HIH ghasyrdyng II jartysynda aishylyq alys jerden Sankt-Peterburg uniyversiytetine bilim, ghylym, óner ýirenuge barghan Barlybek Syrtanov, Baqytjan Qarataev, Mәmbetәli Serdaliyn, Baqtygerey Qúlmanov, Abdolla Temirov syndy bir top qazaq jastary júrt isin týs kórmey, oyau jýrip izdeu – maqsat dep «Jerlester» úiymyn qúrdy. «Jerlester» – qazaq tarihyndaghy eng túnghysh úiytqy bolghan jastar úiymy. Qazaq qayratkerleri shyndalghan, ómirlik múrattaryn aiqyndaugha septigin tiygizgen úiymda olar basqosular ótkizip, týrli sharalar úiymdastyryp, tanymyn qalyptastyrdy. Sonymen búl úiym qalay dýniyege keldi, zamanynyng ynghayy qalay boldy? degen súraqtargha jauap berelik.
HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda tarihy ózgerister bola bastady. HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldarynda Qazaq jerining Resey qúramyna qosyluy patsha ókimetining subektivtik maqsattary men mýddesine say júmys jasady. Qazaq júrtynyng jigeri mýjile, jeri jyrymdalyp, talan-tarajgha týse bastady.
Últynyng hal ahualynyng mýshkildenui, sayqal sayasattyng syryn týsingen B.Syrtanov, B.Qarataev, M.Serdalinderding kóz aldynda ótti. Dәl osynday kýrdeli de asa auyr jaghdayda tarihy sahnagha Sankt-Peterburgke oqugha attanghan qazaq jastary shyqty.
Barlyghyn da el ýkili ýmitpen attandyrghan edi. M.Tynyshbaev ústazy B.Syrtanov turaly ózining esteliginde: «…Sonday qiynshylyqta Jetisu degen bir týkpirden qazaq kórmegen ya estimegen jerge Barlybek …jaryq dýnie kóruge, keyingilerge ýlgi bolyp, jol kórsetu ýshin jalghyz ketti» deydi. Al Jetisu oblysynan túnghysh bolyp Sankt-Peterburgke bilim alugha attanyp bara jatqan Barlybek Syrtanovty býkil el bolyp, Qúdayy tamaq berip, Qúran oqytyp jәne jighan-tergenderin qolyna ústatyp úzaq sapargha shygharyp salady. Osylaysha әrbir qazaq balasy el amanatyn arqalap Sankt-Peterburgke kelgen bolatyn.
Qazaq qoghamyndaghy qalyptasqan әleumettik jaghdaylar men sayasiy-qúqyqtyq qatynastar qazaq dalasynyng әr týkpirinen Sankt-Peterburgke kelgen qazaq jastarynyng ózara tize qosyp biriguine әkeldi, әri olardyng ómiri men qoghamdyq-sayasy qyzmetin anyqtaugha әser etti. «…Sol kezde Petrogradta 2-3-tey-aq qazaq student bar edi, qazaq arasynan uniyversiytetke alghash kirgen solar edi», – dep jazady M.Tynyshbaev. Solardyng biri – 1881 jyly Peterburg uniyversiytetining zang fakulitetine qabyldanghan Baqtygerey Qúlmanov. Ol osy fakulitette 1884 jylgha deyin oqyp, әr týrli sebepterge baylanysty uniyversiytetting shyghys tilderi fakulitetine auysty. 1889 jyly til bilimining ministri degen ýlken ghylymy ataqpen oidaghyday bitirip shyqty. B.Qúlmanov arab, parsy, týrik jәne tatar tilderin erkin mengergen oqymysty qazaqtar qataryndaghy túnghyshtardyng biri.
Peterburg uniyversiytetining esigin 1886 jyly bir top qazaq jastary ashty. Olardyng ishinde Kókshetaudan kelgen Mәmbetәli Serdaliyn, Jetisudan – Barlybek Syrtanov, Oraldan – Baqytjan Qarataev, Aqtóbeden – Abdolla Temirov siyaqty jas jigitter bar edi. M.Serdalin jaratylystanu fakulitetine týsip, V.IY.Leninning aghasy A.I.Uliyanovpen birge oqydy. B.Qarataev pen A.Temirov zang fakulitetinde oqydy. Barlybek Syrtanov shyghystanu fakulitetine týsti. Uniyversiytet qabyrghasynda qazaq dalasynyng әr oblysynan bilim izdep kelgen jastar qoyan-qoltyq aralasyp, shartarapqa әigilengen bilim ordasynan susyndaydy. Osy uniyversiytet qabyrghasynan bilim nәrimen qanygha susyndap, sayyn dalasynda azattyq pen órkeniyet jarshysy boludy kókseydi. Búl múrattardyng bәrin uniyversiytette әr últtyng jastary arasynda ózining baghdarlamasy bar, sayasy baghyt kózdegen «Jerlester» («Zemlyachestva») ýiirmesi nemese «Jerlester odaghy» («Soiz zemlyachestva») dep atalatyn astyrtyn úiymdardyng ishinde jýrip shyndaghan edi. Úiymnyng astyrtyn júmys jasauynyng ózindik sebebi bar. Sol uaqyttarda Resey imperiyasynyng astanasynda 1886-1887 jyldarda studentter arasynda keng qanat jayghan revolusiyalyq jәne studenttik qozghalystar, sayasy oqighalar kóp boldy. Mәselen, 1887 jyly nauryzdyng 1-shi júldyzynda Aleksandr III patshagha qarsy A.Uliyanov jәne basqa revolusionerlerding jasaghan qastandyq әreketteri. Osy oqighalar studentterding sayasy belsendiligin arttyra berdi. Áriyne, búl oqighalar biylikti qatty alandatty. Patsha ókimeti qatang tәrtipke kóshti. 1886 jyly Resey uniyversiytetterinde 1884 jyly bekitilgen jana Jarghy engizildi. Jana Jarghynyng talaptary studentter men oqytushy-professorlargha qatal tәrtip engizip, uniyversiytette dәstýr bolyp jalghasyp kele jatqan demokratiyalyq dәstýrler qyspaqqa alyndy. Studentterding úiymdar men ýiirmeler qúrularyna, aqshalay qor úiymdastyrugha, tipti, jiylyp konsert qoilaryna qatang tyiym salyndy. Uniyversiytet basshylary atalmysh әreketterge qatyspaugha mindetteme retinde әrbir studentten qolhat alyp otyrghan (B.Syrtanovtyng osy turasynda jazghan qolhaty saqtalghan). Bekitilgen tәrtipterge qarsylyq bildirgen studentterge Jarghy boyynsha sógis jariyalau, 24 saghattan 4 aptagha deyin karserge qamau, uniyversiytetten uaqytsha quu jәne oqudan shygharu siyaqty jazalardy qoldanu is jýzine asyryldy. Demalystarda eline qaytatyn nemese basqa jerlerge baratyn jaghdayda da rúqsat súraghan. Abdolla Temirov Torghay oblysyna qaytpaq bolghanda arnayy rúqsat súrap, ótinish jazghan. Sondyqtan da student jastar barlyq iygi sayasi, ruhany sharalaryn astyrtyn jasaugha mәjbýr bolghanyn bayqaymyz.
Soghan qaramastan 1880 jyldary Sankt-Peterburgtyng barlyq joghary oqu oryndarynda astyrtyn týrde «Jerlester» úiymdary keng qanat jayghan bolatyn. Olardyng qúryluynyng negizgi sebebin zertteushi S.Ózbekúly jan-jaqty tarqatyp, ashyp ótedi: «bir ólkeden, bir topyraqtan shyqqan studentterding qoyan-qoltyq aralasuy jәne bir-birine qamqor boluy edi. Alghashynda «Jerlester» úiymynyng mýshelerining maqsaty bir últtan nemese bir ólkeden kelgen múqtaj studentterge materialdyq kómek kórsetu bolghan. Biraq búl úiymdardyng pisip-jetilui barysynda aldaryna qoyghan maqsattary sayasatqa úshyrasyp ketip otyrdy». Birte-birte «Jerlester» ýiirmelerining ayasy úlghaya kele kóp studentterdi qamtyghan «Jerlester odaghyna» ainalyp otyrdy. Olardyng arnayy Jarghylary, mýshelik jarnalary bolghan. 1880 jyldary Sankt–Peterburgte studentter arasynda 20-gha juyq «Jerlester» ýiirmeleri bolghan jәne olardyng mýsheligine 1500-ge tarta studentter kirgen. Atap aitsaq, studentterding Sibir, Povoljie, Kubani, Don, Poliskaya kassa, Tavriya, Novgorod, Ukraina, Gruziya, Armeniya siyaqty «Jerlester» ýiirmeleri men odaqtary túraqty týrde qalyptasty.
Sol «Jerlester» úiymy qazaq jastary arasynda da bolghan edi. Barlybek Syrtanov, Mәmbetәli Serdaliyn, Baqytjan Qarataev, Abdolla Temirov jәne shyghystanu fakulitetinde búlardan búryn kelip dәris alyp jýrgen Baqtygerey Qúlmanov siyaqty jigitter «Jerlester» ýiirmesin qúrady. Qazaq jastary ýiirmege mýshe bolghan studentterge qarajatpen kómektesu, auyrghan jaghdayda dәri-dәrmekpen qamtamasyz etu siyaqty mәselelerdi sheshti. Óitkeni, uniyversiytet qabyrghasynda oqyp jýrgen studentter materialdyq auyr jaghdaydy da bastan keshiredi. 1887 jylghy nauryzdyng birinshi júldyzynda Aleksandr III-ge qastandyq jasaghannan keyin Ministrler kabiyneti oqu ýshin tólenetin aqyny (1884 jylghy Jarghy boyynsha bekitilgen 60 rublidi 100 rublige kóterdi) tym kóterip jiberdi. Búdan da basqa kóptegen tóleuge mindetti nәrselerdi jýktedi. Studentterding 40 payyzy materialdyq auyr jaghdayda boldy. Baqtygerey Qúlmanov studenttik ómirin óte auyr múqtajdyqta ótkizgen, soghan qaramastan uniyversiytetti tastap ketpey, onyng tolyq kursyn ayaqtap shyqqany jóninde derekter bar. Al qazaq ziyalysy Sәduaqas Shormanov Sankt-Peterburg uniyversiytetindegi Barlybek Syrtanovtyng halinen habardar bolyp, Grigoriy Potaninge jazghan hatynda: «…bir bala Peterburgskiy uniyversiytette oqidy, ruy Syrtanov, soghan mýmkin bolsa kórisip, layyq bolghan qadary jәrdeminizden tastay kórmeniz» delingen. Qazaqtyng balasy bir-birine osylay janashyrlyq kórsetken.
Materialdyq mәselelerdi sheship qoymay, sonymen qatar, «Jerlesterdin» jiylystarynda astyrtyn revolusiyalyq mazmúndaghy proklamasiyalardy oqyp talqylau, tensizdik pen әdiletsizdik, qazaq dalasynda mәdeni-aghartushylyq isin taratu turaly pikirler jiyi-jii aitylyp túrdy. «Jerlesterdin» mýsheleri qaladaghy qaynap jatqan ómirden tys qalmay, barlyq oqighalargha atsalysyp otyrdy. Atap aitsaq, 1886 jyldyng qarashasynyng 17-sinde orystyng oishyly N.A.Dobrolubovty eske týsiruge arnalghan demonstrasiyagha qatysady. Asa belsendilik tanytqan uniyversiytet, orman, tehnologiya instituttary men diny akademiyanyng studentterining birsypyrasy oqudan shygharyldy.
Sol kýni keshke Aleksandr Uliyanovtyng pәterinde bir top studentter bolghan oqighanyng mәn-jayyn baghalaghannan keyin «Peterburgtegi 17-qarasha» dep atalatyn proklamasiya jazyp bitiredi. Proklamasiyanyng mazmúny student jastardy patsha ókimetining demokratiyany túnshyqtyrugha baghyttalghan әreketterine qarsy túrugha, birlikti nyghaytugha shaqyrdy. Ýlken sayasy mәni bar búl qújat tez arada býkil Sankt-Peterburg studentterining arasyna tarap ýlgeredi. Onyng mazmúnymen qazaq studentteri de jaqsy tanys bolghan.
Búl sayasy mәni bar oqighalar qazaq jastarynyng sayasy jaghynan shyndaluyna yqpal etti.
Qazaq jastarynyng arasynan uniyversiytette, әsirese, M.Serdalin revolusiyalyq qozghalystar men studenttik jiyndargha jiyi-jii qatysyp jýrdi. 1887 jyldyng nauryz aiynyng 1-júldyzynda Aleksandr III-ge qastandyq jasau isine belsene qatysqan bir top studentter ólim jazasyna kesilip, jýzdegen studentter oqudan shygharylady. «Jerlester» sayasy baghyt alghandyqtan úiymnyng mýshesi bolyp, onyng jiyndarynda kóringeni ýshin patsha ókimeti M.Serdalindi oqudan shygharyp, Kókshetaugha polisiyanyng baqylauyna jiberiledi. B.Qarataev, B.Syrtanov jәne A.Temirov 1890 jyly uniyversiytetting tolyq kursyn oidaghyday ayaqtady. Búlardyng ishinde B.Qarataevtyng tamasha daryndy qabiletine patsha ýkimetining basshylary da nazaryn audaryp, Senattyng ekinshi departamentine qyzmetker bolyp ornalasuyna joldama berdi.
Baqtygerey Ahmetúly Qúlmanov – uniyversiytetten dissertasiya diplommen qosa ghylym kandidaty ataghyn alyp shyqqan qazaqtyng qogham qayratkeri, Reseyding I jәne II Memlekettik dumasynyng deputaty, Alash kósemderining biri. Jetisulyq Barlybek Syrtanov shyghys tilderi fakulitetin arab, parsy, týrik, tatar tilderi negizinde I dәrejeli diplommen, yrghyzdyq Abdolla Temirov altyn medalimen, oraldyq Baqytjan Qarataev zang fakulitetin altyn medalimen tәmamdady. Búlarmen bir jylda týsken kókshetaulyq Mәmbetәli Serdalin sayasy kózgharasy ýshin qudalanyp, uniyversiytetti bitire almaghanymen, ziyaly, ekonomist-ghalym retinde tanymal boldy.
Álihan Bókeyhanov 1890 jyldary Peterburgke barghanda B.Syrtanov, A.Temirovterding oqu bitirip, elge qyzmet etuge kirisken kezderi edi deydi. Keyin 1911 jyly jazda Álihan Bókeyhanov Barlybekpen keleli isterdi talqylap bolghannan song «qúshaqtasyp, sýiisip airylysqan edik» dep jazady «Qazaq» gazetine. Endi «Jerlesterden» qanatyn qaghyp úshqan qazaq jastary oiy, kózgharastary HH ghasyrdyng basyndaghy Alash iydeyasyna úlasyp ketti.
«Jerlesterdin» salghan sara jolynyng arqasynda Sankt-Peterburgte oqyghandar kóp boldy. Sankt-Peterburg aqmeshittik S.Lapindi, semeylik D.Súltanghazindi (Shoqannyng nemere inisi), oraldyq Á.Niyazovty, qarqaralylyq Á.Bókeyhanovty jәne t.b. ataugha bolady.
Qoryta kelgende, bostandyq jolyndaghy san ghasyrlyq últ-azattyq qozghalystyng bir kórinisin Resey astanasynyng qaq tórinde túlghalarymyz «Jerlester» úiymynyng ayasynda kórsetti. Keyin elge oralyp, óz isterin jalghastyrdy. Búl úiym memlekettik dengeydegi iydeyalardyng qaynar kózi bolghany dausyz.

Dәuren Seyitjanúly
«Ýshqiyan» gazeti 11 mausym 2009 jyl