Janar Túrlyghúlova, №15 mektep-internattyng tarih pәni múghalimi

I. XIX gh. basynda Qarqaraly qalasy men okrugining qúryluynyng alghysharttary

XIX gh. alghashqy jartysynda Resey impe­riya­synyng koloniyaldyq sayasatynyng kýsheyui­men qa­zaq jerlerin týpkilikti baghyndyrugha mýmkindikter tu­dy. XIX gh. 20-jyldarynda pat­sha ókimeti Qazaq­standa handyq biylikti birjola­ta joyyp, basqaru­dyng jalpyreseylik tәrtibi­ne jaqyn, jana jýie ornatugha kiristi. Búl shara­ny jýzege asyru Orta jýz­den bastaldy. Osy­nyng negizinde 1822 j. «Sibir qazaqtary turaly ereje» qabyldanyp, qazaq jer­le­ri okrugterge bólindi. «Ereje» boyynsha Orta jýz jәne Úly jýzding biraz «Sibir qazaqtarynyng ob­lysy» dep atalyp, janadan qúrylghan Batys-Sibir ge­ne­ral-gubernatorlyghynyng qúramyna kirdi (1).

1822 j. Ereje jariyalana sala Sibir óki­metining or­gandary okrugterdi ashu isine kiristi. Ereje bo­yyn­sha barlyghy 8 syrtqy okrug ashu belgilengen edi. 1824 j. Qarqaraly jәne Qúsmúryn okrugteri ashyldy.

Qazaq dalasynyng týpkir-týkpirinde okrug­tik prikazdardyng úiymdastyryluymen bayla­nysty Qazaqstanda jana qalalar - Qarqaraly (1824), Kókshetau (1824), Ayakóz (Sergiopoli, 1831), Aqmola (1832) jәne t. b. payda boldy (2).

Janar Túrlyghúlova, №15 mektep-internattyng tarih pәni múghalimi

I. XIX gh. basynda Qarqaraly qalasy men okrugining qúryluynyng alghysharttary

XIX gh. alghashqy jartysynda Resey impe­riya­synyng koloniyaldyq sayasatynyng kýsheyui­men qa­zaq jerlerin týpkilikti baghyndyrugha mýmkindikter tu­dy. XIX gh. 20-jyldarynda pat­sha ókimeti Qazaq­standa handyq biylikti birjola­ta joyyp, basqaru­dyng jalpyreseylik tәrtibi­ne jaqyn, jana jýie ornatugha kiristi. Búl shara­ny jýzege asyru Orta jýz­den bastaldy. Osy­nyng negizinde 1822 j. «Sibir qazaqtary turaly ereje» qabyldanyp, qazaq jer­le­ri okrugterge bólindi. «Ereje» boyynsha Orta jýz jәne Úly jýzding biraz «Sibir qazaqtarynyng ob­lysy» dep atalyp, janadan qúrylghan Batys-Sibir ge­ne­ral-gubernatorlyghynyng qúramyna kirdi (1).

1822 j. Ereje jariyalana sala Sibir óki­metining or­gandary okrugterdi ashu isine kiristi. Ereje bo­yyn­sha barlyghy 8 syrtqy okrug ashu belgilengen edi. 1824 j. Qarqaraly jәne Qúsmúryn okrugteri ashyldy.

Qazaq dalasynyng týpkir-týkpirinde okrug­tik prikazdardyng úiymdastyryluymen bayla­nysty Qazaqstanda jana qalalar - Qarqaraly (1824), Kókshetau (1824), Ayakóz (Sergiopoli, 1831), Aqmola (1832) jәne t. b. payda boldy (2).

1824 j. 8 sәuirde Qarqaraly okrugi men prika­zynyng saltanatty ashylu rәsimi boldy. Qalanyng ashyluy turaly jarlyq sol jyly 24-shildede bekitilip, sotnik D. Qarbyshev bastaghan, qúramynda 250 sheptik qazaqtary bar otryad qalanyng alghashqy tastaryn qalaugha attandy (3).

Qarqaraly qalasynyng salynuy turaly Qúrbanghaly Halid «Tauarih Hamsa» enbeginde bylay dep jazady: «Qarqaraly bekinisining salynuy Bókey han nemeresi Túrsyn Shynghys úly men Jamantay han atymen maghlúm... olar Omskiden shyqqan orys qazaq әskerin gubernatordan ótinip, Qarqaralygha bastap әkelip, olardyng ishinde qala salu ýshin shyqqan jýzge tarta ýili kazak-orystar men tilmashtar 1824 j. kókteminen bastap qúrylysqa kiristi. Az uaqyt ishinde 100-ge tarta ýy salynyp, әskerge baspana, ainala topyraq qorghanmen qamaldy bekitip, bir rota jayau, bir bólek atty әsker, bir batareya zenbirekshiler ornalastyryldy» (4).

Sibir bekinisteri jýiesinde erekshe oryn alatyn Qarqaraly bekinisi XIX gh. 1824 j. okrugtik qaladan 1868 j. uezdik qalagha deyin damu jolynan ótti. Alghashqy kezde qalada 100-ge tarta ýy bolsa, 1835 j. 155-ke jetti (5).

Qalanyng odan әri damuy patshalyq ókimetting qazaq jerine jýrgizgen әkimshilik reforma­sy­men baylanysty. 1868 j. «Uaqytsha jarlyghy» bo­yyn­sha Orynbor men Sibir qazaqtary oblysynan Oral, Torghay, Semey jәne Aqmola oblystary qú­ryldy. Sonyng ishinde Semey oblysy 4 uezdge (Se­mey, Kókpekti, Pavlodar, Qarqaraly) bólindi (6).

Orystar men jergilikti qazaqtardyng saya­sy jәne sharuashylyq qatynasynadaghy orta­lyq retinde qalanyng qúryluy men damuy túr­­ghyndardy etno-demografiyalyq, últtyq-so­slo­viyalyq ózgeristerge әkeldi. Qarqaraly ok­rugi ashylghan sәtte 14 bolys engizilip, olardyng qúramynda 20000 shanyraq nemese 60000 er azamat boldy (7).

1841 j. maghlúmattargha qaraghanda Qarqaraly okrugindegi arghyndardyng 136 auylynda (15023 shanyraqta) 101251 adam boldy. Osynday qalyng arghyndardyng ortasynda kerey taypasynyng 4960 adamy bar 10 auyldan (1143 shanyraq) túratyn 1 bolysy men 359 adamy bar uaq taypasynyng shanyraghy birge kóship jýrdi (8).

Qarqaraly okrugining qazaqtary jazda Ki­shi jәne Ýlken Núra, Shiderti, Taldy, Ólen­ti, Ashysu, t.b. ózender tónirekterin Bataghor, Ereymentau bók­terlerin jaylady. Olar Qa­zanghap, Týndik ózen­derining boyyndaghy qap­taghan shatqaldardy, Bal­qash­tyng soltýstik ja­ghalaularyn, Qarqaraly taularyn qystady.

1860 j. Qarqaraly okruginde 35 ókimet ýii, 31 qoghamdyq ýiler, 167 túrghylyqty ýi, qazaqtardyng 87 ýii boldy. Okrugtegi barlyq adam sany 58260-qa jetti. Sonyng 56674-i qazaqtar boldy (9).

Túrghylyqty halyq sanynyng birde azayyp, birde kóbeyuining sebebi, sol kezdegi jýrgizilgen reformalargha baylanysty boldy.

1854 j. 19 mamyrda «Semey oblysyn basqa­ru turaly ereje» bekitildi. Onyng qúramyna Ayakóz ishki okrugi, Jetisu ólkesi, Ertisting ong jaghalauy, Semey, Óskemen qalalary, Búqtyrma bekinisi,Qapal stansiyasy jәne Ile syrtqy bekinisi endi. Búryn­ghy Sibir vedomstvosynyng bes syrtqy okrugi - Kók­shetau, Aqmola, Bayanauyl, Qarqaraly, Atbasar, ekin­shi oblys - Sibir qazaqtary oblysy qúramyna endi. Semey oblysy men Sibir qazaqtary búrynghysyn­sha general-gubernator basqarghan Batys Sibir Bas Basqarmasyna baghyndy.

1868 j. jana zang boyynsha Qararaly uezi Semey oblysyna kirdi. Búl oblystyng jeri on­týstikte Tobyl guberniyasynyng shekara­synan Tarbaghatay tauyna deyingi, Altaydan Moyyn­tygha deyingi keng baytaq ólkeni alyp jatty. Oblys shyghysta jәne soltýstik shyghysta Tomsk guberniyasymen, batysta Aqmola oblysymen kórshiles boldy. Onyng qúramynda 5 uezd: Zay­san, Óskemen, Semey, Qarqaraly jәne Pavlo­dar uezderi endi. 1893 j. sanaq mәlimetteri boyyn­sha Semey oblysynda 602096 túrghyn bolghan, olardyng 82209-y otyryqshy, al 519887-si kóshpendilikpen ómir sýrgen (10).

Qarqaraly uezi oblystyng batys bóliginde or­nalasyp, Shynghys taularynyng batys bólikterinen әri qaray, Moyynty ózeni men Aqadyr shepterine deyingi, ontýstikte - Bal­qashtan әri qaray, soltýstikte Bayanauyl tau­laryna deyingi úlan-baytaq jerlerdi alyp jatty. 1897 j. sanaq mәlimeti boyynsha uezde 104509 qazaq ómir sýrgen (11).

2. Sauda-sattyq pen ónerkәsip

Qazaq halqynyng sany qala qúrylghannan beri onda qalyptasqan sauda damuyna bayla­nysty ósti. 1866 j. Qarqaraly qalasynda 155 ýy boldy. Onyng 36-sy kópestik lavka ashty (12). Sonymen birge 1847 j. ashylghan Botov-Qoyandy jәrmenkesi osy ónir­ding әleumettik-ekonomikalyq damuyna ýlken yqpa­lyn tiygizdi.

Qoyandy jәrmenkesine alghashqy kezde kóbinese mal jәne mal ónimderi tauarlaryn әkeletin. Maldy jәrmenkege Qarqaraly, Pavlodar, Qapal jәne Sergiopoli uezderinen aidap әkeletin. Mysalgha 1891 j. osy uezderden 1000 bas týie, 8000 bas jylqy, 10000 bas iri qara mal, 150000 bas qoy jetkizilgen. Olar­dyng jalpy somasy 431440 rub. bolghan. Al teri, jýn siyaq­ty shiykizat ónimderi 1886 j. jәrmenkede - 90550 rub., 1887 j. - 72320 rub., 1888 j. - 94130 rub., 1889 j. - 103620 rub., 1890 j. - 91700 rub., 1891 j. - 189627 rub-ge satylghan (13). Búl jәrmenkening jyldan jyl­gha ósip ór­ken­degenin kórsetedi. Aydap әkelin­gen maldar men shiykizatty jergilikti alypsatarlar sa­typ alyp jәrmenkede joghary baghamen satqan. Osy­laysha sauda-sattyqtyng jandanuyna baylanys­ty qala­daghy túrghylyqty túratyn kópester men saudagerler sany da kóbeydi. Mysalgha 1898 j. derek boyynsha Qarqaralyda kópester sany 21 ge jetken, Semeyde - 96,Óskemende - 36 (14).

Qarqaralyda 1866 jyly 611 adam bol­ghan. Qala halqynyng sanynyng ósuine qazaq qogha­myn­da jýrgizilgen reformalar әser etti. Atap ait­qanda, en­digi jerde otyryqshylyqqa kóshken qa­zaqtar qalalarda shoghyrlanyp, qalaly ón­di­risterden júmys izdey bastady. Olardy ja­­taq­tar dep atady. Mysalgha Qarqaraly qalasy­nyng túrghyndary - 205 meshani, 53 kópes pen chiy­novnik jәne 1693 qazaq jataqtarynan túrdy (15).

Jataqtar negizinen qu taqym kedeylerden júttan býkil malynan aiyrylghan jәne t. b. sebeptermen qalada otyryqshylanyp qalghan kedeylengen qazaq­tardan túrdy. Jәne olar kýn kóru ýshin qaladaghy qara júmystardyng bәrin istegen. Búl jayly derekter bylay deydi. Qarqaraly uezining bastyghy Karpov Semey ob­lysynyng әskery gubernatoryna 1899 j. 23 nau­ryzda jazghan raportynda bylay delingen: «...Ne mogu sebe predstaviti kak goroda Kar­karalins­ka tak y prigorodnoy stanisy bez djatakov: kto by bez nih vozil drova, kosil seno, pahal, slujil v rabotnikah y voobshe ispolnyal vse to, gde trebuetsya rabochaya sila. V staniyse vsyakiy hozyain no ne rabotniyk, a gorod, esly ne schitati etih djatakov sostoit iz neskolikih kupsov y neskolikih chinovnikov» (16).

Kóptegen júmys izdep ketken qazaqtar balyq aulau óndiristerinde júmys istedi. Tek biraz bóligi ghana tau ken óndiristerinde, atap aitqanda Bayanauyl tas kómir kesheninde jәne Qarqaraly qorghasyn rudniyginde enbek etti. Búl ónerkәsipting qojayyny Popov 1843 j. Taldykýl kesheninen 12840 pút tas kómir, al 1846 j. Qarqaraly rud­niyginen 5292 pút qorghasyn rudasyn alghan (17).

Jalpy alghanda Qazaqstandaghy ónerkәsip­ting damu tómengi satyda boldy. XIX gh. 60-jylda­ry­nan bastap orys kәsipkerleri qazaq ónirindegi qazba baylyghy bar jerlerden óndiris oryndaryn asha bas­tady. XIX gh. 70-80-jyldarynda auyl sharuashylyq shiykizatyn óndeu oryndary - may óndeu, teri óndeu, ún tartu oryndary ashyldy. Qazaqstanda 1855-1893 jj. aralyghynda 151182 pút qorghasyn, 883 pút kýmis, 219186 pút qara mys, 484542 taza mys qorytylghan eken (18).

Qarqaraly ónirindegi ónerkәsipting damuyna keletin bolsaq, negizinen búl jerde tau ken oryndary kóp ashyldy. Búl rudnikterdi orys kәsipkeri Po­pov әuletinen shyqqan aghayyndy Nikolay jәne Aleksandr Popovtar ashty. 1864 j. olardyng Qar­qaraly okrugi boyynsha 17 tau ken oryndary bolghan. Bir jylda sol rudnikterden 750 pút kýmis, 9042 pút mys qorytylghan. Okrugtaghy Popovtar zauytynda 1 master әielimen, kóship kelgen 5 orys sharuasy, 25 jaldamaly qazaq, 2 orys-qazaq koman­dasy qyzmet jasady. (19)

Qazaqstan jerinde óndiristing qalyptasuy onyng jer baylyghynyng úlan baytaqtyghyna baylanysty.Biraq sol kezende, yaghny XIX gh. Qazaqstan jer baylyghy óndiris zauyttary men fabrikalardyng az boluynan, kórshiles Reseyge, t.b. shet elderge shiykizat retinde kelip jatty. Mysalgha 1857 j. Qazaqstan territoriyasynyng 106 jerinen mys keni jәne 44 jerden kýmis pen qorghasyn kenderi tabylsa, 1888 j. bir ghana Qarqaraly uezinen 121 jerinen kenning bay kózderi tabylghan (20).

Biraq jogharyda atap ótkenimizdey, sol kezde qazaq jeri qanday bay bolghanymen, sol baylyqty óndirip, ony óndeytin zauyttar, iri óndiris oryndary jetkiliksiz boldy. Sol sebepten de múnday baylyq shet elderge aghylyp jatty.

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