Qazaqstan men Orta Aziya ekologiyasynyng basty jauy - «Bayqonyr» kosmodromynyng qúrylysy 1955 jyly bastalyp, qazir 6717 sharshy shaqyrym aimaqty alyp jatyr. 1957 jyly tamyzda alghashqy raketa úshyrylghan. Sodan bergi 50 jylda 1100 әrtýrli maqsattaghy kosmos apparaty jәne 100-den astam kontiynentaralyq ballistikalyq raketa synaqtan ótken. Sonymen qatar týrli soghysqa qajetti jappay qyryp- joyatyn 38 raketa men 80-nen astam kosmos kemesining modifikasiyalary da synalghan.

Auadaghy apat

Kosmodromnan úshqan raketa­lardyng birinshi bólikteri Qaraghandy oblysyn­daghy № 25-zonagha týsse, ekinshi bólikteri sol oblystaghy № 4-zonagha, ýshinshi bólikteri Shyghys Qazaqstandaghy № 310-zonagha qúlap, kýz, qys, kók­temde dauyldardyng túruyna, ayaz­dyng qatang­yna әser etude. Al jazda aptap ystyqty kýsheytip, orman men dalanyng órtenuine әser etude. Radio­aktivti uly raketa synyqtary qazaq dalasynda shashylyp jatyr. Zymyran tasyghyshtarda qolda­nylatyn otynnyng uly, ziyandy qospa­lary qazaq jerine orasan zor ekologiya­lyq zardaptar әkelude.

Reseyding negizgi strategiyalyq bazasy bop sanalatyn «Bayqonyr» qazirgi almaghayyp zamanda bizding memleke­timizding qauipsizdigine, elimizding tәuel­sizdigine de ýlken qater tudyryp otyr.

Qazaqstan men Orta Aziya ekologiyasynyng basty jauy - «Bayqonyr» kosmodromynyng qúrylysy 1955 jyly bastalyp, qazir 6717 sharshy shaqyrym aimaqty alyp jatyr. 1957 jyly tamyzda alghashqy raketa úshyrylghan. Sodan bergi 50 jylda 1100 әrtýrli maqsattaghy kosmos apparaty jәne 100-den astam kontiynentaralyq ballistikalyq raketa synaqtan ótken. Sonymen qatar týrli soghysqa qajetti jappay qyryp- joyatyn 38 raketa men 80-nen astam kosmos kemesining modifikasiyalary da synalghan.

Auadaghy apat

Kosmodromnan úshqan raketa­lardyng birinshi bólikteri Qaraghandy oblysyn­daghy № 25-zonagha týsse, ekinshi bólikteri sol oblystaghy № 4-zonagha, ýshinshi bólikteri Shyghys Qazaqstandaghy № 310-zonagha qúlap, kýz, qys, kók­temde dauyldardyng túruyna, ayaz­dyng qatang­yna әser etude. Al jazda aptap ystyqty kýsheytip, orman men dalanyng órtenuine әser etude. Radio­aktivti uly raketa synyqtary qazaq dalasynda shashylyp jatyr. Zymyran tasyghyshtarda qolda­nylatyn otynnyng uly, ziyandy qospa­lary qazaq jerine orasan zor ekologiya­lyq zardaptar әkelude.

Reseyding negizgi strategiyalyq bazasy bop sanalatyn «Bayqonyr» qazirgi almaghayyp zamanda bizding memleke­timizding qauipsizdigine, elimizding tәuel­sizdigine de ýlken qater tudyryp otyr.

Sebebi, kosmodromnan Kamchatkadaghy «Kura» әskery poligonyna synaq ýshin jiyi-jii úshyrylyp túratyn SS-18 (NATO-nyng klassifikasiyasy boyynsha «Stiylet» dep atalady), SS-19, SS-20 raketalary biz ýshin asa qauipti. Óitkeni qansha jerden atom qaruy joq aimaqpyz desek te, yadrolyq qaruy bar elderding ózara soghys janjaly tua qalghan jaghdayda «Bayqonyr» birinshi nysana kózi bolary dausyz!

Býkil ghalamsharymyzdy qorshap túrghan atmosferadaghy aua qúramynyng 20,95 payyzy ghana tirshilikke qajetti ottegining ýlesine tiyedi eken. Al qazir Reseyding kosmosqa úshatyn raketa qozghaltqyshtarynda geptiliden bastap, nebir uly qúramdy zattarmen qatar, kriogendi otyn da qoldanylady.

Yaghny aua bólgish qondyrghylarda ottegi men sutegin 184 gradusta súiyl­typ alyp, erekshe tehnologiyalyq әreketpen qa­tay­typ, ony auasyz kenis­tikte raketa otyndaryn jaghugha paydalanady.

Sóitip, ózimizge qajetti ottegi gazdary tonnalap gharyshqa qaytarymsyz ketip jatady. Búl qondyrghylar men zauyttar jeri de, auasy da kýiip ketken, ormany joq, tenizi men kóli joq, aq taqyr «Bayqonyr­dyn» ainalasynda ornalasqan. 1957 jyldan beri әr saghat, tәulik boyy sorylyp, óndelip, ottegiden aiyrylyp, tir­shilikke qajetsiz bolghan aua kólemining qansha ekenin bir Alla ghana biler. Sonyng saldarynan Qazaqstannyng Bayqonyrgha taqau aimaqtarynda kýn ótken sayyn ottegining auadaghy qalypty mólsherden azang derekteri anyqtaluda.

Tipten sәuir men qazan ailary arasynda búl jerden ottegi alu mýmkin bolmay qalghan. Otte­gining aua qúramyndaghy az ghana auyt­qushylyghy tek qana tynys alugha emes, adam aghzasyndaghy zat almasu ýrdisterine de keri әserin tiygizip, anemiya, leykomiya, rak, teri aurularyn da as­qyn­dyruda. Búghan neshe týrli mutasiyagha úshyraghan jan-januar­lar әlemi men ósimdikter dýniyesi de enetinin eskersek, Qazaqstan ýshin Bayqonyr gharysh aila­ghy­nyng zardaby alapat eke­nin angharu qiyn emes.

Gharysh zymyrandarynyng jii úshy­ry­luynan Qazaqstannyng tútas bir ai­maq­tarynda aua men búlttardyng tabighy aghymdary әldeqashan búzylghan. Gharysh kemeleri úshqannan keyingi Qyzylorda men raketanyng úshu traektoriyasyndaghy Ontýstik Qazaqstan, Jambyl, Almaty, Qaraghandy, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Pavlodar oblystardaghy aptalap túratyn jel men boran, kóktem kelip, jemis aghash­tary gýldep túrghan kezderdegi ayaq astynan payda bolatyn ýsikter, dauyldar men búrshaqty nóserler - raketa úshy­r­u­­larynyng zardaptary ekenin tәuelsiz ghylymy ortalyqtar dәleldep otyr.

«Satanadan» saqtan

Osynshama qoldan jasalyp jatqan zardapty apattardyng negizgi sebepkeri Reseyding qoldanudan shyghar­ghan «Satan» SS-18, 19, 20 raketalary bolyp túr. Oryssha «MBR RS-20A» dep belgilenetin raketalardyng yadrolyq oqtúmsyqtary alynyp tastalyp, qazir olar jer serik­terin gharyshqa úshyrugha beyimdel­gen. Búl raketalar kezindegi KSRO pre­ziydenti Gorbachev pen AQSh pre­ziydenti Reyganmen aradaghy kelis­sózder negizin­de qorshaghan ortagha asa qaterli qaru retinde joyylugha tiyis bolatyn.

Ony syrt kózden jәne halyq­aralyq qauymdastyqtan jasyru ýshin auyr «Proton» raketalary dep, jana at bergen. Jәne de búl raketalardy orbitagha shygharghan kezdegi bolyp qalatyn kezdeysoqtyqtan saqtanu maqsatynda 20 tonnalyq qosymsha raketalyq otyn baktary qoyylghan.

Búl raketalargha qorshaghan ortagha asa qauipti geptili otyny qoldanylady. Onyng auadaghy rúqsat etilgen shekti taralu mólsheri - 1 mg/kubokilometr. Yaghny óte uly ziyandy búl geptili, himiya tili­men aitqanda, simmetriyasyz diymetilgidrazinmen (S2N8N2)  birge auasyz kenistikte otynnyng januyn qamtamasyz etetin ottegi gazy. Ottegi gazy, ainala­myzdy qorshaghan at­mosferadaghy aua qúramynyng - 20,95 %, azot - 78 %-yn qúrasa, al qalghan 1%-yn barlyq argon, su­­te­gi, ksenon, kripton, neon, kómir qyshqyl gazy siyaqty basqa gazdar qúraydy.

Ekologiyagha asa qauipti múnday raketa otyndarynyng 50-60 %-y ghana janyp ýlgerip, qalghandary orbitagha shyqqangha deyin Qazaqstan jerine tógiledi eken. Geptili súiyq otyny - asa uly, tirshilikting naghyz qas jauy. Osy raketalarda janudy kýsheytetin katalizator retinde, kýmisting iony qoldanylady. Búl, óz keze­ginde, geptilimen birge tógilip, raketa úshyp ótken traektoriya boyynda myndaghan sharshy shaqyrym jerlerde ylghaldy búlttar men jerden úshqan bulardy qonlatyp, qatty bulandyrady. Ásirese kýz, qys, kóktem ailarynda kóktegi kәdimgi jay shuda aq búlttar men qatpar búlttardyng qalyn­dyghy 100-500 metr bolsa, «Protondar» úshqannan key­in búl búlttar bulanyp, qalyndyghy birneshe shaqyrymgha deyin jetedi. Auada jer betine kýn sәulesin týsirmey qym­tap, kýnnen taraytyn energiya kózin túmshalaytyn «kórpe» payda bolady. Sonyng әserinen aua rayy kýrt suyp, janbyr, artynan qalyng (qys kezinde) qar jauyp, sony 40-50 gradustyq ayazgha ainalady.

2001 jyly jeltoqsan aiynda Resey Bayqonyrdan ketpek niyetpen ylghaly kóp Arhangelisk oblysynda ornalasqan Plesesk kosmodromynan osy «Proton­nyn» bireuin úshyrghan. Nәtiyjesinde Reseyding evropalyq bóliginde qalyn­dyghy birneshe metrge jetken qar ja­uyp, Mәskeuding ózinde 40 gradustay ayaz bolyp, myndaghan qanghybas - bomjdar qyrylyp, odan keyin búl raketalardy Resey kosmodromdarynan úshyrugha tyiym salyndy. Qazir búl raketalar tek Qazaqstannan ghana úshyrylady...

Batys elderining ólerdey qorqyp, «Satana» dep ataghan raketalary ylghaly kóp jerlerden úshyrghanda súmdyq ayazdy apattar әkeletini - әskeriylerge búryn­nan belgili jaghdaylar.

Osy raketa otyny zardaptarynan qorghanu ýshin, Tәjikstan men Ózbek­stannyng ontýstigin­de ósiriletin biyazy ­talshyqty maqta plan­ta­siyalaryn jazghytúrymda búrshaqtan qorghap, ony jauyngha ainaldyru ýshin búlttardy kýmis-iondy snaryadtarmen atqylau tәjiriybesi qoldanylady. Al Gruziyanyng ylghaldy tauly qyrattaryndaghy shay plantasiyalaryn sugharu ýshin, jaz ailarynda meteoraketa úshyrylyp, odan kýmis iondary býrkilip, jasandy jauyn jaudyrylady. 1997 jyly Japon eli Qysqy Olimpiada ótkizerde kýmis iondaryn úshaqtarmen býrkip, qar jaumaytyn jerde orasan qalyng qar jauyp, ainalasyn ylghaldy teniz qorshaghan elde apatty jaghday qalyptasyp, payda bolghan qalyng búlttardy ydyratu ýshin, jýzdegen istrebiyteli-úshaqtardy qol­da­nyp, jasandy apatty zorgha toqtatqan.

Soghys qaruy retinde esepten shygha­rylghan búl raketalardyng býgingi kýnderi 140-tan astamy osy Bayqonyrda saq­talyp otyr. Onyng ýstine, oqu-jattyghu jiyndarynda Reseyding Bayqonyrda ornalasqan strategiyalyq maqsattaghy kosmos әskerleri negizgi qoldanysta túrghan jana raketalardy ýnemdep, eski, esepten shygharylghan raketalardy Kamchatkada ornalasqan Kura nysana-poligonyna qalaghan uaqytynda, Qazaq­stannan súramay-aq jibere beredi. Eger búl úshyrular osylay jalghasa berse, jogharydaghy raketalar 2018 jyly ghana tausylyp, oghan deyin osylay tabighaty­myzdyng oiran-topalanyn shyghara bermek.

Búryndary, Aqmola qalasy Asta­nagha ainalghangha deyin Bayqonyrdan úshyrylghan raketalar Selinograd, Kókshetau qalalarynyng ýstinen úshyp ótip, búl aimaqtarda súmdyq ayazdar bolyp túratyn. Qazir búl qala Astanagha ainalghan son, memlekettik basshylyq organdarynyng qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu ýshin, zymyrandardyng úshu traektoriyasy ózgertildi. Sonda Astanadaghy biylik ókilderi adam bolsa, basqa aimaqtyng halqy mal ma degen zandy saual qondyng reti bar.

Raketalardyng úshu traektoriya - baghyty ózgergen son, OQ oblysynyng soltýstik audandary men Jambyl, Almaty, Shyghys Qazaqstan oblystaryna qarly borandar әkelip, onyng әseri respublikanyng barlyq aimaqtaryna tarap, ontýstikte ózbek, qyrghyz jeri týgili, sonau tәjik jerine deyin jetude. Biylghy qystaghy Shyghys Qazaqstan men Mongholiyadaghy súmdyq ayazdar men ontýstiktegi teniz ben múhit jaghasyn­da­ghy elderdegi tasqyndy apattar da  -osy «Protondardyn» әkelip jatqan qa­sireti. Búl zymyrandar óz orbitasyna shyq­qangha deyin ghalam­sharymyzdy on­daghan ret ainalatyndyghy kópshilikke belgili. Sondyqtanda batys elderi aua rayy men ekologiyagha keri әseri qatty búl zymyrandardy «Satana» dep ata­ghan.

Shashetek shyghyn

Raketalar úshyrylghannan keyin payda bolatyn aua rayynyng kýrt suuy men jasandy ayazdardan keyin Almaty, Jambyl, Ontýstik Qazaqstan, Qyzyl­orda oblystarynda kóktemde gýldep túrghan jemis aghashtary men jiydekterdi ýsikter úryp ketude. Osydan keletin shyghyn­dardy qarapayym arifmetika tilimen eseptep kóreyik. Osy atalghan ontýstik oblystardy respublika halqy­nyng jartysyna juyghy mekendeydi.

Eng az mólsherdi esepke alyp, búl ónirlerde 1 million otbasy túrady dep eseptesek, olardy adam basyna bólmey, taghy da eng az, joq degende bir jylda bir otbasy 200 kg jemis-jiydek paydalanghan jaghdayda 200 000 000 keli bolady eken. Al osy ónimder­ding әr kelisin orta eseppen 150 tengeden eseptep kóreyik, sonda 200 000 000 * 150 = 30 000 000 000 (otyz milliard) tengening jemis-jiydekterin joghaltqan bolyp shyghamyz.

Búghan jyl sayyn әr otbasynyng ýilerin jylytugha ketken otyndaryn (gaz, mazut, diyzeli otyny, kómir, aghash, elektr energiyasyn) qosynyz. Bala­baqshalar, mektepter, densaulyq saq­tau mekemeleri, qarttar ýileri men basqa da memlekettik mekemelerding paydalanghan energokóz­derin qarjymen eseptep kóriniz.

Osy úshyrulardan payda bolghan suyqtyng әserinen tuyndaytyn túmau jәne basqa da aurulardy emdeuge ketken dәri-dәrmekterge ketken halyqtyng shyghynyn kim kóteredi?

Jәne osy kosmostyq úshyrulardan keyin payda bolatyn dauyldar men qarly boran­dardyng zardaptaryn jong­gha, qar basqan ýiler men avto jәne temirjoldardy arshugha ketken shyghyn­dar qansha bolady? Jabayy andardyng (aqbóken, kiyik, arqar, tauteke, jayran t.b.) kóktemde tóldep jatqanda ýsip ólgenderin kim eseptep jatyr?

Shyghys Qazaqstandaghy jәne Mon­gholiyadaghy ayazdan qyrylghan maldargha da Reseyding «Roskosmosy» ótem tóle­geni bylay túrsyn, búl - tabighat anomaliyasy dep, aua rayy qúbylysyna jaba saluda.

Al jaz ailarynda úshyrylghan búl zymyrandar jerimizge súmdyq ystyq aptaptar әkelude. Ótken 2009 jyly Bayqonyrdan 34 ret raketalar úshy­ryldy. Ózen-kólder men búlaqtar keuip ketkenimen birge, OQO-daghy Aqsu-Jaba­ghyly ornalasqan Alatau tau silem­derindegi mәngi múzdyqtar men qar erip, joq boldy. Biylghy kosmostyq úshy­rylulardan son, ótken jylghy jaghday taghy da qaytalanatyny sózsiz.

Onyng ýstine, Qazaqstan ýkimeti Reseyge Kenes Odaghy zamanynda elimizding auma­ghynda ornalasyp, zaualdy uytyn shashqan 7 yadrolyq poligondy qaytadan bolmashy qarjygha jalgha berdi. Býgin­deri olar kýndiz-týni adamzat balasyn jappay qyryp-joyatyn týrli qarulardy synap, ata-babalarymyz úrpaqtaryna amanatqa qaldyrghan kiyeli úly dala­myzdyng tu-talaqayyn shygharuda!

Bayqonyrdy ýkimetimiz 50 jylgha Reseyge jalgha berdi. Onyng aqysy bar bolghany 115 million AQSh dollaryn qúraydy. Jogharyda atap ótken jalpy shyghyndardyng bәrin qosqanda, búl jaldau aqysynyng týkke de túrmaytyndyghy belgili. Endi myna bir derekterge nazar audarayyq. Osy jylghy 2 qyrkýiekte Bayqonyrdan «Proton» raketasy úsh­qan­ son, Qazaqstannyng ontýstiginde joyqyn shandy dauyldar bolyp, elektr baghan­dary men aghashtar qúlap, qanshama ýi­ler jaryqsyz, shatyrsyz qalsa, sol­týstik oblystarda jauyn-shashyn­nyng sonynan ýsik jýrdi. Ony «Kazgidromet» te óz habarlamalarynda quat­ta­ghan bolatyn.

Al qazannyng 8-de Bayqon­yrdan 307 tonnalyq «Sonz» úshqannan keyin, ontýstikte telegey teniz janbyr jauyp, diqandardy taghy da sorlatyp ketti. Ontýs­tiktegi tauly audandar men soltýstikte ýsik pen ayaz jýrip, kókónisterdi kóktey soldyrdy.

Amerikadan bastap, kosmostyq derjavalar kosmodromdaryn teniz jagha­syna, múhit ortasyndaghy araldar men atolldargha ornalastyrady. Sebep - jogharyda aitylghan jalpy ekologiyalyq zardaptardy meylinshe azaytu. Atlant múhity jaghasynda ornalasqan kosmodromnan úshqan әrbir kosmos kemesi ýshin «NASA» sol shtatqa 85 million dollar ekologiyalyq ótemaqy tóleydi.

Resey qúrlyqtardaghy kosmodrom­dardyng tabighat pen tirshilikting qas jauy ekenin eskerip, óz jerindegi kosmodromdaryn, Qiyr Shyghystaghy «Svobodnyi» men Arhangelisk oblysyndaghy «Ple­ses­kini» teniz jaghalaryna ornalas­tyr­ghan.

Degenmen qúrlyqtaghy «Bayqo­nyr­dan» kommersiyalyq úshyrular jasau Resey ýshin tiyimdi, kóp shyghyndy qajet etpeydi. «Rosaviakosmos» agent­tigi 2010 jylgha deyin «Bayqonyr» jeri­nen kom­mersiyalyq úshyrulardan 40 mlrd. AQSh dollarynan astam payda tabudy jos­parlap otyr. Al qazaqtyng jeri men aua­syn paydalanghan orystar búl paydadan bizge ne beredi? Osy jaghdaygha Asta­nadaghy el biyligi alanday ma, joq әlde óz ómirleri jaqsy bolghan son, qazaqtyng qasiretine pysqyryp ta qara­may, jýre bere me?!

Endeshe, eski, esepten shygharylghan, qoldanu merzimderi әldeqashan ótip ketken, qorshaghan ortagha asa qauipti, sal­maghy 700 tonnadan astam «Satana» - Protondardy, salmaghy 300 tonnalyq «Soyzdy», 459 tonnalyq «Zenitti», 207 tonnalyq «Dneprdi», 2360 tonnalyq «Energiya-Burandy» jәne basqa da asa auyr әskery zymyrandardy qazaq jerinen úshyrugha tyiym salatyn uaqyt jetken siyaqty.

Búny respublika halqy qazaq­standyq biylikten talap etuge tiyis. Al Bayqonyrdan gharysh raketalaryn úshyru jónindegi memleketaralyq keli­simderdi búzudyng reti bolmasa, Qazaq­stan biyligi Reseyden ekologiyalyq ótemaqy talap etui kerek. Búl - eldegi azamattyq qogham ókilderine qúlaqqaghys: biylikting betin elge qaratatyn uaqyt jetti.

Ilesbek BAYJANOV,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister

odaghynyng mýshesi

Shymkent shahary

BÚL EKI ARADA

• QazTAG agenttigi habarlaghanday, 15 qazanda Bayqonyr gharysh ailaghynan «Briyz-M» ýdetkish blogymen jәne «Sirius HM-5» gharyshtyq apparatymen gharysh­tyq maqsattaghy zymyran «Proton-M» úshyryldy. Úshyrylu júma kýni Astana uaqytymen 0 saghat 53 minutta boldy.

Al Tótenshe jaghdaylar ministrligi (TJM) habarlaghanday, dәl osy júma kýni Qazaqstannyng basym aumaghyndaghy aua rayy búzyldy. Respublikanyng soltýstik jәne shyghys oblystary siklonnyng yqpalynda bolyp, soghan baylanysty jauyndatyp, jel kýsheydi.

Aqmola, Qyzylorda, Batys Qazaq­stan, Qostanay, Soltýstik Qazaqstan, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Almaty, Ontýstik Qazaqstan, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy oblystarynda key jerlerde jel sekundyna 15-20 metrge deyin kýsheyip, Qyzylorda oblysynda shandy boran soqty.

«Qazaqstannyng ontýstiginde, soltýs­tik pen shyghysynda key jerle­rde joghary órt qaupi bar. Jaqyn kýnderi respublikanyng ontýstigi, ontýs­tik-shyghysy men shyghysyndaghy tau ózen­derinde su dengeyi qúbylyp túra­dy», - dep habarlady TJM.

Sonda resmy biylik vedomstvosynyng ózi moyyndap otyrghan búl jaghday Qa­zaq­stan halqyna orasan zor zardap әkelip jatqanyn Aqordadaghy alyptar bile me? Joq әlde, bile otyryp, ózining sheksiz biyligine kepildik bergen orys ýkimetining aldynda k...n qysyp otyra ma?

«Obshestvennaya pozisiya»

(proekt «DAT» № 38 (75) ot 27 oktyabrya  2010 g.