(HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghy - HH ghasyrdyng basy)

Artta qalghan elderdi basyp alyp, otargha ai­nal­dyru, osy elderding býkil baylyghyn tonau - pat­shalyq Reseyding negizgi sayasaty boldy. Onyng shet­ki aimaqtardaghy halyqtargha degen sayasaty tek tonau­shylyq jәne qanaumen ghana emes, әskeri-otarshyldyq tәrtippen de sipattaldy. Reaksiyalyq patsha ýkimeti orys túrghyndaryn últtyq oblystardaghy halyqtargha tómengi nәsil retinde óktemshildikpen qaraugha tәr­biyeledi.

Patsha ýkimetining otarshyldyq sayasatynyng maq­sa­ty - ortalyq guberniyalardaghy jersiz «artyq» shar­ualardyng pomeshikterge qarsy narazylyghyn bәsendetu ýshin olardy shetki últtyq aimaqtargha kóshiru edi.

1861 jylghy reformadan keyin jersiz qalghan sharualar jer ýshin pomeshiktermen revolusiyalyq kýres jýrgizgen edi. Búl kýres patsha ýkimetining ne­gizin shayqaltu qaupin tughyzdy. Osy kýresti patsha ýkimeti sharualardy shetki aimaqtargha kóshiru arqyly әlsiretkisi keldi. Patsha ýkimetining sharualardy qonys audaru baghyty týrli kezenderdegi ekonomikalyq jәne tarihy jaghdaylargha baylanysty ózgerip otyrdy.

III Memlekettik Dumanyng ekinshi sessiyasynda sosial-demokratiyalyq fraksiyanyng atynan sóilegen deputat Voyloshnikov týrli kezenderdegi patsha ýki­metining qonys audaru sayasatyna mynaday sipattama ber­di:

(HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghy - HH ghasyrdyng basy)

Artta qalghan elderdi basyp alyp, otargha ai­nal­dyru, osy elderding býkil baylyghyn tonau - pat­shalyq Reseyding negizgi sayasaty boldy. Onyng shet­ki aimaqtardaghy halyqtargha degen sayasaty tek tonau­shylyq jәne qanaumen ghana emes, әskeri-otarshyldyq tәrtippen de sipattaldy. Reaksiyalyq patsha ýkimeti orys túrghyndaryn últtyq oblystardaghy halyqtargha tómengi nәsil retinde óktemshildikpen qaraugha tәr­biyeledi.

Patsha ýkimetining otarshyldyq sayasatynyng maq­sa­ty - ortalyq guberniyalardaghy jersiz «artyq» shar­ualardyng pomeshikterge qarsy narazylyghyn bәsendetu ýshin olardy shetki últtyq aimaqtargha kóshiru edi.

1861 jylghy reformadan keyin jersiz qalghan sharualar jer ýshin pomeshiktermen revolusiyalyq kýres jýrgizgen edi. Búl kýres patsha ýkimetining ne­gizin shayqaltu qaupin tughyzdy. Osy kýresti patsha ýkimeti sharualardy shetki aimaqtargha kóshiru arqyly әlsiretkisi keldi. Patsha ýkimetining sharualardy qonys audaru baghyty týrli kezenderdegi ekonomikalyq jәne tarihy jaghdaylargha baylanysty ózgerip otyrdy.

III Memlekettik Dumanyng ekinshi sessiyasynda sosial-demokratiyalyq fraksiyanyng atynan sóilegen deputat Voyloshnikov týrli kezenderdegi patsha ýki­metining qonys audaru sayasatyna mynaday sipattama ber­di:

«Patsha ýkimetining qonys audaru sayasaty - ýkimetting býkil agrarly sayasatynyng bir buyny. Pomeshikterge arzan júmys kýshi retinde әlsiz sharualar kerek bolghandyqtan, ýkimet sharualardyng qonys audaruyn toqtatyp, olardy barynsha Reseyde qaldyrugha tyrysty. Búl az bolghanday, patsha ýkimeti sharualardyng óz betimen qonys audaruyn toqtatu ýshin kýresti. Birtindep túrghyndardyng sany ósip, uaqyt ózgerdi: narazy proletariat pen ashtyqqa úshyraghan sharualar sany kóbeydi. Patsha ýkimeti qonys audarudy ózining agrarly sayasatynyng negizine ainaldyrdy...» [1].

Patsha ýkimetining shetki aimaqtargha qonys audaru sayasaty dvoryandarmen qatar Resey burjuaziyasynyng da mýddesin qorghady.

Óz mýddesin iske asyruda Resey burjuaziyasy Qazaqstandaghy feodalizmning myqty sarqynshaqtaryna ghana emes, orta ghasyrdyng kýshti sarqynshaghy Reseydegi patsha ýkimetine de sýiendi. Otar elderding halyqtaryn tonau men qanauda patsha ýkimeti men burjuaziya arasyndaghy birtútas maydan qalay qúrylghan eken?

Búl súraqqa jauapty biz V.Leninnen, onyng «Reseyde kapitalizmning damuy» degen enbeginen ta­bamyz: «Kapitalizm ózining biylik auqymyn ýnemi ke­neytpey, jana elderdi otarlamay jәne kapitalistik emes eski elderdi dýnie jýzilik sharuashylyq aimaghy­na tartpay ómir sýre almaydy» [2].

Osylaysha ol kapitalizmning tereng jәne keng damu mәselesin kórsetti. «Naryqtyng qúrylu prosesi kapitalizmning eki jaghyn kórsetedi: kapitalizmning tereng damuy, yaghny naqty,shektelgen territoriyada kapitalistik jer sharuashylyghy men kapitalistik ónerkәsipting damuy jәne kapitalizmning keng damuy, yaghny kapitalizm biyligining jana territoriyalarda tarauy» [3].

Resey kapitalizmining keng damu prosesi shetki aimaqtardy, onyng ishinde Qazaqstandy patshalyq Re­seyding otaryna ainaldyru prosesi boldy. Qazaqstan basqa da shetki aimaqtardaghy elder siyaqty ortalyq Reseyding fabrikalyq ónimderin ótkizu jәne shiykizat qoryna birtindep ainala bastady.

Kapitalizmning imperialistik satysynda Resey Qazaqstangha kapital shyghara bastady. Búl kapital Qa­zaqstan jerinde shiykizat qoryn ashyp, tabighy re­surstardy tonap, arzan júmys kýshin paydalanu ýshin qoldanyldy.

Jýz myndaghan orys sharualaryn Re­seyding shetki aimaqtaryna qonys audarudyng basty sebebi - 1861 jylghy krepostnoy pravony joyghannan keyingi Reseyde qalyptasqan agrarlyq qatynastar edi. Atalghan reforma sharualardyng jaghdayyn jaqsarta alghan joq. Kerisinshe, basybaylyqtan bosaghan sharualar jerding jetispeuin sezindi. Sóitip olar amalsyz shetki aimaqtargha kóshuge mәjbýr boldy.

Jerding jetispeui 1858 jylgha sanaq boyynsha songhy ýsh jylda dýniyege kelgen er adamdardy es­kermeude boldy. Sonymen qatar uaqyt ótken sayyn túrghyndardyng sany óse týsti. 1861 jyly Reseyding auyl túrghyndary 50 mln.adam bolsa, 1900 jyly 86 mln. adamgha jetti. Yaghny túrghyndardyng sany 72 % -gha ósti [4].

Eger osy esepten kulak sharuashylyqtaryn alyp tastasaq, sharualardyng kedey bóligining jerining azdyghy anyq kórinedi. V.Leninning «HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghyndaghy Reseydegi agrarlyq mәsele» degen enbeginde HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghyna taman Europalyq Reseyde jer azdyghynyng kólemin kórsetedi. Sharualardyng qonys audaru qozghalysynyng basty sebebi jerding azdyghynda jatyr. Óndirgish kýshterding dengeyin qarastyrmay sharualardyng qonys audaru sebebin tek jerding az­dyghymen týsindiru jetkiliksiz. Sebebi birdey jer uchastogi týrli jaghdayda týrli nәtiyje beredi. Olay bolsa sharua sharuashylyghynyng óndirgish kýshteri qanday dengeyde boldy? Qarapayym soqa men aghash jyrtqysh, búdan tuatyn jerdi qarapayym óndeu jәne astyqtyng tómen ónimdiligi, jii bolyp túratyn quanshylyq pen eginning shyqpay qaluy sharua sharuashylyghy óndirgish kýshterining tómengi dengeyin kórsetedi. [5]

Reformadan keyin sharualar pomeshikter jeri­ne qaraghanda sapasy tómen jerlerge ie boldy. On­day jerlerde sharua óz otbasyn asyray almady. Er­kek basyna shaqqanda jer kólemining óte az boluy shar­ualardyng jayylym jerlerdi iygerip, egin eguine alyp keldi.

Búl mal sanynyng qysqaruyna alyp keldi. Mal azdyghynan jer tynaytylmay tez tozyp otyrdy. Sharua jerinde orman alqabynyng azdyghynan olar otyn re­tinde tezekti paydalandy. Búl jaghday tynaytqyshtyng kólemin odan da tómendetip jiberdi.

1861 jylghy reformadan keyin Reseyde jeke jer iyelenushilerge qolayly jaghdaylar tudy. Jerge degen ýlken súranys jalgha beru baghasyn kóterdi. Al múnday jaghday sharua sharuashylyghyn jeke jer iyelenushilerine kiriptar etti. Sharualar neghúrlym kedey bolghan sayyn, soghúrlym jalgha beru qúny joghary boldy.

1896-1902 jj. aralyghynda jalgha beru baghasynyng ósip otyrghandyghyn myna kesteden kóruge bolady: [6]

Sharualardyng jerge zar boluy olardy po­meshikterge kiriptar etti. Ózderining jer telimderin keneytu ýshin sharualar jerdi satyp alyp ta otyrdy. Biraq satyp alghan jerlerding kólemi onsha ýlken bola qoyghan joq.

Professor Kablukov 1896 jyly 1 qantargha sheyin sharualar 3,2 mln.desyatina jerdi satyp alghandyghyn anyqtady. Sharualardyng jerdi satyp aluy sharua banki arqyly ótkizildi. Búl bankter kóbine derevnya kulaktaryna qyzmet etti.

1912-1913 jj. bank arqyly sharualardyng jeke jer iyelenushilerden satyp alghan desyatina jerleri: [7]

Búl kesteden jeri az sharualardyng qolyna 14,7 % jer, anaghúrlym auqatty sharualardyng qolyna 31,8%, bay toptargha jerding 68,2% týsetindigi kórinedi. Sharua banki sharuanyng jerin keneytip, olardyng Reseyding shet aimaqtaryna kóshuin tejeu mindetin orynday almady.

Múnyng bәri sharua sharuashylyghynda óndirgish kýshterding kýrt tómendep ketuine alyp keldi. Nәtiy­jesinde túrghyndardyng sany óspese de, derevnyada júmysshy kýshining sany ósti. On myndaghan adamdardyng ómirin alyp ketken ashtyq, auru men epiydemiyagha qaramastan auyl túrghyndarynyng sany ósti.

S.Korolikovtyn mәlimeti boyynsha, HIH gh. so­nynda Reseyde 5 mln. artyq júmys kýshi boldy. Onyng 2,5 mln. basqa da kәsippen ainalysa aldy. Búl tek auyl sharuashylyq proletariaty ghana emes, jartylay kedeylene bastaghan úsaq óndirushi-sharua boldy.

Sharuany qanaumen ómir sýrip otyrghan pomeshiyk, qayyrshylyq pen osy úsaq óndirushining kedeylenuin ózine kiriptar etu ýshin paydalandy. Úsaq óndirushiler­ding kóptigi pomeshikke jerdi jalgha beru baghasy men jerding baghasyn ósiruge, auyl sharuashylyq júmys­shylarynyng jalaqysyn tómendetuge mýmkindik berdi.

Osy faktorlar sharualardyng qalyng búqarasyn kóshuge iytermeledi. Sharualargha memleket tarapynan týrli salyqtar salu olardyng jaghdayyn odan әri nasharlatyp jiberdi.

Keybir guberniyalarda salyq jerding týsiminen bes jәne odan da kóp ese boldy. Múnday sәikessizdik sharua sharuashylyghyn memleketke qaryzdar etti.Mysaly, 1891 jyly memlekettik budjet boyynsha qaryz mynaday payyzdy qúrady: Samara guberniyasynda - jyldyq enbekaqynyng 306 %-y, Ufada - 249,4 %, Orynbor - 245 %, Qazan - 202,3 %, Nijgorod - 95,2%. Týrli tólemderding ósui sharualardyng әr kýz sayyn astyghyn tómen baghamen satugha, al qysta jәne kóktem boyy ony ózining qajeti men kóktemgi egis ýshin joghary baghamen satyp alugha mәjbýr boldy [8].

Revolusiyagha deyingi derevnya taptyq qúrylymy jaghynan birtekti bolghan joq,  taptyq túrghydan jik­teldi. Onda bir jaghynan sharualardyng qalyng búqa­rasy qayyrshylanyp, kedeylense, bir jaghynan sol kedeylengen sharualardyng esebinen derevnya bur­juaziyasy - kulaktar bayydy.

Kedeyler men ortasha sharualardy pomeshikpen qatar ósimqorlar da qanady. Olar kedey sharuanyng kóktemde qaryzgha alghan bir pút astyghyn, kýzde eki, ýsh ese qaytaryp otyrdy. Ábden qayyrshylanghan sharuagha júmys tabu maqsatynda Reseydi kezip, pomeshikter men kulaktargha jaldanyp júmys isteuge, basqa kәsippen ainalysu ýshin qalagha ketuden basqa amaly qalmady. Osylay keshe ghana krepostnoy ezgiden qútylghan patriarhaldy derevnya, kapitaldyng qanauyna berildi.

Múnday auyr jaghdayda sharualardyng shetki últtyq aimaqtargha qonys audaruy, ashtyqtan ólu qaupinen qútyludyng jalghyz joly boldy. Sol sebepten, jyl sayyn, europalyq Reseyding ondaghan myng sharualary otyrghan jerlerin tastap, Sibir men qazaq dalalarynan «bos» jerlerdi izdeuge shyqty.

Qazaq dalalaryn sharualardyng otarlauy HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary Aqmola oblysynda birinshi poselkelerding payda boluymen bastaldy. Sharualardy jer sharuashylyghymen ainalysugha yn­ghayly, klimaty júmsaq Kókshetau, Atbasar, Petro­pavl, Aqmola uezderi qyzyqtyryp, búl jerlerde poselkelerding payda boluyna alyp keldi.

Qonys audaru basqarmasynyng mәlimeti boyynsha qonys audarushylar kóbine tórt dalaly Aqmola, Torghay, Semey, Oral oblystaryna kóshti. Olar Resey­ding ontýstik guberniyalary - Voronej, Volyni, Polta­va, Saratov, Harikov, Herson, Kiyev, Chernigovtyng túr­ghyndary boldy [9].

Qazaq dalasyna qonys audarudyng bastapqy ke­zeni qazaq túrghyndary men qonys audarushylardyng arasynda jerdi jalgha beru kelisimimen shekteldi.

Qonys audarushylardyng sany jyldan-jylgha óse týsti. Múnday jaghday patsha ýkimetin qonys audaru mәselesimen ainalysudy jәne ony retteu sharalaryn jýrgizuge mәjbýrledi. Sonymen qatar 1881 jyly bolghan ashtyq kezinde sharualar qozghalysynyng ósui patsha ýkimetining búl mәselege eski kózqarasyn óz­gertuge alyp keldi.

1881 j. ayaghynda patsha ýkimeti qonys audaru turaly uaqytsha erejeni engizdi. Búl ereje boyynsha sharualar tiyisti biylik organdarynyng rúqsaty bolghan jaghdayda ghana shetki aimaqtargha qonys audara aldy. Alayda bir jyldan keyin 1883 jyly sharualardyng Qazaqstangha qonys audaruy toqtatyldy.

1889 j. qonys audaru turaly zang shyqpastan búryn, oghan ýlken dayyndyq júmystary jýrgizildi. Búl mәsele jóninde birneshe komissiyalar qúrylyp, mәsele jalpy kenesterde talqylandy.

Al zang shyqqanda qonys audaru isi ýkimet organ­darynyng qolynda qalatyny, jeke túlghalardyng kóshui­ne memlekettik mýlik ministrining rúqsat qaghazynyng boluy, osynday rúqsat qaghazy joq sharualar óz betimen qonys audarushylar dep eseptelip, tirkelgen jerine әkimshilik tәrtippen qaytarylatyny kórsetildi. Zanda sharualargha bólinetin jer kólemi, beriletin jenildikter de boldy. Búl zannyng maqsaty - damyp kele jatqan qonys audaru qozghalysyn tejeu jәne ony burokrattyq is shenberinde qaldyru.

Patsha ýkimeti halyq búqarasynyng qonys audaru qozghalysynyng tolqynyn toqtata almady. Osy zannyng negizinde 1892 jyly qonys audarugha 17289 janúyagha rúqsat berilgen bolsa, shyn mәninde qonys audarghan janúyanyng sany 28911-ge jetti. Búdan biz patsha әkimshiligining san qily әreketine qaramastan, qonys audarushylardyng kóbi oghan baghynbaghanyn kóremiz.

Qonys audaru isi Sibir temir joly salynghangha deyin osynday boldy.

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