaly jii estiytin boldyq. Ol turaly radio men teledidarlar habarlap, ghalamtor sayttary kóptep mәlimetter beredi. Ýlkendi-kishili jiyndarda búl turaly tipten mektep oqushylarynan bastap, ghúlama ghalym, ýkimet basshylary men elbasylargha deyin jii aitady. Osyghan qarap aq әngime әdettegi boy ýirengen, jay bir qarabayyr mәsele jóninde emes, kerisinshe erekshe manyzdy, biz bir asa múqtaj dýnie tónereginde ekenin angharugha bolady. Búl ne nәrse, әngime ne jóninde? Osy bir kishkene maqalamyzda biz de osy súraqtargha jauap izdep, nanoqúbylystar jóninde naqtyly, әri qazaqi, qysqa da núsqa mәlimetter bere otyryp, oqushylarymyzdy mәselening mәnisine shym-shymdap boylatsaq degen niyettemiz.

Aldymen «nano» termiyni jóninde. Búl ózi grek sózi, ol qanday da bir býtin nәrsening milliardtan bir bóligi degendi bildiredi. Múnday, tipten kózge elestetuge qiyn, asa mardymsyz az sandy matematika tilinde 10^-9 dep jazady. Mysaly 1 nanometr (nm) dep bir metr úzyndyqty asa ýlken 1000000000 sanyna bólgende shyghatyn ólshemdi aitady. Al 1 nm-ning mardymsyzdyghy sonsha, onyng mәni jekelegen atomdar men molekulalardyng ólshemderimen shamalas. Al biz jogharyda sanamalaghan «nanoqúbylystar» kenistikting dәl osynday kishkene aimaghynda ótetin ýrdistermen baylanysqan. Mysaly «nanofizika» ólshemderi shamamen 10-100 nm bolatyn kenistik aimaghynda ótetin fizikalyq qúbylystardyng zandylyqtaryn zerttese, «nanoinjeneriya» sol «nanofizika» zandarynyng negizinde naqtyly nanoqúraldar jasap, ony paydalanudyng joldaryn izdestiredi. Al «nanomedisina» ózining em-domdaryn adamdar aghzasynyng osynday az aimaghynda, jekelegen kletkalar dengeyinde jýrgizudi maqsat tútady. Adamnyng eng asyl ómirin sheshimi joq sharasyzdyqqa tireytin keybir dertterding shipasy osy jerden tabylar ma degen ýmit te joq emes. Al «nanotehnologiya» bolsa osy barlyq nanoghylymdardyng basyn biriktirip, olardyng jetistikterin kәdege jaratatyn tehnologiya.

Búl jerde osy «nanoqúbylystar» turaly týsinik neden bastau alady? Ol qay kezennen bastap tereng zerttelude, oghan ne sebep boldy degen súraqtar tuyndaydy. Osymen baylanysty ghúlama ghalym, qazirgi zaman fizikasynyng ozyq teoriyasy – kvanttyq elektrodinamikanyng negizin qalaushy, asqan sheber pedagog, Nobelidik syilyqtyng iyegeri Richard Feynman turaly aitpay ketu mýmkin emes. Sebebi ol 1959 jyly Amerikanyng әigili Kaliforniya tehnologiya institutynda bir erekshe dәris oqyghan bolatyn. Dәristing aty da qyzyq edi, ol «Tómendegi oryndardyng bәri bos» dep atalatyn. (Búl dәristing mәtinimen myna jerden tanysugha bolady: Feynman R.P. There is plenty of room at the bottom: an invitation to enter a new field of physics. Eng.Sci. v.23, p.22, 1960; (http://www.zyvex.com/nanothech/feynman.html)). Feynmannyng búl dәrisinde aitylghan oilardyng qysqasha týiini mynada edi: adamzat búl kezge deyin jaratushy iyem silaghan jeti qat aspan men jer betindegi bar zattardy ghana qanaghat tútyp, qajetine jaratyp, úqsata paydalanyp keldi. Bargha mәz boldy, ony óndedi, shamasy jetkenshe ózgertti. Búl jerde, әriyne, qol jetken jetistikterimiz de joq emes. Biraq; osymen qatar, oiy zamanynan oq boyy ozghan súnghyla ghalym taghy bir mýmkindikke núsqady. Ol bardy mise tútpay, joqtan bar jasayyq degen oy edi. Bizdi qorshaghan ghalam, býgingi qolymyzda bar dýniye, jaratushymyzdyng tereng oi-josparymen qiynnan qiystyrylyp, tigisi jatyqtyrylyp, asqan sheberlikpen, jәne dәldikpen jasalghanday. Adamzat ony zerttep, tam túmdap tanu barysynda ashylghan kemel de tereng maghanaly fizika zandary jaratushynyng osy qas sheberligine tamsandyrmay qoymaytyn. Al Feynman bolsa jogharydaghy dәrisinde bardy mise tútpay, sýiiktisine degen bar mahabbatyn mәrmәr tasqa ainaldyryp, dýnie kózi búghan deyin eshqashan kórip bilmegen, saghymda jýzgen, aqshanqan Tәjmaqaldy salghan Jaqanshahtay, osyghan deyin eshkim bilmegen, eshqashan da bolmaghan, jana, ghajayyp zat jasayyq, ony arman-saraydyng jeke kirpishterin sylap-sipay otyryp qalaghan qas sheberdey, jekelegen atomdardy bir-birimen rettey qiilasta baylanystyryp túrghyzalyq dedi. Ghalymnyng «tómendegi oryndar» dep megzep otyrghany da osy atomdardyng dengeyi bolatyn. Búl bir tosyn, әri batyl oy edi. Sebebi búl kezge deyingi qalyptasqan tanym jýiesi jogharydan tómenge, ýlkennen kishige, bardan joqqa qarata baghyttalatyn. Endi tabighy tanymgha mýlde kereghar baghytta, tómennen joghary qarata jýrip, joqtan bar jasau qajet edi. Joqtan bar degenning ózi jaratushynyng etegine jarmasyp, qúzyryna qol súqqanmen para par bolatyn. Alghashqyda kóptegen ghalymdargha Feynmannyng búl oilary әdemi ertegidey kóringen.

Jogharydaghy Feynmannyng iydeyasyn jýzege asyru ýshin sol jekelegen әdemi atomdardy «ústap», rettep ornalastyratyn «qol», ólsheytin «tarazy», yaghny jana tiptegi, sony prinsipterge negizdelgen arnayy qúraldar qajet edi. Dәl ol keze múnday qúraldar joq bolatyn. Biraq adam qiyaly shekteudi bilgen be? Asqaq arman algha sýirep, aqyry onday qúraldar Feynman oqyghan dәristen tura jiyrma jyl ótkende jasaldy. Múnday qúraldardyng alghashqylary skanirleushi-tunnelidik jәne atomdyq-kýshteushi mikroskoptar bolatyn. Olardyng jasaluy Feynman qiyalynyng shyndyqqa ainaluyna keng jol ashty. Búl qúraldar nanoólshemdegi nysandardy dayyndap, olardyng qasiyetterin zertteuge mýmkindik berdi. Búlay týzilgen nanoqúrylymdargha olardyng pishini men mólsherlerin qalauymyzsha rettey otyryp, jay zattardyng qasiyetterinen kýrt ózgeshelenetin jana maqsatty, qajetti fizikalyq, himiyalyq, biologiyalyq qasiyetter beruge bolatyn edi. Búl jana qúraldardyng kómegimen jýrgizilgen alghashqy zertteulerding nәtiyjeleri biz oilaghan mejeden әlde qayda asyp týsti. Mysaly býgingi ghylymy әdebiyette «kvanttyq nýkte», «kvanttyq jip», «kvanttyq týtikshe» degen úghymdar jii kezdestiremiz. Sonyng biri nanotýtikshe turaly aitar bolsaq kómirtegiden jasalghan osynday týtikshening menshikti salmaghy bolattyng menshikti salmaghynan alty ese az, al onyng beriktigi bolattykinen myng ese artyq eken. Eger qazaqy sózben aitar bolsaq búl degen juandyghy bar bolghany adam shashynyng bir talynday, jinishke nanotýtikshe massasy tonnagha juyq jýkti erkin kóteredi degen sóz. Al endi oilap kóriniz, búl janalyq erteng óndiriske, ómirding san aluan salasyna qanday ózgerister alyp keletinin. Biologiya salasyndaghy janalyqtar da kónilge ýmit úyalatady. Arnayy dayyndalghan keybir nanobólshekterdi adam aghzasyna engizgende ol ondaghy rak dertine shaldyqqan kletkalardy izdep tauyp, onyng ishine enip, kózin joyady eken. Al búl shipasyz dertting emin tabugha jol ashuy mýmkin. Sol siyaqty kvanttyq nýktelerding qasiyetterin zertteu asa yqshamdy tranzistorlar jasaugha mýmkindikter jasap, kompiuterlik tehnika men nanoelektronikanyng damuyna ýlken serpin berui mýmkin.

Nanotehnologiya jetistikterining adam men qogham ómirine tiygizetin iygi әseri keremettey ilgeri damugha alyp keletindey. Onyng manyzdylyghy tipti adamzat tarihyndaghy dóngelekting oilap tabyluy, adam balasyn joyqyn qyrghynnan aman saqtap qalghan antibiotikting jasaluy, tehnikagha ýlken serpilis bergen mikroshemalardyng dýniyege keluinen de asyp týsedi dep kýtilude. Búl jóninde AQSh preziydentining ghylym men tehnika jónindegi kenesshisi doktor Nil Leynnin, IBM firmasynyng zertteu bólimining jetekshisi Djon Armstrongtyn, Nobelidik syilyqtyng iyegerleri Horst Shmormer men Jores Alferovtyng pikirleri óte qúndy.

Endi nanotehnologiyanyng búdan arghy damuyndaghy keleshegi zor birneshe baghytta atap ótelik.

Materialdar óndirisi. Nanotehnologiyanyng búdan arghy damuy zattar men әrtýrli qúrylymdardy dayyndaudy prinsipti týrde ózgertui tiyis. Qúrylymnyng nanoólshemdegi elementterin sintezdep odan erekshe qasiyetter men funksiyalargha iye, elerliktey ýlken qúrylymdar jinau mýmkindigi materialtanu men óndiristing kóptegen salalarynda revolusiyalyq ózgeristerge alyp keledi dep kýtilude. Osynday nanoqúrylymdy paydalanu óte sapaly, jenil, әri berik materialdar alyp, olardyng paydalanu qúnyn óte arzandatugha mýmkindik beredi. Materialtanudaghy nanotehnologiyanyng negizgi qoldanu aimaqtary mynalar: odan әri óndeudi qajet etpeytin óte dәl ólshemdegi nanoqúrylymdy keramika jәne metalldan jasalghan detalidar dayyndau; sapasy óte joghary týrli-týsti baspagha nanobólshekterdi paydalanu; tehnika men himiyada paydalynatyn әrtýrdi kesetin qúraldardyng jana tipterin alu ýshin olardyng betterdi kómirtegileu nemese krabidtik jamylghylarmen túmshalau ýrdisterin zertteu; funksiyalyq sipaty men kýrdelilik dengeyi óte joghary jana tiptegi chipterdi (kristallda jinalghan elektrondy syzbalar) nanotehnologiyanyng negizinde dayyndau.

Nanoelektronika jәne esepteu tehnikasy. Nanotehnologiyany elektronika men kompiuterlik tehnikada keninen paydalanu mynaday manyzdy ilgerileulerge alyp keletin bolady: jogharghy ónimdi әri energiya ýnemdegish nanoqúrylymdy mikroprosessorlar óndirisine; tasymaldaudyng asa joghary jiyiligin iygeru jәne optikalyq aimaqtyng jiyiligin tiyimdi paydalanu arqyly qorghanys jýiesindegi, bilim berudegi, biznestegi ýlken jetistikterge; jadynyng kólemi mulitiyterabit bolatyn asa kishkene ólshemdi este saqtau qúraldaryn jasau arqyly kompiuterlerding tiyimdiligin myndaghan ese arttyrugha; datchikteri nanoqúrylymgha negizdelgen integraldyq jýielerdi jasau arqyly kólemi asa ýlken mәlimetterdi óndeuge; nanotehnologiyagha negizdelgen esepteu tehnikasyn jetildiru arqyly úshqyshsyz samghaytyn әskery jәne azamattyq aviasiyany damytugha t.s.s.

Medisina jәne densaulyq saqtau isi. Nanotehnologiyany biologiyada qoldanudyng da zor keleshegi bar. Mysaly genetikalyq kodty tez әri tiyimdi saralaudyng nәtiyjesinde aurudy dәl anyqtap emdeu mýmkindigi payda bolady. Sonymen qatar nanobiologiyanyng jetistikteri tiri organizm ishine syrttan basqarylatyn nanoqúraldardy engizu arqyly tiyimdi әri arzan medisinalyq kómek kórsetuge, dәrini organizmge engizuding jәne tasymaldaudyng (dәrini organizmdegi belgili bir dittegen jerge ghana jetkizu) jana әdisterin qalyptastyrugha, tez tozbaytyn, әri organizm ózinen shettetpeytin jasandy tkanidar men aghzalar jasaugha, organizmde aurudyng payda bolayyn dep kele jatqanyn aldyn ala sezdiretin sensorlar arqyly dәrigerlerge aurudy emdeuge emes, aurudyng aldyn alugha keng auqymdy mýmkindikter jasaydy dep oilaymyz.

Aeronavtika jәne kosmosty zertteu. Kosmosty iygerudi negizgi qiynshylyqtardyng biri jýkterdi orbitagha shygharudyn, әsirese alys saparlargha (Kýn jýiesinen tysqary) úshudyng asa qymbattyghy. Búl qiynshylyqtar gharysh apparyttary men qúraldarynyng salmaghy men kólemin meylinshe kishireytudi talap etedi. Búl problema tek nanotehnologiyanyng negizinde sheshilui mýmkin. Nanotehnologiyanyng aviasiya men kosmos tehnikasynda qoldanyluynyng mýmkindigi óte ken. Onyng ishindegi eng keleshekti baghyttary mynaday: joghary sapaly jәne syrtqy radiasiyanyng әserine tózimdi, energiya ýnemdegish esepteu tehnikasyn jasau; kosmos apparattary ýshin óte kishkentay әri yqshamdy nanoqúrylghylar jasau; ystyqqa әri tozugha tózimdi nanoqúrylymdy jamylghylar dayyndau.

Qorshaghan orta jәne energetika. Nanotehnologiyany paydalanudyng keleshekte energiyany óndirude, saqtauda jәne tiyimdi paydalanuda erekshe yqpaly boluy mýmkin. Nanoqúrylghylar qorshaghan ortanyng kýiin baqylauda, lastanu kózderin tabuda, ekologiyalyq taza óndiristi qalyptastyruda erekshe roli atqarady dep kýtilude. Nanotehnologiya tipten býgingi kýnning óndirisinde de tabyspen qoldanyla bastady. Mysaly, himiya óndirisinde katalizator retinde ólshemderi shamamen 1 nm bolatyn kristall zattardy paydalanu óndiristing búl salasyna jylyna 30 mlrd. AQSh dollarynan asa qarjyny ýnemdeuge mýmkindik berip otyr. Al «Mobil Oil» firmasy ólshemi 10-100 nm bolatyn nanoborpyldaq MSM-4 materialyn oilap tauyp, ony múnaydan lastaushy agentterdi bóluge paydalanuda. Keybir himiyalyq kompaniyalar avtomobili qúrylymdary ýshin nanobólshektermen beriktelgen poliymer materialdar jasady. Múnday berik әri asa jenil materialdardy avtomobili qúrlysynda paydalanu jylyna 1,5 mlrd litr benzindi ýnemdep, auany 5 mlrd kg sutegining qostotyghymen lastaudan saqtaydy.

Nanotehnologiyanyng osylay qaryshtay damuy әrbir memleketke ózining ekonomikalyq sayasatynda búl ózgeristerdi jiti eskerudi talap etedi. Múny býgingi kýni ekonomikasy damyghan elderding mysalynan bayqaugha bolady. Mysaly Japoniyadaghy nanotehnologiyalyq zertteuler baghdarlamasy memlekettik basym baghyttaghy zertteuler bolyp eseptelinedi. Búl baghdarlama tek memleket tarapynan ghana emes, sonymen qatar 60 tan asa jekelegen firmalar tarapynan da qarjylandyrady. Al AQSh taghy nanotehnologiyalyq zertteulerdi qarjylandyru әr jyl sayyn eki esege artyp otyr. Búl baghyttaghy zertteuler Amerikada eng jogharghy basymdyqqa (top priority) iye. AQSh preziydentining janynan nanotehnologiyalyq júmystardy ýilestirip otyratyn arnayy komiytet qúrylghan. Búl baghdarlamanyng taghy bir maqsaty býgingi kýngi kompiuter prosessorlarymen salystyrghanda million ese shapshang isteytin nanotehnologiyalyq esepteu qondyrghysyn jasau. Al Euroodaqta 40-tan asa zerthanalar nanotehnologiyalyq zertteuler men zertteu nәtiyjelerin jýzege asyrudy memlekettik jәne halyqaralyq baghdarlamalarynyng negizinde jýzege asyrady. Reseyding nanotehnologiyalyq zertteuleri birneshe baghdarlamalar negizinde jýzege asuda. Olardyng ishindegi eng qomaqtylary akademik J.I.Alferov jetekshilik jasaytyn «Nanoqúrylym fizikasy» baghdarlamasy men akademik K.A.Valiyev jetekshilik jasaytyn «Keleshekti tehnologiyalar men mikro- jәne nanoelektronika qúrylghylary» atty baghdarlama. Resey ýkimeti jaqynda nanotehnologiyalyq zertteulerdi qarjylandyrudy birneshe ese arttyru jóninde sheshim qabyldady.

Bizding Qazaqstanda da nanotehnologiyalyq zertteulerge qarqyn beru isi qolgha alynuda. Sonyng bir kórinisi Ýkimetting qaulysymen Qazaq Últtyq uniyversiytetining janynan ashyq týrdegi Últtyq nanotehnologiyalyq zerthananyng ashyluy. Búl zerthana ózining zertteu júmystaryn nanofizika, nanohimiya, nanobiologiya jәne jalpyteoriyalyq baghytta jýrgizedi dep josparlanuda. Býgingi kýnde osy ghylymy ortalyq arnayy zertteu qúraldarynyng eng songhy ýlgilerimen jabdyqtalyp, zertteu isterining basym baghyttary anyqtaluda. Aldaghy kezende zertteu júmystaryn qarjylandyru da basymdyqqa ie bolady dep oilaymyz.

Biraq búl jerde eskermese bolmaytyn taghy bir mәsele bar. Jalpy memleketting quaty tek jer astyndaghy múnaymen, uranymen, basqa baylyghymen, ia bolmasa kóshege simay sendey soghylysqan, dónkiygen, búrylugha ynghaysyz, terezeleri basqa dýniyeden qara qabyrshyqpen túmshalanghan, jolda jýru erejelerin saqtaudy ózderine mindet sanamaytyn 777-inshi nómirli qymbat mәshiynelerimen ghana emes, bәrinen búryn aqyldy, bilimdi, sanasy tuysqany iydeologiyadan joghary, Otanym – Qazaq Eli deytin jas jetkinshekterimen, jas ghalymdarymen de anyqtalatyny belgili. Múnday ghylymy ortanyng qajettiligi uaqyt talaby. Osy túrghydan alghanda, әkim – ghylym doktory, aghalary men qalyptasyp kele jatqan jas ghylymy ortanyng ara jigin ashyp, qoghamnyng ghylymgha degen ong kózqarasyn qalyptastyru ghylymdy qarjylandyrudan da manyzdyraq bolmasa kem emes. Tek osy mindet oryndalghanda ghana Qazaqstan nanotehnologiyasynyng kerueni úly kóshten qalmay, ghylymy bәsekede óz sýrleuin tabatyn bolady.

Onlasyn Imambekov,

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