Qazigi mangholdar – osy halha mangholdar.

Búlardyng Shynghys han mangholdarynan dini de,

tili de, minez-qúlqy da bólek.

                                                  / Qoyshyghara Salgharaúly/   

QIYaT QAYDAN ShYQQAN?

Qazaqtyng naghyz oishyl ghúlama shejireshilerining songhy túyaqtarynyng biri, mening kózim kórip qalghan Nayman Bayjigit Ghúlam Qadyr marqúm Shynghys han jóninde aitqanda: «Shynghys hannyng besinshi atasyna deyin Qonyrattyng qyzdaryn alghan, sondyqtan onyng boyynda Qonyrattyng qany basym. Shynghys hannyng aty basqa bolsa da, zaty qazaq» degen edi.  Osy әngime jóninde men tarihshy ghalym, «Shynghys hannyng shejiresi», «Abylay әuleti», «Baraq әuleti» atty kitaptar jazghan, kishi Ábilhayyr hannyng inisi Búlhayyrding úrpaghy Arman Qiyat tóremen súbhattasqanymda, ol dosym: «Onysy ras, qiyattar ýnemi Qonyrattyng qyzdaryn alyp otyrghan. Esugey bahadýr qúdasy Tay sheshenmen әngimeleskende: «Qiyattar sizderden alystau jerge kóship ketti, aramyzda taypalardyng soghysy bolyp jatty, sondyqtan, men sizderge jete almay, birtalay jasyma deyin boydaq jýrip qaldym» dep aghynan jarylypty» dedi. Osymen qatar, Qytay elinde «Qazaqtyng qysqasha tarihyn» jazghan qandasymyz Nyghmet Mynjan: «Qonyrattar óz qyzdaryn ýnemi Shynghys hannyng mangholdaryna berip otyrghan» dep aityp ketken edi.  Osylay bolghanda, esti jigit Esugey kórkine qyzyghyp bireuding qalyndyghyn tartyp alatynday adam ba edi? Merkitting әkele jatqan qalyndyghynyng Qonyrattyng qyzy ekenin bilgen Esugey bahadýr: «Búl oljany maghan Kók Tәnirining ózi jiberip otyr» dep, týsingen bolsa kerek. Esugeyding merkitten tartyp alghan bәibishesi Qonyrattyng Qúlshyghash ruynan edi. «Qúpiya shejirede» Esugeyding Tay sheshenge: «Úlyma qalyndyq izdep naghashylaryna keldik» degeninde, ol jalpy Qonyrat taypasyn naghashy dep otyrghan joq, ózining qayyn júrty, Temejannyng naghashy júrty, Tay sheshenning Qúlshyghash ruyn aityp otyr. Jalpy Qonyrat taypasynyng Temejannyng naghashy da, qayyn da júrty emes, óz júrty ekendigin, tómende naqtylap aitamyz.

Shynghys hannyng shyqqan tegin Qiyat Bórijigit dep ataytyndary belgili. Qiyat taypasynyng qúramynda Qiyat tobyqty, Jauyrynshy,  Aydyn, Bayjigit atty bólimderi bolghan.  Qytay derekterinde Kiyat-irkin degender de aitylady.  Yurkin degenimiz – kóne kereylerding Jyrhyn taypasy.  Naymandaghy qarakereylerding týbi osy Qiyat jyrhyn bolsa kerek. Ábilghazynyng shejiresine silteme jasaghan Qoyshyghara Salgharaúly Týrikting Manghol, Tatar degen eki egiz úlynyng bolghanyn aitady.  Demek, búl shejirede Manghol atauly Týrikten tarap túr. Al endi osynyng tarihy dәleli bar ma?

Týrikti Samnan, yaghni, arabtardan taratqan Adamzat shejiresi mening qolymda әkemizden qalghan edi. Búny әkemizding qaydan, kimnen, qay uaqytta alghany maghan belgisiz.  Kezinde, Álkey Marghúlan «Ghylymgha jýgingen jón» atty maqalasynda búl taratyludyng basy jalghan ekenin aitqan son, men osy jәdigerge talay jyl mәn bermey jýrgen edim.  Onyng ýstine Shәkәrim qajynyn: «Arabsyng degen sózding týbi shirik» degeni taghy bar.  Juyqta men Áz-Jәnibek hannyng nәsili, «Kenesary han» qorynyng tóraghasy, Shynghys han ordenining iyegeri Múhtarhan Abaghan tóremen sóileskenimde, ol dosym: «Men Qaraqalpaqtardaghy qiyattardy ghana Shynghys hannyng ruyna jatqyzamyn» degen edi. Osynyng aldynda Múhtarhan tóre «Mangholdardyng qúpiya shejiresin» audaryp, Shynghys handy jalayyrgha jatqyzyp jýrgen Tileuberdi Ábenaymen de sóileskende osyny aitqan eken.  Osymen qatar Múhtarhan tórening Shynghys hannyng tegin zertep jýrgender – Hasen Qoja Ahmet pen Qayrat Zakariyanov myrzalargha: «Babamyzdyng tarihyn tóreler ózderi zerttesin, sizderding oghan bastarynyzdy auyrpaghandarynyz dúrys bolar edi!» degeni de bolghan. Osyny estigen men, Shynghys hannyng tarihyna qatysty bir jazghanymnan keyin aralaspay  ketken edim. Jogharydaghy әngimemiz kezinde Múhtarhan tóre maghan:   

  - Qareke, sen shejire tanushysyng ghoy, kim aitqanyn úmyttym, kezinde bir zerteushi: «Posle padeniya Naymanskogo gosudarstva nachinaetsya nashestvie Chingis hana na miyr» dep aitqan edi. Naymanyng tarihyn, shejiresin sen jaqsy bilesin, Shejirege sýienip Shynghys han jóninde jazsang dúrys bolar deymin. Osyny bir kórsenshi! -  degen edi.

Qaytkenmen de, tórening balasy ghoy, qanynan da sezetin shyghar, sondyqtan Shynghys hannyng tegin osy Múhtarhan tóre aitqan Qaraqalpaqtan quyp kórelik. 

 Dalanyng auyzsha tarihynyng qaynar kózi shejireler – ata-babalarymyzdyng tarihta qaldyrghan izderi. Qay halyqty alsang da, sol halyqtyng ata tarihynyng basyndaghy týpnúsqalyq negizi osy shejirelerde jatyr. Qazirgi tarihshylardyng shejirege degen nemqúrayly kózqarastary, olardyng tanym-týsinikterining tar ekenin bildiredi. Múhtarhan Abaghan tórening aituynsha: «Tarihty shejiresiz aitqan tarihshy - tarihshy emes». Shejireni tarihtyng atasy deuge de bolady. Este joq erte zamandarda jazylyp qalynghan Gerodot, Qytay derekteri halyqtar jóninde bayandaghanda, sol bayaghy, anau aitty, mynau aitty degen sózder jii kezdesedi. Rashiyden de jazghandarynda: «Senim bildiretin adamdardyng aitulary boyynsha» dep sóz bastaydy. «Senim bildiretin adamdar» dep Rashiydennin, әriyne, shejireshilerdi, oishyldardy aitqany. Shejire derekteri degenimiz, bir shyndyqtyng bir núsqasy.  Shejire degenimiz – ata-babalarymyzdyng tarihta qaldyrghan izderi bolsa, onda, shejireni tanushyny, shejireni zerteushini, osy izderdi kesushi dep tanyghanymyz dúrys bolady. Ákki shejire tanushy adamnyng betine qarap otyryp tegin aita alatyn, erekshe jaratylghan adamdar ekeni sózsiz. Jogharyda aitylghan Ghúlam Qadyr aqsaqal osynday adam edi.

Shynghys hannyng shejiresin audarghan bauyrymyz kerey Tileuberdi Ábenaydy jalayyrlar eki qoldaryn kóterip qoldap, Qúdayday kóredi eken. Óitkeni, Tileuberdi Shynghys hannyng týbin Jalayyrgha tirep edi.  Búnyng sebebi – Jalayyr men Shynghys hannyng taraq tanbalyrynda túrghan kórinedi. Rashidiyding jazbalaryndaghy «Jalayyr – Shynghys hannyng ótkýl búghúly», yaghni, «qúly» degenin Tileuberdi tәrjimelegende: «Arqa sýiegen qarashysy» dep týsindiredi.  Búghan dau aitudan aulaqpyz.  Jalayyrlar Shynghys hannyng esigindegi qúlynan bastap, tórindegi qolbasshylaryna deyin onyng arqa sýiegen, senim artqan qyzmetshileri bolghan son, ol, osy ózining menshikti taypasyna ózining tanbasyn bergen bolsa kerek. Bir sózben aitqanda, jalayyrlar Shynghys hannyng úly mәrtebesine qúlshylyq (qyzmet) etken taypa. Sondyqtan, dalanyng auyzsha tarihynda: «Tólengitting týbi – jalayyr» degen sóz qalghan.  Mәselen, orystardyng daghdylary boyynsha, patsha aghzamgha adal qyzmet etkender ózderin: «Pokornyy sluga ego imperatorskogo velichestva» dep ataghan. Hannyng úly Shoqan da ózining basshylaryna hat joldaghanda: «IYmeIY chesti, byti Vashego prevoshodiytelistva, pokornyy sluga» dep jazghan. Yaghni, «Sizding Úly mәrtebenizge qúlshylyq etudi qúrmet tútamyn» degeni edi.  Sondyqtan, Jalayyrdy Shynghys hannyng eng senimdi, eng adal, arqa sýiegen, onyng úly mәrtebesine aqyryna deyin qúlshylyq etken taypa dep úqqanymyz jón. Osyny jalayyrlar qúrmet tútulary kerek. Qytay derekteri Jalayyr Múqalyny Shynghys hanmen birge Úly manghol imperiyasyn qúrghandardyng arasynda eng birinshi túlgha retinde ataydy.  Tipti ony: «Vremenno zamenayshiy imperatora» dep ataghan (Chjao Hun). Jogharyda aty atalghan Ghúlam Qadyr aqsaqaldyng aituynsha, súrausyz qalghan Kenesarynyng kegin Jalayyr alghan.

Alghashynda, Shynghys han shyqqan Bórijigit – Bodanjar әuletining tanbasy qarshygha (úiqysh) edi. Búl tanba fashisterding svastikasyna úqsaydy. Qoja Ahmet Yassauy kesenesining qabyrghalarynda osy svastika tanbasy ainala basylghan. Men jas kýnderimde sony kórip tang qalghan edim. Qazir, әriyne, búghan tang qalarlyq dәneme joq. Yassauiyding kesenesin saldyrtqan barlas Ámir Temir osy qarshygha tanbaly Bórijigit-Bodanjarlardan edi. Ákemizden qalghan shejire dereginde Ámir Temir – Asqaq Temir dep atalghan. Orystar bolsa, osy Asqaq Temirdi – Timur Velikolepnyy dep audarghan. Al endi, ony aqsaq (hromoy) Temir dep, kemsitu ýshin jaulary aitqan. Shynghys handar  qúrghan Altyn Ordany kýiretken Ámir Temir asqaq bolmay, kim bolghan?

Sonymen, Shynghys han qarshygha tanbasyn tastap, taraq tanbasyn nege alghan?  Aldymen, әngimemizdi bizderdi arabtan taratqan shejireden bastalyq. Búl shejire kestesining fotosureti mening jazghan «Bóri Nayman» atty kitabymda basylghan. Ámir Temir - Asqaq Temir dep osy shejirede atalghan.  Mendegi jәdiger shejirening basy qiyal bolsa bolar, al endi, ortasy men ayaghynyng taratylularyna kýmәnmen qaraytyn sebep tapppadym. Týrikti arabtan taratqan tek bir núsqada ghana jansaqtyq bar. Atap aitqanda, 1991-shi jyly «Rauan» baspasynan shyqqan «Shejire – qazaqtyng ru taypalyq qúrylysy» atty kitapta Moghol (Mynghúl, arab alfaviytinde NG әrpi bolmaghan song moghol dep jazylghan) Súnaqtyng úly retinde kórsetilgen. Súnaqtyng eki maghynasy bar. Birinshisi, Súnaq ata –tarihy túlgha, Qoja Ahmet Yassauiyding qaramaghynda imam bolghan. Ekinshi maghynada: «Allah jalghyz, payghambar haq, sunna aq» dep uaghyz aityp jýrgen adamdar súnaq atanyp ketken. Sunnit degendi bildirse kerek. Áriyne, mynghúldy osylaysha taratulary jasandylyq. Al endi, әkemizden qalghan mendegi shejirede Moghol - Sozaqtyng úly retinde kórsetilgen. Sozaq degenimiz kimder?

Tarihshy ghalymdar Sozaq degen etnonimning bastapqyda Su saq bolghanyn, yaghni, búl taypanyng Su saqtary ekenin talay jerde aityp ketken. Yaghni, Sozaq degenimiz – su boyynan, su jaqtan, teniz, múhit jaqtan kelgen saqtar. Orys ghalymy S.P. Tolstovtyng zerteulerinde qaraqalpaqtyng arghy atalary Aral tenizi boyyndaghy massagetter, sonyng ishinde pechenegterding atasy – apasiaktar. Al endi Strabonnyng apasiak etnoniymining etimologiyasy «su saqtary» degendi bildiredi.  Jdanko, Sәrsen Amanjolov aghamyzdyng enbekterinde qazaq halqymen qaraqalpaqtardyng keng taraghan shejirelerinde qazaq pen sozaq aghaly-inili, sozaqtan qaraqalpaq taraydy dep aitylady. Mening qolymda qalghan shejirede de Alashtan Jayylhan, odan Qazaq, Sozaq. Eski sózderde sozaqtar basqa taypalardan bólinip, sayaq jýrgendikten, qaraqalpaq atanyp ketkenderi aitylady. Qazirgi qaraqalpaqtar eki arystan qúralghan. Birinshisi, Qonyrat arysynda Shynghys hannyng ata tegi - Qiyat taypasy bar.

Men, jazghan kitabymnyng «Naymandar jәne tóreler» atty tarauynda Qiyattyng týbining Qonyrat ekenin jazghan da edim. Qysqasyn aitqanda, Ergene qonnan shyqqan býkil taypa Qonyrat atalghan. Ejelgi Honkirat degenimiz – qazaqsha aitqanda Qong qyrat bolady. Ergene Qong qyrat – «tik betkeyli qúz qyrat» degendi bildiredi. Demek, Ergene qong qyratynan kelgenderdi alghashynda «Qong qyrattan» kelgender dep aityp, Qong qyrat, Honkirat atap ketken. Keyin, qazaq shejirelerinde Qonqyrat degennen Q әrpi týsip qalyp, búl úlys Qonyrat atalyp qalghan bolsa kerek. Qonyrat etnoniymining qonyr týsti jylqy malyna eshqanday da qatysy joq. Rashidy ózining enbegining «Qonyrat» taypasy» degen bóliminde búl taypanyng sol Ergene qongha ketkenderden taraghanyn aitady. (Rashiyd-ad-diyn. «Sbornik letopiysey». T1, kn.1, str. 160-b).

 «yani әuletining tarihyndaghy» (iani-shi) Jalayyr Múqalynyng ómirbayanynda, oghan qonqyrattardyng on taypasynyng әskerine basshylyq etuding tapsyrylghany aitylady. Búl jerde qonqyrattardyng taypa ekeni jóninde sóz joq. Osydan biz qonqyrattardyng úlys, arys bolghanyn týsinemiz. Búl jerde Jalayyr taypasy da, Qiyat taypasy da aitylmaydy, óitkeni, ol taypalar osy qonqyrattyqtardyng ishindegi on taypanyng biri bolsa kerek.  Egerde ol zamanda Qonqyrat qazirgidey taypa bolsa, onda búl derekte: «Qonqyrat taypasynyng on ruy» dep aitylar edi.  Qazirgi Qaraqalpaqtarda Qonqyrat taypa retinde emes, sol zamandaghy arys retinde saqtalyp qalghan.

Alghashqydaghy Qonyrat arysyndaghy taypalar mening payymdauymsha mynalar bolghan: Qiyat, Qúlshyghash, Jalayyr, Qataghan, Jat (Jamúqa), Barlas (Asqaq Temir), Besut (Besótey-Kókjal Baraq), Tayshyut, Arulat, Hoton (Kótenshi, Qonqatanau-Shonmúryn). Tileuberdining audarmasynda jәne basqa da zertteushiler manghyttardy da Shynghys hangha jaqyndatady. Al endi, «nani-shiyde» Manghyt pen IYkires taypalary qonyrattardan bólek aitylady. IYkiresting ishinde qazirgi Naymandaghy Bura ruy bolghan. Jogharyda aitylghan  hotondar oirat qalmaqtardyng dýrbit taypasymen assimimlyasiyagha týsip, Altay taularyn mekendep qalghan. Qazirgi Nayman-qarataylardyng jerindegi Katonqaraghay audanynyng aty osy Hotondargha qatysty aitylyp qalghan bolsa kerek (Hotonqaraghay). Keybir bilgishter eshbir negizsiz ony Qatynqaraghay dep qoyady. Qonqatanau-shonmúryndar osy    qarataylardyng ishinde. Qaratay degenimiz qalmaq tilindegi Haraday, yaghni, Qarlyghash, tarihy túlghanyng atauy emes, rudyng aty.  Hotondar eng alghashqylardyng biri bolyp músylman dinin qabyldaghan. Jogharyda aitylghanday, Esugeyding qayyn júrty, Shynghys hannyng naghashy júrty jalpy Qonyrat taypasy emes, sol Ergene qong qyratynan shyqqandardyng arasyndaghy Kókting úly degen Qúlshyghash ruy ghana. Búl Kókting úly degenderding de, týrikterding anyzyna say, kiyetegi - kók bórisi bolghan.  Tórelerding tek qana óz aralarynan qyz alysyp, qyz berisu dәstýri, osy qiyattar men qúlshyghashtardan qalghan ba deymin.

Ergene qongha kezinde Qiyan men Nýkýz ghana ketip qaldy degenderding sózine oray Qoyshyghara aghamyz: «Búl kәduilgi ómirde bolghan tarihy oqighanyng obrazgha oralyp berilgen naqty balamalyq kórinisi ghana» deydi. Qiyan degenimiz - Shynghys hannyng dәuirine deyin qalyptasqan su saqtarynyn, ghýndardyn, Rashidy boyynsha, ejelgi týrikterding Mynghúl taypasynyng qyrghynnan aman qalghandaryn  Ergene qong qyratyna ertip әketken aq iyq, aqsýiek ru basy. Sondyqtan da, Ergene qonnan shyqqan qonyrattardyng ishinde Qiyannyng ózining tikeley úrpaqtary qiyattar bolghan. Qaraqalpaqtardyng shejiresindegi qiyattardyng Qonyratqa jazylghany osynyng dәleli. Basqasha aitqanda, qiyattar ózderin Qonyrattan taratyp otyr. Jalayyrlar bolsa, Nýkýzding úrpaqtary.

(Jalghasy bar)

Qayrat Zәriphanúly Dәukeev,

Shejire jazushy.

Abai.kz