PROF. I. N. BEREZINNING «HAN JARLYGhY»

[KITABYNA ESKERTPELER]

(Toqtamys hannyng Yagaylogha arnaghan jarlyghy. Qazan, 1850 jyl)

UShJ, T. I, Almaty, 1961 j., 131-141 bb. mәtini boyynsha basylyp otyr.

Prof. I. N. Berezinning 1850-1851 jyldary shyqqan kitabyna resenziyanyng bastapqy núsqasy («Altyn Ordanyng ishki qúrylymy (han jarlyqtary boyynsha)». SPb, 1850: «Toqtamystyn, Temir-Qútlyqtyng jәne Saadat Giyreyding tarhandyq búiryqtary», Qazan, 1851). Resenziya Qazembek polyak tilinde jariyalaghan jarlyqtyng bir bóligin salystyrmaly transkripsiyamen bergen «Altyn Orda hany Toqtamystyng polyak koroly Yagaylogha jarlyghy, 1392 1393» Qazan, 1850. atty kitapta keltirilgen Toqtamystyng Yagaylogha jarlyghynyng týrkilik mәtinin jәne Uәlihanovtyng týsiniktemesin qamtidy. «Uәlihanovtyng shyghystanu boyynsha jazbalary» (SGALI, F. 118, Op. 1, №469, 2-2 ob. 3-3 ob.) dep atalatyn jeke papkada bólek bólek qaghaz kýiinde saqtalghan. Uәlihanov jarlyqtyng ózi jasaghan audarmasyn bermey, onyng kóne orys tilindegi núsqasyn úsynumen shektelgen, onyng oqyluynyng birneshe núsqasy men qosymshalary bar, búl núsqa Toqtamystyng Yagaylugha jazghan diplomatiyalyq hatynyng kóshirmesi.

PROF. I. N. BEREZINNING «HAN JARLYGhY»

[KITABYNA ESKERTPELER]

(Toqtamys hannyng Yagaylogha arnaghan jarlyghy. Qazan, 1850 jyl)

UShJ, T. I, Almaty, 1961 j., 131-141 bb. mәtini boyynsha basylyp otyr.

Prof. I. N. Berezinning 1850-1851 jyldary shyqqan kitabyna resenziyanyng bastapqy núsqasy («Altyn Ordanyng ishki qúrylymy (han jarlyqtary boyynsha)». SPb, 1850: «Toqtamystyn, Temir-Qútlyqtyng jәne Saadat Giyreyding tarhandyq búiryqtary», Qazan, 1851). Resenziya Qazembek polyak tilinde jariyalaghan jarlyqtyng bir bóligin salystyrmaly transkripsiyamen bergen «Altyn Orda hany Toqtamystyng polyak koroly Yagaylogha jarlyghy, 1392 1393» Qazan, 1850. atty kitapta keltirilgen Toqtamystyng Yagaylogha jarlyghynyng týrkilik mәtinin jәne Uәlihanovtyng týsiniktemesin qamtidy. «Uәlihanovtyng shyghystanu boyynsha jazbalary» (SGALI, F. 118, Op. 1, №469, 2-2 ob. 3-3 ob.) dep atalatyn jeke papkada bólek bólek qaghaz kýiinde saqtalghan. Uәlihanov jarlyqtyng ózi jasaghan audarmasyn bermey, onyng kóne orys tilindegi núsqasyn úsynumen shektelgen, onyng oqyluynyng birneshe núsqasy men qosymshalary bar, búl núsqa Toqtamystyng Yagaylugha jazghan diplomatiyalyq hatynyng kóshirmesi.

7 bet, 8 syrt pen 16 bet, 16 syrttaghy Uәlihanovtyng Temir Qútlyq jarlyghyna, Toqtamystyng tarhandyq jarlyghyna jәne Saadat Giyreyding jarlyghyna jasaghan týsiniktemelerin qamtidy.

Qoljazbada kýn qoyylmaghan, ol shamasy, Berezin Kostyleskiy arqyly Uәlihanovtan han jarlyghynda kezdesetin biraz kóne sózderding maghynasyn anyqtau turaly ótinish bildirgennen keyin jazylsa kerek. Berezin men Kostyleskiyding hattarynan mәlim bolghanday, ol aldymen Kostyleskiyge ótinish bildirgen, biraq songhysy dúrys jauap bere almaydy. 1852 j, 7 tamyzdaghy hatynda Kostyleskiy bylay dep jazady: «Sizden Leshev arqyly jәne I. I. Zaharov arqyly eki hat aldym, biraq, jauap bere almadym. «Daghystan jәne Zakavkazie boyynsha sayahat» jәne «Toqtamys jarlyqtaryn»... jibergeninizge alghys aitamyn. «Toqtamys jarlyqtaryndaghy» keybir týsiniksiz sózderge keletin bolsaq, bar niyetimimmen jәrdemdeskim kelgenimmen, mening qolymnan kelmeydi... Degenmen, men ózimning keybir shәkirtterimmen hat alysyp túramyn, olar týrli núsqaularmen dalany sharlap jýr» (NBTGU, arhiv G. N. Potanina №129/b, L. 5346). Kostyleskiyding shәkirtterining ishinde onyng úsynysyna birinshi bolyp Sh. Ualihanov jauap qaytardy.

1 Narushevich Adam Stanislav (1733 1796) - kórnekti polyak tarihshysy, aqyn, ertedegi avtorlar audarmashysy. 1755 jyldan bastap Viylen akademiyasynyng professory. Polyak halqynyng tarihy jәne kóne dәuirden XVIII ghasyrgha deyingi Qyrym tarihy boyynsha kóp tomdyq enbekting avtory.

2 Obolenskiy Mihail Andreevich (1805-1873) - tarihshy-múraghatttanushy, Syrtqy ister ministrligining Mәskeu bas múraghatynyng diyrektory. Zattyq jәne jazba mәlimet kózderin jinaqtap, bastyrushy. Onyng enbekterining tizimi «Russkaya starina» (1873, №2) jurnalynda jariyalanghan.

3 Fren Hristian Martin Yoahiym (Reseyde - Hristian Danilovich (1782-1851) - akademiyk, kórnekti orys shyghystanushysy, 1807 jyldan bastap Qazan uniyversiytetinde shyghys tilderining professory, onyng negizin qalaushylardyng biri, al 1818-1842 jyldary Ghylym akademiyasynyng Aziya muzeyining diyrektory. Akademik ataghyn alghannan keyin Fren shyghys derekkózderin - kóne qoljazbalar men tiyndardy, jazulardy zertteumen týbegeyli ainalysqan.

H. Fren shyghys numizmatikasynyng naghyz bilgiri boldy. Búl mәselege arnalghan kóptegen júmystardyng ishinde әli kýnge deyin óz manyzyn joghaltpaghan enbekteri: «De Academiae Imp. Scientarum Petropolitanae Museo numario moslemico...» Petropoli, (SPb) 1818; Resensio numorum muhammedanorum Academiae Imp. Scientarum Petropolitanae ...», Petropoli, 1826; Joshy úlysy nemese Altyn Orda handarynyng aqshasy, ózge músylman dinastiyalarynyng tiynymen qosa...», SPb, 1832 jәne t. b. Orys týrkitanuyna H. M. Fren týrki tildi qoljazbalar týsiniktemelerining avtory jәne Ábilghazynyng «Shejire y týrk» (XVII gh.) shygharmasyn bastyrushysy retinde kirdi. H. M. Frening ghylymy enbekterin turaly qaranyz: «Dorn B, Das Asiatische Museum der kaiser». Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St-Petersburg. SPb, 1846; Dorn B. «Akademik Fren y ego uchenaya deyatelinosti». - UZAN: t. 3, vyp. 3, SPb, 1855, SS. 429-465; Saveliev P. S. «O jizny y uchenyh trudah Frena». SPb, 1855; Krachkovskiy I. Yu. «Ocherky po istoriy russkoy arabistikiy». - Izbr. soch., t. 5, M. 1958, SS. 71-75.

4 Shmidt Yakov (Isaak) Ivanovich (1779-1897) - orys shyghystanushysy, monghol jәne tiybet tilderining mamany, Peterbor ghylym akademiyasynyng adiunkt akademiygi. Onyng negizgi enbekteri: «Monghol tilining grammatikasy» (SPb, 1831); «Monghol nemis orys sózdigi» (SPb, 1835); «Tiybet nemis sózdigi» (SPb, 1841).

5 Kovalevskiy Osip Mihaylovich (1800-1870) - mongholtanushy orys ghalymy. 1833-1860 - Qazan uniyversiytetining professory, 1862 - Varshava bas mektebining professory. Kovalevskiyding negizgi enbekteri: «Monghol kitap tilining qysqa grammatikasy» (1835); eki tomdyq «Monghol hrestomatiyasy» (1836-1837); ýsh tomdyq «Monghol orys fransuz sózdigi» (1844-1849); «Mongholdar tarihy»; «Monghol әdebiyetining tarihy»; «Buddizm tarihy».

6 Kazembek Aleksandr Kasimovich (Myrza Múhammed Ali) (1802-1870) - kórnekti orys shyghystanushysy; shyqqan tegi boyynsha әzirbayjan, sholastikalyq músylmandyq bilim alghan. 1827 jyldan bastap Qazan uniyversiytetinde parsy jәne tatar týrik әdeby shygharmalar tarihy boyynsha professor; al 1849 j. bastap Peterbor uniyversiytetindegi parsy әdeby shygharmashylyghy kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, Peterbor ghylym akademiyasynyng korrespondent mýshesi. Kavkaz tarihy, Iran, Orta Aziya jәne Qyrym, islam tarihy boyynsha kitaptar jazghan; tatar týrik tilderining jalpy grammatikasyn qúrastyrghan. Týrik, arab jәne parsy tilderindegi ózge de enbekterding avtory.

7 Gammer (Hammer-Purgshtali Yozef) (1774-1856) - Avstriya diplomaty jәne tarihshy shyghystanushy, Altyn Orda tarihynyng bilgir mamany. Negizgi enbekteri: «Hammer - Purgstall J. Geschichte der Goldenen Horde in Kiptschak, das ist: der Mongolen in Russland. Pesth, 1840. Geschichte der Hchane, das ist der Mongolen in Persien. Bd, I-II. Darmstadt, 1842-1843».

8 Hijra jyl sanauy boyynsha 795 jyl Rajab aiynyng 8-i 20 mamyr, 1393 jylgha sәikes keledi.

9 Vershok - orystyng metrge deyingi ólshemi, 4,45 cm ge sәikes keledi. 9 vershok 40 santiymetrge juyq.

10 Banzarov Dorjiy (1823-1855 jj.) - buryat ghalymy, etnograf jәne shyghystanushy. Banzarovtyng atauly enbekteri: onyng dissertasiyasy «Qara senim nemese mongholdardyng shamanizmi» (1846 j.) - shamandyq turaly alghashqy ghylymy júmys; «Payze nemese monghol handarynyng metall taqtayshalargha jazylghan jarlyqtary» (ZANO, 11t., 1850 j.).

11 Grigoriev Vasiliy Vasilievich (1816-1881 j.) - orys shyghystanushysy, Peterbor ghylym akademisynyng korrespondent mýshesi, Orta Aziya men Qazaqstan halyqtarynyng tarihyn, geografiyasyn jәne kóne múralaryn zertteushi. Onyng atauly enbekteri: «Skif halyqtary saqtar turaly. Tarihy monografiya» (SPb, 1871 j.); «Altyn Orda handarynyng orys ruhany ókilderine bergen jarlyghynyng anyqtyghy», M, 1842; «Hiua handyghy men oghan Sarayshyq bekinisinen baratyn joldyng sipattamasy» (ZRGO, 1861, №2, 105 138 b.); «O kuficheskih monetah, nahodimyh v Rossiy y pribaltiyskih stranah, kak istochnikah dlya drevneyshney otechestvennoy istorii» (ZOOIYD, t. 1, Odessa, 1842, SS. 115 166). Ritterding «Zemlevedeniya» eki tomdyq audarymasyn jasap, «Vostochnyy ily Kitayskiy Turkestan» vyp. II (SPb., 1873) degen týsiniktemeler men eskertuler qosty. Grigorievting negizgi maqalalary «Rossiya y Aziya» (1876) jinaghyna endi. Orynbor qazaqtary oblysynyng basqarmasy bolghan kezde Grigoriev qazaq halqynyng mәdeniyeti tarihyna biraz enbekter arnady. Ol Shoqanmen tanys bolghan, Uәlihanovtyng manyzdy qoljazbalarynyng ýlken bóligi Grigoriev múraghatynda saqtauly túr (SGALI, F. 159, №179).

12 Polevoy Nikolay Alekseevich (1796-1846) - orys jurnaliysi, jazushy, tarihshy. 1817 jyldan bastap Sankt Peterbor jәne Mәskeu jurnaldarynda qyzmet istegen. 1825-1834 jyldary «Moskovskiy telegraf» jurnalyn shyghardy.

13 Uәlihanov uaqytty esepteude shatasqan (8 týsindirmeni qaranyz).

14 Asan - esim anyqtalmady; Kotlubuga (Kútlyq Búqa) - Joshy úrpaghynan shyqqan әmir, 1361 1375 jyldary Aq Ordany biylegen Orys hannyng úly (Leni-Puli, Musulimanskie dinastiy maqalasy. Aghylshyn tilinen audarghan V. V. Bartolid. SPb, 1899, S. 192; MIKH, S. 42). Toqtamystyng 1831 jәne 1392 1393 jj. Litva koroli Yagoylogha elshiligi turaly. Qaranyz: Spuler B. Die Goldene Horde. Die Mongolen in Russland. 1223 1502. Leipzig, 1965, S. 131 132. Grekov B. D; Yakubovskiy A. Yu. Zolotaya Orda y ee padeniye. M, 1950; S. 324. Grekov I. B. Vostochnaya Evropa y upadok Zolotoy Ordy. M, 1975, SS. 152, 211; Sultanov T. I. Pisima zolotoordynskih hanov. Turkologicheskiy sborniyk. 1975, M, 1978.

15 Trokiy - Litva knyazi Vitovtyng múralyq iyeligi, Yagaylo jaulap alyp, keyinnen 1432 jyly Vitovty ózining orynbasary retinde Litva knyazidigining biyleushisi etip saylap ózge múralyq jerlerimen birge qaytarady. Troky qalasy (qazigi aty Trakay) Vilinustyng batysqa 20 shaqyrym jerde ornalasqan.

16 Bekbolat, Qoja Mediyn (naq. Hodjam Diyn), Bekgich (mәtinde: Bekish ne Biykesh), Turduchak jәne t. b. - anyqtalmaghan ataular. Qaranyz: V. V. Bartolid, Otes Ediygeya - Sochiyneniya. t. 2, chasti 1, M. 1963. SS. 801 802.

17 Tiknya - týrkilik týpnúsqa hatta búl esim atalmaydy. Shamasy, Toqtamystyng zamandasy, knyazi Tegin Shirinskiy bolsa kerek.

18 Idikgiy (keyde - Idigu, Edigu, Edige) - bek, manghyt taypasynyng әmiri, Toqtamystyng túsynda «saray mengerushisi» bolghan, ol dýnie salghan song Altyn Ordany is jýzinde basqarghan, 1419 jyly qaytys boldy. Aqsaq - Ámir Temirding laqap aty (1370 1405).

19 Chernyy Pesok - Qaraqúm shóli.

20 Tulu - Ochjya (Tulu qoja) - esim anyqtalmaghan.

21 «...tauyq jyly erejep aiyndaghy...» - Týrki monghol jyl sanauy boyynsha tauyq jyly 1393 jyldyng 6-aqpanynda bastaldy. Erejep - búrmalanghan arab sózi رجب «rajab» (músylman ay kýntizbesi boyynsha 7-shi ai). Qaranyz: 8 týsindirme.

22 6 3/4 vershok 30 santiymetrge ten.

23 Temir - Qútlyq (Temur Kutlug, Timur Kutlug) - Altyn Orda hany (1395 1401), Toqtamystan keyin ordany biylegen Temirding adamy.

24 Ong jәne sol jaq qanattargha bólu (múnda on jәne sol qol) - Euraziyany mekendegen dala taypalary arasynda erte zamannan bar dәstýr.

25 Mashayyq pen әulie - eki sóz de arab tilindegi شیخ sheyh jәne ولی uәly sózderining kópshe týrleri. Orta Aziya men Qazaqstanda basqa maghynasynda qoldanylyp, jekeshe týrde sanalghan (qaranyz: «Úly jýzding anyz-әngimelerine» týsindirme).

26 Búqauyl - dúrysy, han asyn retteushi (qaranyz: V. V. Bartolid. Turkestan v epohu mongoliskogo nashestviya. Soch. t. I, M, 1963, S. 447)

27 قوشچی (qússhy) - Búl sózdi Uәlihanov «býrkitshi» retinde emes, «joryq kezindegi qyzmetshi» retinde týsindirip, ony qos قوش jәne qosshy قوشچی sózderinen taratady.

28 سالیق، سالیغ (salygh, salyq). Uәlihanov búl terminning tek bir ghana maghynasyn beredi - qos, lageri. Salyq dep jәne de «jyl sayyn alynatyn salym» týrin de aitady. (keyingi derekter men qújattarda اليق alyq nemese اليغ alygh, basqasha الغوت وصالغوت tirkesi bolyp kezdesedi). Salyq salmaq - salyq salu.

29 (ییل سانی) - dúrys oqylmaghan, Uәlihanov dúrys oqyghan (ییل ساین) jyl sayyn. Jarlyqta jyl sayyn ósip bara jatqan salyq turaly aitylady.

30اوسال، اوصال - osal, әlsiz, retsiz, dәrmensiz, tәrtipsiz. اوسال قیلماینچا - búzaqylyqty boldyrmau. Sóz tәrtip turaly, jyl sayynghy salyqty uaqytynda tóleu turaly bolyp otyr. Kóne qypshaq qújattarynda búl sóz óte jii kezdesedi. Mәselen, اوسال قیلدی - dúrys emes, qatelesip istedi; اوسال سز قیلور - mýltiksiz, jaqsy oryndady. (MSMA, ch. I-III, Izd-vo AN SSSR, M. -L 1938, S. 271).

31 Seadat (Saghadat) Giyrey - Qyrym hany, Menli Giyreyding úly, 1524 1532 jyldary biylik qúrghan.

32 Van Han - Shyghys Mongholiyanyng biyleushisi (XII gh. sony) - monghol aqsýiekterining kóshbasshysy Shynghyshan (Temuchiyn) shyqqan kereyit taypasynan.

34 Hulagular - XIII XIV ghasyrlardaghy Irandy biylegen monghol biyleushileri Hulagu (Ilihan) әuletining búrmalanghan atauy. Shaghatay - Shynghyshannyng úly, Mәurennahr, Jetisu jәne Shyghys Týrkistan úlystarynyng hany (1227-1241), Shaghatay әuletining negizin qalaushy.

35 Altan han (Altyn han) - Ontýstik Sibir jerlerin biylegen uranhay knyazderining laqap atauy. XVIII ghasyrdan keyin olardyng iyelikterining jartysy Qytaygha, jartysy Reseyge ótti.

36 Dәulet Giyrey - Qyrym hany (1551-1577), Menli Giyreyding nemeresi, ornynan alynghan Qazan hany Saqyp-Giyreyding jiyeni. Kóp ret Mәskeuge shabuyl jasap, barlyq joryqtarynda jeniliske úshyraghan. Patsha Ivan IV-den ýnemi Qazan men Astrahandy berudi talap etip, esesine óz dostyghyn úsynghan. Songhy joryghynda Mәskeu týbinde (1572) qyrymdyqtar oisyray jenildi (qaranyz: Karamzin N. M. Istoriy gosudarstva Rossiyskogo t. VIII-IX, SPb., 1892).

37 Dәulet Giyrey hannyng jarlyghy - eki qoljazba kýiinde: Uәlihanov kóshirip jazghan týpnúsqa men oryssha audarylghan taza núsqasymen saqtalghan. Audarmasyn jasaghan Uәlihanov. Bastapqy jazbada shyghys terminderining arasynda oryssha audarma jol arasyna jazylyp otyrghan. Arhiv AN SSSR, F. 23, Op. 1, №11, LL. 55-57 ob. avtorlyq kóshirme boyynsha jariyalanyp otyr.

38 Úlandar (oghlandar, ulandar) - biyleushi feodal aqsýiekterding (han, súltandardyn) úldary, Altyn Orda, Qyrym, Astrahan feodaldyq handyqtarynda, Shaghatay úlysy men Aq Ordada eng jogharghy әkimshilik jәne әskery qyzmetterdi atqarghan biylik etushi әulet mýsheleri. Olar әskery jәne sayasy mәselelerdi talqylauda, qúryltaylar men han saylauda manyzdy ról atqarghan.

39 Biyler - súltannan keyingi orynda túratyn lauazym, yqpaldy rubasylary, múralyq qúqyqqa ie bolghan.

40 Darughabek (darugha, kóne orys qújattarynda: doroga) - Altyn Orda hanynyng gubernatory, orynbasary, qazynagha alynatyn salyqty baqylaytyn negizgi qyzmetker.

41 «... ólshemdi baqylaushy» - arab tilindegi muhtasiblaringa termiyni osylaysha audarylghan. Muhtasib bazardaghy ólshemning dúrys-búrysyn qadaghalap, tekserip túrghan adam; taptyq dәrejede qazymen qatar túrdy.

42 Muezziyn (arab. ﻤﺆﺫﻦ muazziyn, orys tilinde әdette búrmalanyp - muedziyn, músylmandardaghy tómengi dәrejeli din qyzmetkeri, músylmandardy bes ret namaz oqugha shaqyratyn adam. Orta Aziya men Qazaqstanda әdette azanshy dep atalady (ﭼﻰ + ﺍﺫﺍﻦ); qazaqsha - azanshy.

43 Baqauyl - shekara qyzmetining bastyghy, shekara qyzmetkeri. Bakmak - «kýzetu, qarauylda túru» degen sózden shyqqan. Taghy bir týsiniktemesi: búqmaq - «tyghylu, týrin ózgertu, jasyryn ústau». Búl jaghdayda da sóz shekara qyzmeti turaly bolyp otyr. Búl termindi (ﺒﻮﻛﺎﻮﻞ) bukaul - han asyn úiymdastyrushymen shatastyrugha bolmaydy.

44 Ábu Salyam biy - esim búrmalanghan, mәtinde 'Abd as Salam biy.

45 Muharramnyng 977 j. milady boyynsha b.z. 1569 j. 16-15 mausymgha sәikes keledi.

46 Qarasu (Qarasubazar) - dalalyq Qyrymdaghy qala, qyrym handarynyng resiydensiyalarynyng biri