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46 - sóz 10079 2 pikir 28 Shilde, 2015 saghat 19:04

Berke han Konstantinopolidi nege qorshaugha alghan?

 
Omayadtar men Abbasitter dәuirindegi Islam biyleushilerining jelkildegen tu ústap, jer qayysqan qol bastap dýrkin-dýrkin  Vizantiya imperiyasyna qarsy fath joryqtaryn úiymdastyruynyng tarihy ózindik sebebi joq emes. Shyghys Rim imperiyasynyng ortalyghy Konstantinopoli qalasy ózining jaghrafiyalyq ornalasu ereksheligimen Kishi Aziya men Europany hәm Ontýstik Rusi pen Qyrym jәne Kavkazdy  Bosfor búghazy arqyly ashyq tenizge jalghap jatqan asa manyzdy nysan-tyn. Yaghni, Konstantinopoli - qos qúrlyqqa sayasi-ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny túrghydan yqpal ete alatyn strategiyalyq shahar bolatyn.

Ásili, músylman biyleushilerining Konstantinopolidi iyelenuge qúmbyl boluyna diny faktor әser etti. Óitkeni, Haq Elshisi (s.a.u) ózining hadiys-sharifterining birinde: «Konstantinopoli alynady. Ony alghan qolbasshy qanday keremet qolbasshy. Al ony alghan әsker qanday keremet әsker», - dep músylman qauymyna atalmysh shahardy baghyndyratyn sayypqyran sardar men onyng jaujýrek әskerining husniy-zat ekenin sýiinshilegen bolatyn. Osy sebepti de Konstantinopolidi baghyndyru músylman biyleushilerining asqaq armanyna ainalghan edi.

Alayda, músylmandar ýshin Konstantinopoli jeti ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt baghynbas bel, alynbas qamal boldy. Qanshama qolbasynyng qamaldy alugha aila-sharghysy jetpey, dymy qúrydy. Qanshama bozdaq Alla Elshisi (s.a.u.) sýiinshilegen әskerge layyqty bolamyn dep Konstantinopolige qol sozym jerde jan tәsilim etti. Músylmandar ýshin Konstantinopoli baghyndyrylghangha deyin beyne múqalmas tas qamal edi.

Tariyhqa zer salsaq Konstantinopolige qarsy kóbine Islam halifaty әskerining joryq jasaghandyghy belgili. Biraq, halifattan ózge de sayasy kýshterding islamy mýdde túrghysynan Konstaninopoldi qorshaugha alghandyghy aityla bermeydi. Tarih qaltarysynda qalyp, aitylmay jýrgen sonday aqtandaqtyng biri – Berke hannyng 1265 jyly Noghaydy qolbasshy etip Altyn Orda әskerin Konstantinopolige attandyruy bolatyn. Al, Noghay qolbasshylyq jasaghan Deshti-Qypshaq qoly Konstantinopolidi ne ýshin qorshaugha alghan edi?

Mәmlýk әskeri 1260 jyly Ket-Búgha qolyn Ayn-Djalutta tas-talqan etip jengenimen, Sham jerin bauyryna basqysy kelgen Qúlaghudyng mysy әli qaytqan joq-tyn. Osydan seskengen Bibarys súltan Shynghys úrpaqtarynyng ishinde alghash bolyp Haq dindi qabyldaghan Altyn Orda biyleushisi Berke handy Qúlaghugha baghynyshty músylmandardyng zorlyq-zombylyq kórip jatqanyn algha tartyp, oghan qarsy birlesip kýresuge shaqyrdy. Dәl osy shaqta Joshy úlysynyng iyeligi sanalghan Ontýstik Kavkazdaghy Ázirbayjan jerlerin Qúlaghu iyemdenip alghan bolatyn. Sonday-aq, Iran men Irakty jaulap alugha Qúlaghugha kómekke Altyn Ordadan jiberilgen Qúli, Balaqan, Tútar qolbasshylardyng ólimi jәne Joshy úlysyna tiyesili oljanyng dúrys bólinbeui Berke hannyng Qúlaghugha degen yzasyn oyatqan edi. Osy sebepterding negizinde hәm jalpy músylmandyq mýddeni eskere kele Altyn Orda biyleushisi Bibarys súltannyng úsynysyn qabyl alady. Nәtiyjede Mysyr súltany Rukniy-din Bibarys pen Altyn Orda biyleushisi Berke han 1261 jyly Qúlaghugha qarsy diniy-sayasy odaq qúrdy.

Odaqtastardyng kezekti elshilik almasuy barysynda 1264 jyly Vizantiya imperatory Mihail Paleolog Bosfor búghazy arqyly Qyrymgha ótpek bolghan Mysyr elshisi Faris ad-din Akush әl-Masudiydi tútqyngha alady. VIII Mihailding Mysyr elimen ózara kelisimi bola-túra elshilerdi tútqyngha aluyna sol kezdegi Vizantiya men Qúlaghu Elhandyghy arasyndaghy odaqtastyq әser etken edi. Búl jaghdaydan habardar bolghan Rukniy-din Bibarys Vizantiya imperatoryna óz notasyn jiberedi. Al, Berke han bolsa terisine simay ashulanyp, Konstantinopolidi shabugha Noghay bastaghan Deshti-Qypshaq әskerin attandyrady. 

Europanyng tósinde talay at oinatqan hәm qan maydanda jeniluding ne ekenin bilmeytin Altyn Orda qoly Konstantinopolige tayaghanda qatty shoshynghan imperator Mihail qaladan qashyp ketedi. Deshti-Qypshaq әskeri qalany qorshaugha alghanda, janúshyrghan Mihail patsha Mysyr elshisi Faris ad-din Akush әl-Masudiydi tútqynnan bosatyp, ony bitim súraugha Noghaygha jiberedi. Ál-Masudy imperatordyng ótinishimen Konstantinopolide óz yqtiyarymen kidirgenin aituy tiyis boldy. Al, Noghay qolbasy әl-Masudiyge mәlimdemesin jazbasha berudi talap etti. Mysyr elshisi talapty oryndaghannan keyin, Noghay qolbasy imperator Mihaildyng Altyn Ordagha jyl sayyn alym-salyq tóleuge kelisim beruine baylanysty Konstantinopolidi qorshaudan bosatty. Vizantiya imperatory qyzy Efrosiniyany Noghaygha qalyndyqqa berdi. Sonday-aq, Noghay Vizantiyanyng tútqynyndaghy búrynghy seljúq súltany Izz ad-Din Key-Kavusty da bosatyp alyp, Altyn Ordagha zor jenispen oraldy. 

Saraygha kelgennen keyin Mysyr elshisi әl-Masudiyding Konstantinopolidi Altyn Orda әskeri qorshaugha alghanda Noghaygha ótirik mәlimdeme bergendigi әshkere bolady. Berke han Mysyr elshisining óz diplomatiyalyq missiyasyn dúrys atqarmaghanyna qansha ashulansa da, ony jazalaudy súltan Rukniy-din Bibarysqa qaldyrady. Al, Faris ad-Din Akush әl-Masudy 1267 jyly Mysyrgha oralghanda súltan Bibarys diplomatiyalyq mindetin dúrys oryndamaghany ýshin onyng mýlkin tәrkilep, ózin týrmege qamap, qatang týrde jazagha tartty.

Týiin: Joshy úlysy Berke hannyng túsynda jahandaghy tendessiz memleket edi. Tóniregindegi elderding kóbin vassal etip moyyndatyp, ózine alym-salyq tóleuge mәjbýr etti. Tórtkýl dýniyege yqpalyn jýrgizgen Altyn Orda imperiyasy sol kezde Vizantiyany ózimen soghysugha layyq dep tappady. Mihail Paleolog óz aiybyn alym-salyq tóleu shartymen juyp-shayghan son, Noghay qolbasy Vizantiyany da ózine baghynyshty el dep sanady. Yaghni, Altyn Ordanyng qúzyryna bas iygendikten Konstantinopoli shapqynshylyqqa úshyraudan aman qaldy.  

Múhan Isahan

Derekkózi: http://islam.kz

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