Qazirgi tanda Qazaq júrtyna mazhaby joq degen úghymmen qaraytyn salafiyler dep atalatyn aghym bar. Olar búrynghylar talqygha salyp arajigin aiqyndap qoyghan kebir taqyryptardy býgingi qoghamda ózekti mәselege ainaldyryp, diny sauaty tómen, qarapayym halyqtyng basyn qatyryp, meshitting qútyn qashyryp jýr. Olar ózderin «salaftardyng jolyn ústaymyz, bizdiki ghana dúrys» deydi. Salaftar degenimiz kimder? Ózderin salafiylermiz dep jýrgender shynymen salaftar ma? Sonda olardyng ghana joly dúrys bolghany ma?

Salafiyler úly ghalymdardy moyyndamaydy

Qazirgi tanda Qazaq júrtyna mazhaby joq degen úghymmen qaraytyn salafiyler dep atalatyn aghym bar. Olar búrynghylar talqygha salyp arajigin aiqyndap qoyghan kebir taqyryptardy býgingi qoghamda ózekti mәselege ainaldyryp, diny sauaty tómen, qarapayym halyqtyng basyn qatyryp, meshitting qútyn qashyryp jýr. Olar ózderin «salaftardyng jolyn ústaymyz, bizdiki ghana dúrys» deydi. Salaftar degenimiz kimder? Ózderin salafiylermiz dep jýrgender shynymen salaftar ma? Sonda olardyng ghana joly dúrys bolghany ma?

Salafiyler úly ghalymdardy moyyndamaydy

Calafy sózi kóbinshe, «reforma» jәne «janalanu» degen sózdermen sinonim retinde qoldanylyp ketken termiyn. Ári búl sóz Islam dinining alghashqy ghasyrlardaghy ómir sýrgen ghúlamalardyng kózqarastaryn bildiredi.
Songhy kezde, salafy dep, Jamal ad-Din әl-Aughaniy (1839-1897) men Múhammed Ádbuh (1849-1905) negizin qalaghan qozghalysqa aityldy. Olardyng negizgi maqsaty - dindi búrynghylardyng týsinigi boyynsha tikteu. Diny bilimderdi negizgi qaynar kózine qaytaru. Músylmandardyng ruhani, mәdeny jәne sayasy ústanymdaryn reformalau. Batys otarlaushylaryna mәdeny sinip ketuge qarsy túru edi.
Arab memleketterinde otarlaushylargha qarsy kóterilgen halyqtyng basynda osy qozghalys ókilderi jýrdi. 1930 jyldarda «salafiya» otarlaushylargha qarsy belsendi qozghalys bop sanaldy. Mysaly, Aljirde ibn Badis fransuzdardyng óktem sayasatyna, últtyq negizderin saqtau jәne sopylyq tariqattaryna qarsy ústanymgha bel buyp, Aljir ghúlamalar úiymyn qúryp, tәuelsizdik ýshin kýreste negizgi oryndy iyelendi.
Salafy qozghalysy músylman әlemining derlik bәrinde de payda bolyp, týrli memleketterde týrli baghyttarda boy kórsetken qozghalys.
Salaf sózi «búrynghylar» degen maghynany bildiredi. Islam dinining alghashqy ýsh ghasyryna jatatyn ghúlamalar toby «salaftar» dep atalghan. Búl talasy joq sharua. Hadis shәripte qayyrly, eng jaqsy dәuir (hoyrul qurun) dep atalyp ótken osy ýsh ghasyr. Yaghni, osy ýsh ghasyrdyng ishinde ómir sýrgen ghúlamalardyng diny nanym-senimderi, diny sheshimderi men ústanymdary eng senimdi әri olarmen sanasu kerek degen maghynany bildirgen.
Tórt mazhabtyng jetekshi imamdary Imam Ábu Hanifa (80-150 h.j), Imam Malik (94-179 h.j), Imam Shafighiy (150-204 h.j), Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164-241 h.j) (rahmatullahy alәihiym) Islam dinining alghashqy dәuirlerinde ómir sýrgen. Sondyqtan da tórteuin de «salaf әs-soliyh» imamdar deymiz. Islamnyng alghashqy dәuirlerinen beri búl tórt mazhab Payghambarymyz hazireti Múhammed (s.a.s) pen onyng sanlaq sahabalarynyng ústanymdaryna negizdelgendikten - «әhl әs-súnna uәl-jamaghat» dep tanylghan.
Al býgingi salafiylermiz dep jýrgender osy mazhab jetekshilerin, alghashqy ýsh ghasyrda ótken ghúlamalardy qúrmetteymiz, solardyng jolyn ústanamyz dep jatsa, onda әngime basqa. Alayda salafiyler olardyng eshqaysysyn mo-yyndamaydy jәne mazhab imamdarynyng birining de jolyn ústanbaydy.

Imam Aghzamgha qarsy túru mýmkin emes

Imam Aghzam Ábu Hanifa: «Eger hadis sahih yaghni, dúrys bolsa, sol mening mazhabym», «Mening sózime qayshy kelgen hadisting sahihtyghy (senimdiligi) mәlim bolsa, hadiske amal qylyndar, mening sózimdi tastandar», - dep aitqan. Múnday maghynaly sózdi imamdardyng tórteui de aitqan. Osy sózdi mazhab ústanghysy kelmeytin salafiyler jii qoldanady. Degenmen, salafiyler búl sózding maghynasyn týsinbeydi de, mazhab jetekshilerining osy sózderimen mazhab ústanudy týkke túrghysyz etuge tyrysady.
Mәshhur, ózi múj-tahid ghalym bolsa da, mazhab ústanghan ghúlama Imam Nauauiy (631 h.j tuylghan) búl pikirdi: «Imam Ábu Hanifa nemese imam Shafighiy solay degenin estip, kimde-kim bir sahih hadisti oqy sala, imam Shafighiyding nemese imam Ábu Hanifanyng ghylymy tújyrymyn, pәtuasyn tastap, mazhabyn qajetsiz etip, sahih hadiske amal qyla ber, degendi bildirmeydi», - dep týsindiredi.
Áueli, búl sóz jay adamdargha emes, bilim satysynda ýlken dәrejelerdi baghyndyrghan ghúlamalargha, ghúlama bolghanda da ijtihad qylugha dәrejesi jetken mújtahid ghalymdargha qatysty aitylghan. Biraq, ghalym ýshin de mazhab imamnyng pәtuasyna, sheshimine amal etpey, hadiske amal etu ýshin bir shart bar. Búl shart, imam Shafighiy nemese imam Ábu Hanifa dәl sol hadisti bilmegendigine kózin jetkizu nemese sol hadisting sahihtyghynan, yaghny dúrys ekenine imamdardyng habary joqtyghyna әlgi ghalymnyng senimi kәmil boluy kerek. Ol ýshin imam Shafighiy men imam Ábu Hanifanyng barlyq kitaptaryn oqyp shyghuy tiyis. Tipti ol imamdardyng shәkirtterining kitaptarymen de tanysuy qajet. Kórip túrghanynyzday búl bir qiyn, mýshkil shart. Búl shartqa ekining biri jauap bere almaytyny aidan anyq.
Demek, jogharydaghy әngimeler mújtahid ghalymdardyn, joghary bilimi bar ghúlamalar arasynda ghana aitylatyn, qoldanylatyn sóz. Al, búl әngimelerdi endi ghana namaz oqyp, oraza ústaudy iygere bastaghandargha aityp bastaryn qatyryp jýrgenderdi býgingi jamaghat ishinde salafiyler dep ataydy. Býgingi salafiyler mazhabsyzdyqqa, ózderining mazhab etkisi keletin aghymdaryna tartyp dýmshe molda, din búzar bolyp jýr.
Sharighat mәselelerin mújtahid ghalymdar kýshti talqygha, tәrtipke salyp әbden shyndaghan. Sharighatty shatastyrugha úrynghan sektanttar shataq shygharudy armandamasa da bolady.

Hanafiylerdi bekerge aiyptaydy

Árbir mazhab jetekshisi mújtahid ghalym. Olardan fiyqh ghylymy yaghni, sharighatta Qúran men sýnnetten jan-jaqty izdenip baryp, qajetti ýkimder alu arqyly kýndelikti tirshiliktegi әreketterding islam sharighatyna say boluyn qamtamasyz etetin asa qúndy ghylym, ýlken múra qalghan. Olardyng zertteu nәtiyjelerinen payda bolghan pәtualardy paydalanushyny muqalliyd, taqlid etushi deydi. Muqallid - mujtahid ghalym dәrejesine jetpegen kisi. Bizder barshamyz muqallid bolyp sanalamyz. Salafisymaqtar muqallid sózin «soqyr ilesushi» dep týsindirip jýr. Búl jansaq týsinik. Muqallid bolu ýshin de bilim qajet. Muqallidting enshisindegi dýnie mujtahid ghúlamanyng pәtuasymen jýru. Muqallid bop qatyp qal degen eshkim joq. Qolynnan kelse, mújtahid ghalym bol.
Salafy sózin ózderine jekeshelep alghandar pir tútatyn hijra jylynyng 661 jyly dýniyege kelgen ibn Taymiyya men 691 jyly tughan ibn Qayym (múny salafilar ashyq aitpasa da, eki sózining birinde sol imamdardy tilge alady) Imam Aghzam Ábu Hanifadan (r.a.) alty jýz jyl keyin ómir sýrgen ghalymdar. Osy, salaf aghymynyng eki imamyn shyn salaftardan alty ghasyrlyq qashyqtyq ajyratyp túr. Salaftar - alghashqy ýsh ghasyrdaghy ghúlamalar.
Salafiy sózin jekeshelep, ótirik salaf bop jýrgenderding basqalardan ajyrap túratyn túsy «salaf as-saliyh» bop tabylatyn tórt mazhabqa da tonmoyyndyq tanytularynda. Takapparlyq dertine shaldyqqan olar, tórt mazhabtyng jetekshi imamdarynyng «qatelikterin» tauyp, týzep qoyghanday. Sonda myng jyldan astam uaqyttan bergi mazhab ústap ótkender qatelesip jýrgeni me? Tórt mazhabtyng jetekshi imamdarynyng qatelikterin osy on eki ghasyrdyng ishinde eshkim kórmey, bilmey qalghan ba? Búl aqylgha qonbaytyn sharua. Múny «Atyng shyqpasa jer órte», degennen basqagha jorymaymyz. Mysaly, hanafy mazhabynda qoldy namazda bir ret qana kóteru kerek bolsa, olar namaz ishinde qoldy әrqaysysy әrqalay, әri birneshe ret kóteredi. Áriyne, Shafighiy jәne Hanbaliy mazhabtarynda da osylay qoldy kóteru bar. Degenmen, salifilar sol mazhabty ústanushymyn dese, bir basqa. Olar ol mazhabtardy ústanghannan emes, ózderine kónil audaru ýshin múny jasaydy.

Tórteu týgel bolsa...

Elimizge islam dini kelgenine myng eki jýz elu jylday bolypty. Qazaq eli imangha bet búrghannan bastap músylmanshylyqty hanafy mazhab negizinde tanyghan, amalda ghibadat, qúlshylyqtaryn osy hanafy mazhabymen atqarghan, sharighat ýkimderin de osy mazhabpen talqylap kelgen yaghni, on eki ghasyrdan beri bizding el hanafy mazhabyn ústanyp keledi. Sondyqtan bolsa kerek, elimiz músylmandary ýshin hanafy mazhab Islam dinining dәl negizindey qaynar kózi siyaqty bolyp ketken. Biraq, hanafy mazhaby dinimizding qaynar kózi sanalmaydy, dinimizding negizi qasiyetti Qúran men hazreti payghambarymyz Múhammedting (s.a.s.) sýnneti. Al mazhabymyz osy Qúran men sýnnetke negizdelgen. Mazhab - Qúran men sýnnetterdegi ýkimderden tuyndaytyn is. Mazhabtyng maqsaty músylman balasyna Qúran jәne hadisti dúrys, bayyppen týsindiru. Tórt mazhabtaghy aiyrmashylyqtar tek abzal jәne dúrys degen sózde ghana. Yaghni, ózimizding imam Aghzam mazhabymyzdaghy diny sheshimdi abzal sanaymyz, al qalghan ýsh mazhabtaghyn dúrys dep bilemiz.
Osy tórt mazhabtyng birine halyq júmylu arqyly ghasyrlar boyy islam әleminde músylmandar yntymaq, birlikte ghúmyr keship keledi. Qashan janadan bir aghym payda bola qalsa, ghúlamalar osy tórt mazhabtyng birin ústaugha halyqty uaghyzdap kelgen. On tórt ghasyrdan beri nendey ýlken ghúlamalar ótsedaghy osy bir mazhabtyng ókili retinde ótti. Ásirese, bizding myna búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary damyghan zamanda mazhab asa manyzdy, óte qajet. Al, auyzbirshilik auaday kerek. Al, alauyzdyqqa jol bersek aram pighyldy jymysqy aghymdargha «onay olja» bolarymyz anyq. Osy jaghdaydy arydan oilaghan dinbasymyz Ábsattar qajy Derbisәlining «bir din, bir mazhab» degen janayqayyna beyjay qaramasaq-edi.
Elimizdegi músylmandardyng úiymshyldyghy, auyzbirshiligi ýshin qanday da bir diny mәselede «bas-basyna by bolu emes» jýginetin oryn - Qazaqstan músylmandar diny basqarmasy nemese diny basqarmasynyng jergilikti jerdegi ókiletti imamy bar. Sondyqtan eshqanday da salafizmge jәne de basqa diny «izmderge» Qazaqstanda qajettilik joq.
Qorytyndy. Qazirgi kezde meshitke kelushilerding bәrin әrtýrli jamaghattarda dep aitugha bolmaydy. Jaynamazgha tabandary janadan tie bastaghan bauyrlarymyz kóbine-kóp diny bilimi shamaly bolghandyqtan shanyraqqa qaramay beyәdeptilik әreketter kórsetip jatady. Onday qylyqtardyng baghzylary dórekilikten, al kóbi bilmestikten. Sondyqtan, meshitke kelgenining qúrmeti ýshin tәube, dep qoyamyz. «Jyly-jyly sóileseng jylan ininen shyghady. Qatty-qatty sóileseng músylman dinnen shyghady», dep aitylmay ma? Qazirgi kezde meshitterding basym kópshiligi óz ata-baba dәstýrine layyq baghyttaghy diny týsinikti ústanghan jastargha toly. Múnyng 90 payyzy - hanafittik baghyttaghy meshit jamaghattary. El boyynsha, meshitterding ústanghan baghyty osy mazhab bolghandyqtan, halyq ta sony tandaydy. Halyqqa imannyng negizderin ýiretetin imamdar da barshylyq. Sondyqtan halyqtyng «qaysysy dúrys?» dep alandauyna eshqanday negiz joq.

Baqtybay BEYSENBAEV, Sәduaqas qajy Ghylmany atyndaghy meshitting bas imamy

Imam Valeriya POROHOVA:
- Salafizmning dúrys atauy - vahhabizm. Keyingi kezde osy vahhabizm sózi jii qoldanylyp jýr. Vahhabizm arab әleminde on segizinshi ghasyrdyng sonynda payda boldy. Ol bizding mentaliytetimizge de, bizding uaqytymyzgha da say kelmeydi. Vahhabizm - Qúran islamynan auytqushylyq. Sheyh Múhammed Abdul Vahhabtyng missiyasy arabtardyng azyp-tozyp, búzyq jolgha týsuine baylanysty shyqqan. Onyng iydeologiyasy jaqsy bolghanymen, sol iydeologiyany jýzege asyrghan strategiyasy qangha toly edi. Ol adamdardy týzu jolgha qanday tәsilmen bolsa da salu kerek dep sheshken. Kýni ótken diny doktrinany býgingi mentaliytetke, býgingi mәdeniyetke әkelip tanu óte sholaqtyq. Sondyqtan vahhabizmdi kóptegen elder atymen qabyldamaydy.

www.egemen.kz

Onghar qajy ÓMIRBEK:
- Salafiylikti betke ústaghan uahabiylerding ziyandyghyn Diny basqarmanyng uaghyz jәne oqu-aghartu bólimining mengerushisi Ábdimýtәlip Dәurenbekov býge-shigesine deyin taldap berdi. Onyng tәuelsiz elimizding býgini men ertenine tiygizer ziyany shash etekten. Naqtylap aitqanda 70 jyl bodandyqtyng saldarynan óz dini men tarihynan qol ýzip qalghan músylman qauymynyng birligin búzyp, arasyna alauyzdyq tughyzu ýshin ózderin shynayy dindar salafitterding jolyn janghyrtushy retinde kórsetuge janyn saluda. Qay-qaydaghy qisynsyz dәleldermen jastardy adastyryp, Hanafy mәzhabyn san ghasyr boyy ústanyp kelgen ata-babalarymyzdyng jolyn mansúqtap, nadandyqqa shygharuda.

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