Sh. Sh. UÁLIHANOV, M. I. VENUKOV JÁNE

ÓZGE ORYS SAYaHATShYLARYNYNG ORTALYQ AZIYa

TURALY ENBEKTERINING AGhYLShYNShA BASYLYMDAGhY ALGhYSÓZINING

AUDARMASY

Orta Aziyanyng geografiyasy men sayasy tarihyna qosylghan qúndy ýles Sankt-Peterborda shyghatyn merzimdi basylymdar bolyp tabylady. Ókinishke oray búl basylymdar orys tilinde jariyalanghandyqtan, bizde paydalanylmaydy.

Qoqan handyghynda әli izi suymaghan sayasy oqighalarmen baylanysty songhy kezderdegi Orta Aziyagha degen qyzyghushylyqtyng óse týsui men Reseyde alys jatqan audandar  turaly mәlimetting azdyghy Angliyada jaghdaydy tolyqqandy týsinuge mýmkindik bermedi. Osy jay orys tilinde jazylghan eng manyzdy materialdardy jinaqtap, aghylshyn tiline audarugha týrtki boldy. Osy tomdy qúraytyn birneshe bólimder Sankt-Peterborda jariyalana salysymen júrttyng qyzyghushylyghyn tudyrdy, olardyng avtorlary Orta Aziyany arnayy zerttegen tanymal orys geograftary men sayahatshylary.

Sh. Sh. UÁLIHANOV, M. I. VENUKOV JÁNE

ÓZGE ORYS SAYaHATShYLARYNYNG ORTALYQ AZIYa

TURALY ENBEKTERINING AGhYLShYNShA BASYLYMDAGhY ALGhYSÓZINING

AUDARMASY

Orta Aziyanyng geografiyasy men sayasy tarihyna qosylghan qúndy ýles Sankt-Peterborda shyghatyn merzimdi basylymdar bolyp tabylady. Ókinishke oray búl basylymdar orys tilinde jariyalanghandyqtan, bizde paydalanylmaydy.

Qoqan handyghynda әli izi suymaghan sayasy oqighalarmen baylanysty songhy kezderdegi Orta Aziyagha degen qyzyghushylyqtyng óse týsui men Reseyde alys jatqan audandar  turaly mәlimetting azdyghy Angliyada jaghdaydy tolyqqandy týsinuge mýmkindik bermedi. Osy jay orys tilinde jazylghan eng manyzdy materialdardy jinaqtap, aghylshyn tiline audarugha týrtki boldy. Osy tomdy qúraytyn birneshe bólimder Sankt-Peterborda jariyalana salysymen júrttyng qyzyghushylyghyn tudyrdy, olardyng avtorlary Orta Aziyany arnayy zerttegen tanymal orys geograftary men sayahatshylary.

Osynda úsynylghan Orta Aziyagha jasalghan sayahattar esepterining ishinen kapitan Uәlihanovtyng Jonghariya men Shyghys Týrkistan jayly jazghan habarlamalary erekshe oryn alady. Marko Polo men iyezuit Goesting zamanynan beri A. Shlagintveytten basqa birde-bir europalyq búl jerlerge ayaq baspaghany bizge mәlim. Europalyqtargha degen qorqynysh pen kýdik, onyng ýstine túrghyndardyng diny fanatizmi keyingi zertteushiler ýshin búl eldi qol jetpestey qyldy, al Qashghar saparyna tәuekel etken sayahatshynyng qayghyly taghdyry sonda barugha әreket jasalsa, qaytalanuy mýmkin ekenin anyq kórsetedi.

Uәlihanovtyng Jonghariya men Shyghys Týrkistangha sapary óte qolayly jaghdaylarda jýzege asty. Ol - әri orys әskerining qyzmetindegi ofiyser, әri óte bilimdi adam. Ol - qyrghyz súltanynyng úly jәne dala perzenti. Sondyqtan Orta Aziyanyng salty men tilin jaqsy mengergen jәne ol Reseymen baylanysty dep eshkim kýdiktengen joq. Ol Qashghargha deyin margelandyq kópes retinde Qoqan keruenimen jetti. Onyng Qashghar men Shyghys Týrkistannyng sayasy jaghdayy jayly sipattamalary býgingi kýnde ol elder jayly bizding qolymyzda bar mardymsyz mәlimetterge qosylghan qomaqty ýles.

Reseyding ózge handyqtarmen sayasy baylanysy sipattalatyn jәne Reseyding Qyrghyz dalasyndaghy jәne Syrdariya nemese Yaksart boyynda biyligining nyghangy bayandalghan bólimder Reseyding Orta Aziyadaghy qazirgi jaghdayy qanday ekeni turaly aghylshyndargha dúrys týsinik beredi; oqyrmandargha búl әngimeler men sipattamalardy jetkize otyryp, olardyng avtorlary geograf ghalymdar bolghandyqtan, óz júmystaryn qanday da bir sayasy maqsat kózdemey, әdil atqarghanyn aitu qajet.

Keshe ghana Qoqan qalalary men qamaldarynyng basyp alynuy, sóitip Týrkistan atty jana aimaqtyng qúryluy aghylshyn qoghamynyng belgili bir bóligining Britandyq Ýndistangha qarsy dúshpandyq pighyldaghy kýdikterin kýsheytti. Syrdariya shebining Shyghys Sibir shebimen2 qosyluy Reseyding jer kólemin úlghaytty, endi solar boyynsha Amur ózeninen Aral tenizindegi Yaksart saghasyna deyin aiqyn әskery shekarany belgilep shyghugha bolady. Týrkistan men Shymkentti basyp aludyng saldarynan bolghan búl birigu jýzege asqangha deyin, Syrdariya boyynda әskery koloniyalar boy kórsete bastady, ol Orynbordy ainalyp ótetin joldan basqa, Sibirding eng shetki ontýstik nýktesi sanalatyn Vernyy bekinisining garnizonymen eshqanday baylanysy bolmady.

Búhara men Hiuanyng jәne Qoqannyng Resey biyliginde ekeni esh kýmәn tughyzbaydy, uaqyt óte kele oghan baghynuy da ghajap emes, biraq osy kitapty oqy otyryp, qazirgi uaqytta jer kólemi ýlken, al kýshi shamaly, ortalyghy tyghyz ornalaspaghan jәne sayasy qayta úiymdastyrudyng úzaq ta, mazasyz kezenin bastan ótkizip jatqan imperiya ýshin múnday jaulap alushylyqtyng paydasyz ekenin bayqaymyz. Britandyq Ýndistangha qatysty josparlardy Kaspiy tenizi arqyly da, Búharadaghy armiya kómegimen de jýzege asyrugha bolady. Orys әskerlerining Aughanstangha basyp kirui ýshin dәl osynday qashyqtyqty basyp ótip, temirjol men ózen arqyly jyljityn jәne jaqsy qarulanghan britandyq әsker qaupine tótep berui tiyis.

Basqa jaghynan alghanda, Orta Aziyamen orys saudasynyng damuy men qauipsizdigi Angliyagha payda әkelui tiyis. Býginde Búhara Reseydi maqtamen, kepken jemistermen, ózge tauarlarmen qamtamasyz etedi jәne olardyng jarty baghasyna auyr ónerkәsip ónimderin, aghash jәshikter men arzan mata, dәmdeuishter alyp otyr. Búl dәmdeuishter - Orta Aziyanyng ózderi joghary baghalaytyn, alayda tómengi sapaly ónimderine satyp ala almaytyn, aghylshyn óndiris tauarlaryna aiyrbasqa úsyna alatyn jalghyz tauar. Bayau ýrdispen taralyp kele jatqan gýldenu Týrkistan jazyghyna jayylghan sayyn, aghylshyn ónerkәsip tauaryna degen súranys jәne qazirgi kýni joqtyng qasy deuge bolatyn, olardy satyp alatyn zattar tarala týspek. Degenmen barlyq sayasy oi-pikirlerden tys orys ghalymdarynyng әli belgisiz jәne óte qyzyqty el turaly habarlary saraptaudy qajet etip, qyzu qoldaugha túrady. Kitaptaghy gravuralar general Ignatievting Hiua men Búharada3 songhy missiyasyn atqaru kezinde týsirilgen fotosuretter týrinde, al qosymsha karta songhy orys derekterine sәikes syzylghan; kirispe ýshin Korolidik Geografiyalyq qogham hatshysynyng orynbasary marqúm Hium Grinfilid myrzagha alghys aitamyz, kitapty basyp shygharuda onyng ghylymy kómegi ólsheusiz.

QAZANAMA1

(1865 jylghy qazanamalargha qosymsha)

Shoqan Shynghysúly Uәlihanov ózining Qashghargha jasaghan saparymen tanymal. Ol Orta jýz qyrghyzdary súltandarynyng úrpaghy, biraq Ombydaghy Sibir kadet korpusynda tәrbiyelengen, 1853 jyly Sibir kazaktary shebine qyzmetke túrdy, al 1854 jyly Batys Sibir general-gubernatorynyng adiutanty boldy. Ortalyq Aziyanyng bir bóligining jalpy jaghdayy men sauda joldaryn anyqtau ýshin ol ýkimet tapsyrmasymen 1858 jyly Qashghargha attanyp, kóptegen qiynshylyqtar men qauip-qaterden song 1859 jyly Vernyy bekinisine oraldy. Ol Adolif Shlagintveytti eseptemegende, Marko Polodan keyin Qashghargha sapar shekken birinshi europalyq boldy. Ol A. Shlaginveytting ólimi jayly naqty mәlimetter jinap әkeldi. «Jonghariya ocherkteri» men «Qytaydyng Nani-Lu provinsiyasynyng alty ýlken shyghys qalasynyng jaghdayy turaly» (Imp. Orys geog. qoghamynyng jazbalary, 1861 j.) enbekteri onyng osy sayahattan alyp kelgen manyzy zor, әsirese, etnografiyalyq materialdardy týgel qamty almaydy. Sayahattan keyin ómir sýrgen Peterbordyng aua rayy ókpe auruynyng sebepkeri boldy, ol em izdep tughan dalasyna oralghanymen, 31 jasynda dýniyeden ótti*1

Audarmany jasaghan V. N. Nastich