Ontýstiginde suarmaly eginshilik erteden qolgha alynyp, sonyng ishinde maqta sharuashylyghy ónirding bir milliongha juyq halqynyng birden-bir kýnkóris kózi bolyp keledi. Maqta – tehnikalyq daqyl retinde qorshaghan ortagha, aua rayyna, topyraqtyng qúnarlylyghyna, әsirese kýn kózi men aghyn sugha talghamy joghary daqyl.

Ósirip baptau – vegetasiya kezeninde maqta talabyna say agrotehnikalyq is-sharalar óz uaqytynda jәne sapaly jýrgizilse, ónimdilikti әr gektardan 40-50 sentnerge deyin jetkizuge bolady.

Maqta talshyghy osy ósimdikting beretin negizgi shiykizaty bolyp tabylady. Shitti maqtada 30-38% talshyq, 50-56% shit bolady, al, shitte 18-22% maqta mayy bar. Odan 20-dan astam týrli dayyn búiymdar shygharugha bolady.

Shitti maqta – halyq sharuashylyghynyng toqyma ónerkәsibi, may óndeu, gidroliyz, himiya jәne basqa da salalary ýshin qajetti shiykizat.

Shitti maqtadan jәne qozanyng vegetasiyalyq ósip-jetilu barysyndaghy bóliginen mynaday zattar jasap shygharylady: maqta-mata kezdemeleri, jipter, jasandy jibek jәne teri, kord, bylghary, fetr, parashut jasalatyn kezdemeler, tazartylghan may, sabyn, lak, kýnjara, mal azyghy, balyq aulaytyn aular men arqandar, tynaytqyshtar men ósimdikti qorghau dәri-dәrmekteri, spirt, taghamdyq belok, himiyalyq zattar. 1 keli maqta talshyghynan 5 metr aqjaymalyq material, 12 metr shyt nemese 20 metr bәtes, 1 keli shitten 180-200 gramm may, 450 gramm kýnjara, 360 gramm shit qabyghy alynady. Al, shitten plastmassa, kino jәne foto plenkalary, linoleum, lak jasalady. 1 tonna shit qabyghy 85 litr spirt, 300 keli qúrylys taqtalaryn, 28 keli kómir qyshqylyn, 20 keli sirke qyshqylyn beredi. Maqtanyng qozapayasynan epoksid aralastyryp, ystyq tәsilmen syghymdau arqyly taqta materialdaryn (DSP) alugha bolady. Olardy qúrylysqa jәne ýy jiїazdaryn jasaugha paydalanady.

Álemde jýzge juyq memleket maqta ósiredi, olar negizinen subtropikalyq jәne tropikalyq klimattyq beldeude ornalasqan. Qazaqstan Respublikasy maqta óndirude jer sharyndaghy soltýstik nýktede ornalasqan. Sondyqtan bizding elimizdegi maqta sharuashylyghynda birqatar erekshelikter bar. Atap aitar bolsaq, keybir jyldary maqta pisip ýlgeru ýshin kýn kózining jyluy jetispeydi, sondyqtan maqtany defolianttar jәrdemimen jetildiruge tura keledi. Ónirde orta talshyqty maqtany ósirip baptaudy ýirengen fermerler joghary sapaly ónim óndiredi.

Elimiz egemendik alghan song suarmaly jer, qyruar tehnika, maqta tazalau zauyttary jekeshelendirildi. Jer payy bólinip, ortasha 5-10-20 gektardan sharua sharuashylyqtary qúryldy. 1995-1997 jyldary tek maqta óndirisimen ainalysatyn sharualar sany Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysynda 85 myngha jetti. Jekeshelendiru júmystary kezinde maqtanyng ónimdiligi әr gektardan 17-19 sentnerge teng boldy.

QR Ýkimeti, Auyl sharuashylyghy ministrligi maqta sharuashylyghyn damytu maqsatynda birneshe is-shara qabyldap, jana jetistikterge jol asha bastady. Ásirese, 2003-2005 jyldardaghy «Auyl jyly», «Agrobiznes – 2020» baghdarlamalary maqta salasynyng tiyimdiligin arttyrdy. Maqta óndirushilerge subsidiya bólu, janar-jagharmaydy, tynaytqyshtardy, aghyn sudy, himiyalyq preparattardy paydalanuda 40 payyzdyq jenildik beru sharualardyng yntasyn arttyra otyryp, joghary ónimdi, sapaly maqta óndiruge qol jetkizdi.

El ekonomikasyndaghy tolghaghy jetken mәselelerdi tereng týsinetin Elbasy 2005 jyly qantar aiynda Astanada ótken agroónerkәsip kesheni qyzmetkerlerining respublikalyq kenesinde auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndirude jәne óndeude, sonyng ishinde, ontýstiktegi maqta sharuashylyghynyng joghary әleuetin ashuda klasterlik jýieni belsendi paydalanudyng qajettiligin, osy arqyly toqyma ónerkәsibin damytugha bolatynyn, maqta óndiru, óndeu salasynyng keleshegi bar ekenin basa kórsetti. Jana tәsil men innovasiyalyq-industrialdyq tehnologiya negizinde bәsekege tótep beretin ónim shygharugha, auyl sharuashylyghy ghylymyn, onyng ishinde qoldanbaly agrarlyq zertteulerdi damytugha nazar audardy.

Elbasy maqta salasyn damytuda algha qoyghan mejelerdi ózi tikeley baqylaugha aldy. Sóitip, Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysynda erkin ekonomikalyq aimaq qúrylyp, Qazaqstannyng maqta-toqyma klasterining alghashqy qazyghy qaghyldy.

Endi osy isting jemisin kórip otyrmyz. Óitkeni, oblysta óndirilgen maqta talshyghynyng 30 payyzdan astamy tereng óndelip, yaghny jip iyiretin, mata toqityn, jana ýlgidegi bәsekege qabiletti dayyn búiymdar óndiretin fabrikalar iske qosyldy. Myndaghan júmys orny ashyldy, al, búl kórsetkish egemendikting alghashqy jyldarynda nebәri 3-4 payyzdan aspaytyn edi.

Eger oblysta óndirilgen maqta jәne onyng janama ónimderin tereng óndep, dayyn búiym jasap eksportqa jibersek, 2 mlrd. AQSh dollaryna juyq tabys tabar edik. Qazirgidey ekonomikalyq daghdarys beleng alyp, múnay baghasy arzandap jatqan uaqytta maqta salasyn damytyp, ony tereng óndep, tauarlardy eksportqa shygharu elimizding ekonomikasyn birshama damytugha ong әserin tiygizeri sózsiz.

Songhy jyldary qazaq maqtasy býkil әlemdik maqta ósiretin memleketter arasynda ónimdilik boyynsha beyresmy reytingte aldynghy qatarly oryndardy iyelenip jýr. Maqta óndiretin 95 memleketting arasynda elimiz 2013 jyly 11-shi orynda bolsa, 2014-2015 jyldary 10-shy orynnan kórindi. Ónimdilik әr gektardan 29,5 sentnerden asty.

 Oblysta búl kórsetkishti jaqyn arada әr gektardan 35-40 sentnerge jetkizuge tolyq mýmkindikter bar. Óitkeni, maqta óndiru salasynda әli paydalanylmay jatqan mýmkindikter jәne kedergiler jetkilikti.

Eger jýzege asatyn is-sharalargha toqtalatyn bolsaq, eng birinshi úsaq jeri bar sharualardy irilendiruden bastau kerek. Qazir elimizde «Auyl sharuashylyghy kooperatiyvi» turaly zang shyghyp, ony oryndau ýshin barlyq jaghday jasalghan. Alda oryndaytyn maqsattargha jerding qúnarlylyghyn arttyru jolynda auyspaly egisti endiru, ol ýshin maqta salasyn әrtaraptandyru, aghyn sumen tolyq qamtamasyz etu, jerding meliorasiyalyq ahualyn jaqsartu, túqym sharuashylyghyn jýiege keltiru, azot, fosfor tynaytqyshtarymen tolyq qamtamasyz etu jatady. Jana auyl sharuashylyghy tehnikalaryn satyp alu joldaryn jenildetu, tiyimdi subsidiyalau joldaryn qarastyru, maqta tazalau zauyttaryna qoldau kórsetu siyaqty birqatar júmystar sapaly oryndalsa, maqtanyng ónimdiligi eselep artar edi.

Maqta sharuashylyghyndaghy ghylymiy-zertteulerdi damytu, otandyq bәsekege qabiletti maqtanyng jana sorttaryn shygharu, jalpy maqta óndiruding tiyimdiligin innovasiyalyq tehnologiyalardy óndiriske endiru arqyly arttyru maqsatynda «Qazaq maqta sharuashylyghy» ghylymiy-zertteu instituty ghalymdary ainalysyp, birqatar jetistikterge jetti.

Atap aitsaq, elimizde ózimizding otandyq maqta sorty joq bolatyn. Biz kórshi memleketterge tәueldi edik. 2000 jyldan bastap bәsekege qabiletti ózimizding otandyq sorttar shygha bastady, qazirgi tanda olardy maqta óndirushiler paydalana otyryp, jalpy egisting 85 payyzyna endirdi. Endi eshkimge tәueldi emespiz.

Songhy jyldary institut ghalymdary 30-dan astam innovasiyalyq tehnologiyalar jasap, olardy óndiriske endiruge úsynys berdi. Sonday-aq, 48 innovasiyalyq jәne seleksiyalyq patentke, 144 avtorlyq kuәlikke ie boldy.

Ghalymdar dayyndaghan әzirlemelerdi óndiriske engizu baghytynda sharualarmen tikeley baylanysyp, kelisimshart negizinde óndiristi ghylymy qoldau, liysenziyalyq jәne kommersiyalyq kelisimder arqyly júmys jýrgizude. Institutta fermerlerge bilim taratu ortalyghy ashylghan, maqta óndiretin ónirlerde bes sharua sharuashylyghynyng bazasynda instituttyng ghylymy jetistikterin kórsetetin alandar úiymdastyrylghan. Ghalymdar 23 shetel ghylymiy-zertteu instituttarymen jәne eki halyqaralyq ghylymiy-zertteu kompaniyalarymen tyghyz baylanysta.

Jana tehnologiyalardy óndiriske engizu fermerlerding arnayy bilimi jetkilikti bolghanda ghana jaqsy nәtiyje beredi. Ókinishke qaray, әrbir 100 fermerding 13-inde ghana arnayy orta jәne joghary bilimi bar, búl óte tómen kórsetkish. Osy problemany sheshu maqsatynda Qazaq Últtyq agrarlyq uniyversiyteti basshylyghy jәne mamandarymen tyghyz baylanysta júmys jýrgizudemiz. Bilikti mamandarmen birlesip atqarghan júmys barlyq uaqytta jaqsy nәtiyje beretini belgili, sondyqtan elimizdegi maqta óndiru, ony tereng óndep eksportqa shygharu qolymyzdan keletin júmys dep esepteymin.

Sheteldik maqta satyp alatyn treyderler elimizde bosqa jýrmegeni belgili. Osy jerde mynaday oy tuady. Eger sheteldik treyderler bizding elimizden «oljalap» jatqan milliondaghan paydany tabumen óz elimizdegi iri biznes ókilderi, kәsipkerler nemese «KazAgro» siyaqty qarjyly mekemeler ainalyssa, qyruar qarjy óz elimizde qalar edi.

Maqta shiykizaty ekinshi valutalyq daqyl bolghandyqtan, Ýkimet qaulysymen biday siyaqty strategiyalyq daqyldar qataryna ense, «aq altyngha» degen kózqaras ózgerer edi. Al, maqtagha kózqaras dúrys bolsa, saladaghy birqatar problemalar ózinen-ózi sheshilip keteri sózsiz.

Maqta – elimizdegi ýlken tabys әkeletin 100 jyldyq tarihy bar daqyldardyng biri. Sondyqtan osy saladaghy mәselelerdi birlesip jýiege týsirsek qana mol ónimge qol jetkizemiz. Sonda ghana qazaq maqtasy «Aq altyn – elimizge baq altyn» bola alady.

Ibadulla ÝMBETAEV, Qazaq maqta sharuashylyghy ghylymiy-zertteu institutynyng bas diyrektory, Qazaqstannyng enbek sinirgen qayratkeri, QR Últtyq ghylym akademiyasynyng korrespondent-mýshesi.

Abai.kz