(Retrospektivalyq súhbat)
Songhy kezde Abylayhan atyndaghy Ortalyq kitaphana әldeneni aitqysy kelgendey әri-beri ótkende tomsyrayyp qarap túrady. Barghan sayyn әldeqanday beymaza kónil-kýimen qaytyp jýrdim. Bir kýni Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng bes tomdyq tandamalylar jinaghy qolyma týsti. Sodan ba eken kitap qoymasy da jadyrap sala berdi. Al Múhammed-Hanafiya Shynghysúly sóilep jatyr.
– Halyq auyz әdebiyetinin, tarihyn tirnektep jighan jan, sizdey-aq bolsyn. Endeshe qazaq atauynyng qalyptasuyna, Alash iydeyasynyng tuuyna ózindik kózqarasynyz qanday?
– Qazaq nemese alash elining o bastaghy – shyghu tegi qaydan degen súraqqa, halyq arasyndaghy jyr-dastandarynan qanaghattanarlyq tәp-tәuir týsinik alugha bolady. Eger Temirding Toqtamys hangha qarsy joryghy 1392 jyly bastalsa, sol jyly qazaqtardyng alghashqy hany – Alash pen onyng balalary óltirilse, shamamen mólsherlep, Alashtyng 14-ghasyrdyng orta sheninde ghúmyr keshkeni anyqtalady. Tatar qazaqtarynyng shyqqan tegin Alash, Alashamen baylanystyruynda da tarihy shyndyq jatyr. Sebebi erkindik ansaghan aziyalyqtardyng da shartty týrde óz hany, ózderining sayasy birligi – memleketi, әr týrli taypalar odaghyn ústap túratynday piri-kósemi – siynatynday ata-babasy bolugha tiyis edi. Qypshaq pen Týrkistan ordalarynan bosqan halyqtardyng esesimen, qazaq odaghynyng ósip, nyghangy birte-birte, astyrtyn týrde boldy. Taypalar odaghynyng quaty men sanyna baylanysty – Úly jýz, Orta jýz, Kishi jýz degen úghym qalyptasty. Kóshpeli túrmys, jaugershilikke beyimdilik dalalyqtardyng kýndelikti tirliginde izin qaldyrdy. «Shaybaninama» derekterine qaraghanda, qazaq degen jana qauym adamdary qúrmetti, otyryqshylardan ruhany joghary degen úghymda bayandalady.
Qalada túratyn tuystary ózbek, noghaylardan (tatarlar) kóshpendiler ózderin joghary sanaghan, erkindikting simvoly – qazaq degen atty maqtanysh tútqan. G. Levshinning tújyrymynsha: 16-ghasyrda Qypshaq dalasy men Jetede (chete) eki quatty úlys boldy: ol Dadan men Qazaq handyq qúrghan – Mogholstan. 16 ghasyrda ydyraghan Altyn Orda memleketining halqynan: qypshaq, nayman, qonyrat, jalayyr, qanly, t.b. әigili rular óz erikterimen ne kýshpen qazaqtargha kelip qosylyp, Qazaq ordasyn qúrdy… [1[
– Otyz ruly elding bir ordagha bas qosuy qalay jýzege asty eken?
– Qazaqtardyng songhy hany túsyndaghy jana, qosymsha rulardyng dýniyege keluin onsha qinalmay-aq týsindiruge bolady, osy qúbylysty, tipti qazaq jýzderi men bayyrghy rularynyng qalay qúrylghanynyng ýlgisi retinde qaraugha bolady. Han Abylay 1757 jyly qyrghyzdardy shapqanda birneshe jýz tútqyn jesirlerdi ordasyna alyp kep, arghyn ishindegi atyghay arasyna qonystandyrady. Kele-kele uaqyt óte sol tútqyn qyrghyzdar atyghaylyqtarmen aralasyp, ózderining shyghu tegin Atyghaydyng týp atasy Dәuitting (atyghay ru basy) 12 balasynyng birinen taratyp: jana qyrghyz, bay qyrghyz dep atap ketti. Jana rulardyng payda boluyna taghy bir mysal: Úly jýzding Kereyt atty taypasy qazaqtardan bólinip shyghyp, ózbek qúramyndaghy kereyitterge baryp qosyldy da, al qalghan az bóligi dalagha qayta oralyp kep, Kishi jýzge qosylyp, sonyng bir tarmaghy retinde, ózderin Qaraqat babadan taratady.
Qazaqtardyng ózi, men jogharyda atap ótkendey, ru attaryn baghzy zamandarda ótken ru basylarynyn, babalarynyng atymen baylanystyrady. Al qypshaq, nayman, qonyrat, t.b. negizgi rulardy, erteden Shynghys zamanynan kele jatqan el dep tanidy jәne ol taypalar qay jýzding qúramynda bolmasyn, ózderining shyghu tegin de sol jýzden taraghan, birtútas qúramdas bóligimiz dep sanaydy [2].
– Azttyghymyzdy alghanymyzgha birshama uaqyt ótti. Jyl sayyn reformadan reforma. Degenmen qazaq qoghamy qanday ózgeristerge zәru?
– Bizding zamanymyzda reglamentasiya (tәrtip belgileu) men formalizmge anohronizm retinde nemese qytaydyng 10 myng saltanat esebinde qarau kerek. Formalizm men burokratizm kertartpalyq-toqyraugha sebepshi boldy da, búghan deyin qanday da bolmasyn paydaly qoghamdyq iske qytay qorghany siyaqty tosqauyl jasap, halyqtyng jasampaz jigerining talabymen – jiyilep, kýn sanap qúlpyryp, jana betbúrys alghan erkin aghymdy toqtatty. Qanday da bolmasyn ózgeristi úlastyryp, oryn teptirip, әri saqtap qalu ýshin biz qabyldaghaly otyrghan reforma sol halyqtyng mýddesi, paydasy ýshin jasalyp otyrghandyqtan, onyng materialdyq múqtajyna shaqtaluy, әri sol qoghamnyng últtyq minez-qúlqyna say kelui qajet. Búl jaghdaydan tys jasalghan ózgeristing bәri de ziyandy, әri anomal (jaghymsyz) qúbylys retinde qauymdy aiyqpas dertke shaldyqtyryp, túralatyp mesheuletui mýmkin[3].
Sondyqtan da qoghamdyq mәselede halyq reformasynan asa qajet mәsele joq. Zang shygharushylar men reformatorlar qogham mýddesin kózdep kelgeni, sony kózdeytini jayynda kýdik bolmasa kerek. Bizding zamanymyzda halyqqa etene jaqyn, eng manyzdy, sonyng múqtajyna tikeley qatysty reforma – ekonoikalyq jәne әleumettik reforma. Al sayasy reformalar ekonomikalyq isterdi jýzege asyratyn qúral retinde kórinbek, óitkeni әrbir jeke adam jәne býkil adam balasy qauymdasyp ózining týpki maqsaty materialdyq әl-auqatyn jaqsartugha tyrysady. Progress degenimiz de osyghan say keledi. Osy oigha jýgingende, adamnyng túrmys qajetin óteytin reforma ghana paydaly da, al búl maqsatqa qanday da bolsa kedergi keltiretin reforma ziyandy bolyp tabylady [4].
– Sheteldik tәjiriybeni jii aitamyz, soghan ólerdey әuespiz. Biraq keyde shynynda da últtyq erekshelikti eskermeu orgha jyghatyny anyq qoy?
– Qoghamdyq túrmys múqtajdyghyn jaqsartugha baghyttalghan qanday da bolmasyn reforma qoghamnyng múqtajy men qarajaty belgili bolghanda ghana kezdeysoqtyqqa úshyramay, dittegen maqsatyna jete alady. Djon Stuart Milidin, qanday da bolmasyn qauymnyng adamdaryna jana pravo bermesten búryn búl qauym adamdarynyng aqyldyq qabiletin, ónegililigin jәne sayasy sana sezimdiligin ghylym túrghydan múqiyat zertteui qajet deui әbden oryndy. Rasynda, dәriger auru adamnyng syrqatyn ghana emes, onyng sebebin bilgende ghana emi qonyp, jazatynyna senimdi bolady emes pe. Qoghamdyq múqtajdy bilmegendikten, gumanistik teoriyagha shamadan tys qyzghanshaqtyqpen qaraudyng saldarynan, qazirgi belgili jaghdayda mýldem qajeti joq jana ózgerister reformalar tuyndauda. Eger әr týrli reformany qabyldar aldynda auylsharuashylyghyndaghy ósimdikti eguge qoldanylghan әdisterdi paydalansa, onday qatelikten tez arylugha bolady. úl әdis boyynsha әueli ósimdikting ózin tolyq zerttep, sodan keyin baryp qanday topyraqta ósetinin, oghan kýn kózi, jylu, t.b. jaghdaylar qansha mólsherde qajettigin bilu lazym. Teoriyanyng tújyrymy ósimdikti qajetti zattarmen qamtamasyz etip, oghan zalal keltiretin dýniyelerdi joiy.
Reforma ontayly jasalghanda, yaghny qoghamdyq organizm jan-jaqty damy alatyn myzghymas progress zanyna negizdelip jasalghanda ghana útymdy reforma bolady. Múnday reformany eshqanday jaghdayda da bógemey, qayta qoldau kerek [5].
– Jatqa jaltaqtay beruding qajettiligi joq demeksiz be?
– Búl aitylghan pikirimizge qarap, bizdi halyqshyldardyng tar shenberdegi (teoriyasyna), yaghny halyqtardyng taghdyryn aldyn ala kesip-piship… topshylaytyn topqa jatqyzudan aulaq bolghan jón. Kerisinshe bizding tújyrymyz europalyq, әrisi jalpy adam balasyna tәn ghylym-bilim búlaghynan nәr aluda, so maqsatqa jetu jolyndaghy bógettermen batyl kýresu. Búl damugha, mәdeniyetti óristetuge qabileti qanday da bolmasyn halyqtyng týpki maqsaty bolu kerek [6].
– «Ár elding salty basqa, itteri qara qasqa» deydi. Jarty jylgha juyq uaqyt Ortalyq Gýlstandy meken ettiniz. Qytaylyq sheneunikter qanday eken?
– Qytayda qaryn aqyl qoymasy bolyp sanalatyndyqtan, qúrsaghynyz neghúrlym qomaqty, juan bolyp kelse, aqylynyz da solghúrlym mol bolatyny ózinen-ózi belgili. Búl sonau Sini (bizding zamanymyzgha deyingi 221-206 jyldary – Qytaydyng qúl iyelenushilik dәuirdegi túnghysh patsha әuleti) әuletining zamanynan beri qaray birde-bir qytaydyng shýbәlәnugha batyly baryp kórmegen aqiqat, shyndyq jәne ekini ekige kóbeytkende tórt boltyny siyaqty, búghan senbeuding ózi de qiyn bolar edi. Tegi búl bohsho ózining «aqyl-parasatyna» dandaysyp, qatty maqtanatyn syqyldy (ózining artyqshylyghy ap-ayqyn kórinip-aq túrghan song qaytip maqtanbasyn). Ol bizding aqyl-oy, parasatymyzdyng shamasyn bilmek bolyp, qarnymyzgha qadalyp qarap túrdy da, jadau siqymyzdy kórgen son, bizdi mensinbegen kisishe teris ainalyp, asa bir astamshylyqpen ayaghyn man-mang basyp óz jayyna kete bardy…[7]
– Ár últty últ retinde erekshelep túratyn keyde ózgelerge migha syiymsyz kórinse de osynday qangha singen balang úghymdar shyghar. Qytaylar ózderine bek senimdi halyq qoy sirә?
– Qytaylardyng astamshyldyghynda shek joq. Qytaydan basqanykin eshqashan da maqtamaydy. Shampan araghyn tatyp kórip, ol sizden qytay djuyn – kýrishten istegen araghyn – qaydan satyp aldynyzdar dep súraydy[8]. Bizding sharabymyzdy iship, ishkende de ózderi únatyp, sýisinip ishken bolu kerek, óitkeni syqsighan kózderining ózi-aq solay ekenin bayqatyp túrdy, sóitip mandarinder bizben ýsh saghat didarlasyp otyrghannan keyin ýilerine qaytyp ketti. Sharaptyng buyna elikken tugholdaydyn: – Bolsa júmaq aspanda, jer júmaghy Shanhayda, – dep ólendetip jibergenin de aita keteyik [9].
– Árkimge óz tughan jerinen asqan jer joq. Biraq batys Qytaydyng tabighaty asa qolayly dep eshkim aita qoymas.
– Borohudjir atty birinshi qarauyldan bastap Qúljagha deyin sozylghan baytaq dalanyng ózi bir eng qúnarsyz, qúmdy shól eken. Búl qúlazyghan qúla týzge el ornatu bizderdin… oiymyzgha de kelmes edi, qonys audaryp, kóship kelgenderge múqtajdyq kórsetpey, azap shekkizbey qalay qonystandyrudyng amalyn da bilmes edik. Biraq qytay tózimdiligi barshasyn da jenip shyqqan. Búl jerlerge talay el qonystanyp otyr, múnda segiz shahar, әldeneshe qystaq bar; qaljyrap kelgen jolaushy ýige kirmey-aq, osynau jasyl nugha jasyrynghan shahardy ajarlandyryp túrghan biyik aghashtar men symbatty súlu terekterding sayasynda dem alsa, raqattanyp, jany jay tabatyny, әlbette, ózinen-ózi týsinikti. Balshyqtan soghylghan ýilerining bәri de syrttay qaraghanda tap-taza, kóshe degen onda tegi joq, biraq әrbir jeke ýiding ózi-aq býkil imperiya ruhyn, onyng tomagha-túiyq sipatyn anghartyp túrghanday. Býkil shahary siyaqty әr ýii óz aldyna daralanyp, balshyq dualmen qorshalghan, shamasy kórshisining jýzin kórmeu, sóilespeu ýshin jan-jaghyn tas qyp bitep, qorshap alghan syqyldy [10].
– Memlekettik qyzmetke adaldyq jayy jauyr bolugha ainaldy. Biraq sybaylas jemqorlyqpen ústalyp jatqan lauazymdy túlghalar da az emes. Kórshi elding búl túrghydan ýlgi bolar jaghy bar ma?
– Qytayda bizde bardyng kóbi joq, biraq bizge ýlgi bolghanday nәrseler Qytayda da az emes. Bizde Qytay baghdyhany bir aziyalyq despot, ózining qol astyndaghy halyqtyng meyirimsiz qatal әsirshisi, Qoja-Babany aitqanda, býkil adamzattyng qas-jauy dep oilaydy. Joq, olay emes. Onyng biyligi belgili bir shenberden asa almaydy. Onyng óz aldyna jeke mal-mýlki nemese bizdegidey enshisine berilgen menshikti jer-suy da joq. «Sende janyna kereginning bәri bar, – deydi oghan halqy, – bәrin biz tabamyz, molshylyqqa kenelip, shalqyp otyrghanda sen mýlikti qaytesin. Óz dýniyesimen bolyp, payda tabudyng ailasyn izdegendey sen bir saudager emessin, sen óz baylyghyndy oilamay, ózinning baq-dәuleting bolyp otyrghan halqynnyng iygiligin oilauyng kerek». Shynynda da, Qytaydaghy jer iyelenu tәrtibine qaranyzdarshy, soghan terenirek zer salyp kórinizshi. Búl Qytay tәrtibining iydeyalaryna Evropanyng endi ghana, tek bizding mәdeniyetti ghasyrymyzda qoly jetip otyr [11].
– Qytay talay soghys pen tónkeristerdi bastan ótkergen. Biraq әli kýnge deyin bes mynjyldyq tarihymen qúlpyryp keledi. Syry nede?
– Qytay ózining alajabyr alang tirshiligi, mәjusiylik filosofiyasy men ózimshildigi jaghynan da, tityqtap qalghan kýsh-quatynyng dәrmensizdigi jaghynan da, qúddy bayaghy qúlap, mert bolarynyng qarsanyndaghy qiyn-qystau kezenin bastan keshirip otyrghan kóne Rim siyaqty. Qytay tarihyna ýnilgen sayyn búl úqsastyqqa tang qalasyn. Varvarlar Qytaygha talay ret qysymshyldyq kórsetken. Biraq Qytay olargha qarsy tótep bere almay, jalpy әlsizderge tәn әdis qoldanyp, qulyq jasaydy da, syilyqtaryn ýiip-tógip, olardyng kónilin aulaydy, salyq tóleydi jәne ony solardyng enbek aqysy dep mardymsidy, varvarlardy qyzmetke qoyyp, birin-birine aidap salady, bir kezdegi Rimning patrisiy ataghyn ýlestirgeni siyaqty knyazi, van, gun ataghyn berip, dankqúmarlyq sezimderin qozdyryp otyrady. Múnyng ýstine olar salyqtyng taghy da bir óte abyroysyz týrin de tóleydi, yaghny Vizantiya patshalarynyng óz hanshayymdaryn orys Vladimiyrine, varvar Berkening inisi monghol Noghaygha bergeni, al endi Týrkiya súltandary qalasa zor baqyt sanap, qyzdaryn qolynan jetektep aparghanday bop jýretini siyaqty, qytaylar da ózderining hanshayymdaryn varvarlargha ýlestirip berumen keledi.
Qytaydyng qalaysha mert bolmay kele jatqandyghyna qayran bolasyz: Rim siyaqty múny da jat eldik jaular talay ret talap, oljalanyp keldi, biraq sonyng bәrinde de tek patsha әuletteri ghana qúlap, Qytaydyng ózi memleket retinde myzghymay qala berdi. Qytaydy jaulap alghan varvarlardyng ózderi de qytay mәdeniyetining kýshti yqpalymen sol elge sinip, qytay bolyp kete bergen [12].
– Altyshahargha sayahat densaulyghynyzgha auyr tiydi. Biraq tәn azabynan qaraghanda, jan azabynyz mazalap jýrgen synayly.
– Men әzir tirimin; biraq densaulyghym da nashar, kónilim de óte jabyrqau. Birinshiden zeriktim; ekinshiden – qazaqtardyng onbaghan qylyqtaryn saghat sayyn, minut sayyn kóremin de ýnemi kýiinemin. Aynalanda aqyldasar adamnyng joqtyghy ensendi kótertpey eze beretin bolsa, búdan bir qútylarmyn-au degen ýmitting joqtyghynan, dúrysyn aitqanda ýmit sәulesining joqtyghyn sezgende janaghy kýiik tózbestik halge jetkizedi [13].
– Dese de Siz tolyq europasha bilim alghan túnghysh qazaq ekeninizdi jaqsy týisindiniz. Súltan bolsam dediniz. Ondaghynyz qarapayyp halqynyzgha ýmit artqanynyz emes pe edi?
– Otandastaryma payda keltireyin, olardy chinovnikterding jәne qazaq baylarynyng despotizminen qorghayyn dep bir kezde súltan bolsam dep edim ghoy. Sondaghy, kóbinese, oilaghanym oqyghan súltannyng qanday paydaly bolatyndyghyn jerlesterime óz isimmen kórsetu edi. Sonda olar shyn oqyghan adam orys chinovniygi emes ekendigin, orystyng chinovniygine qarap orystan alghan tәrbie turaly qorytyndy jasaugha bolmaytynyn kórgen bolar edi. Osy maqsatpen men Atbasar okrugining aghasúltandyghyna saylanugha rizalyq berdim, biraq saylau chinovnikterding әrtýrli qulyq-súmdyghysyz óte almady. Oblysty tónirektegen jәne prikazda otyrghan búl myrzalar mening saylanuyma týgeldey qarsy shyqty. Onyng sebebin ózing de bilesin. Oblystaghy chinovnikter aghasúltannyng alatyn myn-myndaghan aqshasynan airylatyn boldy, al endi prikazdaghylar, men súltan bolsam, qayyr súrap, qanghyryp ketetin boldy…
Chinovnikter bay jәne baqqúmar qazaqtardyng ózimshildik pikirin qozdyryp, eger Uәlihanov súltan bolsa, onda sender bәlege qalasyndar, ol tendik jolyn quattaydy jәne senderdi atalaryna, dәuletterine qaray baghalaytyn naghyz qarapayym qazaqtarynday bolmaydy dep qorqytty, jәne meni qúdaygha da senbeydi, Múhametke de qas degendi júrtqa jayyp baqty [14].
– Qazaqtyng bolashaghyna qyraghy kózinizben qaranyzshy. Ne kórdiniz?
– Biz úlan-ghayyr tútas territoriyany alyp jatyrmyz, al ózge búratana halyq orys túrghyndarynyng arasynda bytyray ornalasqan. Rossiyanyng ortaaziyalyq saudasy dep ataytynymyz bizding saudamen para-par. Shyntuaytqa kelsek, qazaq halqy eng beybitshilikti sýigish halyqtardyng biri. Meninshe aldaghy órkendeu de bizge – qazaqtardyng ýlesine tiyedi [15].
Siltemeler
1. Shoqan Uәlihanov, Altyshahargha sapar, «Atamúra», 2006 jyl, 52-bet
2. búl da sonda
3. Shoqan Uәlihanov, Altyshahargha sapar, «Atamúra», 2006 jyl, 66 bet
4. búl da sonda
5. búl da sonda
6. búl da sonda
7. búl da sonda 141-142
8. Shoqan Uәlihanov, Altyshahargha sapar, «Atamúra», 2006 jyl, 144
9. búl da sonda, 2006 jyl, 152-bet
10. búl da sonda, 2006 jyl, 147-bet
11. búl da sonda 2006 jyl, 177-bet.
12. Qazaqtyng birikken memleket baspasy, Almaty, 1949 jyl, «Maqalalyr men hattary» 122-bet 13-oktyabri, 1962 jyl, Kókshetau Sh.Uәlihanov
14. búl da sonda
15 . Shoqan Uәlihanov, Altyshahargha sapar, «Atamúra», 2006 jyl, 52-bet
Shoqannyng әkesine jazghan hattarynan
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Sizding mýbәrak namanyzdy, iiliding 6-da jazghan, jolyghyp kób shad boldym. Kóbten habar almaghangha hafa bolyp túryp edim, insha-alla, sizder sәlemettikterinizdi jiberip túrsanyz kób jaqsy bolar edi. Bizden hal ahual súrasanyz, alhamdlilla, sau sәlemat dep bilesiz.
Peterburgha kelgennen beri ózimning halimni búrynghydan jaqsyraq kóremin. Hauasy maghan jaqsy, jaghymdy boldy…Ózim ham birneshe kitap tasanyif qylyp jatyrmyn. Gazetlerde menim haqymda kóp jazghan edi, esitkensizdýr.
Ózderiniz jýrerde maghan búiyrghan ediniz – aqshanyng qansha shyqqanyn jazyp túr dep. Har neshik. Sizderge jalghan aityp bolmas, әuelgi jyl bilmegen shahar kóbirek shyqty: kiyim qyldyrdym, forma satyp aldym, kóilek, dambal, patshagha «predstaviyt» etkende, úlyqtargha asqa barghanda kәretemen jýrmek kerek, har neshik bú kýnde kem shyqty. Jalovanie formulyar spisok kelgenshe berilmeydi, qashan kelerin húda bilsin.
Birneshe kýn aqshasyz atyryp kóp hajelet kórdim. Ózderiniz bilesiz, bú shaharda aqshasyz adam ashtan óledi, әzir-әzir eki jýz tenge zaymgha aldym. Endi bú hatty alghan(nan) keyin azyraq aqsha jiberseniz jaqsy bolar edi. Men Sizderden súraugha úyalamyn, súramay, bolmaydy. Borysh qylsam múnanda jaman. Ágar har aida jiberip trsanyz jaqsy bolar edi, hәm az shyghar edi. Kóp aqsha qolda (bolsa), kóbirek shyghady. Múndaghy músylmandardyng birine sózdesip, Siz aiynda oghan jiberseniz, aiynda maghan berip túr, - dep (aytsanyz) jaqsy bolar edi.
Apama, balalargha, barsha aghayyndargha sәlem aitarsyz. Jaqypqa sәlem, Ágar Jaqyp Ombygha barsa, suret qylyp jibersin.
9 avgust, 1860 g. Peterburg[1]
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Bijanab. Sizge úlúgh húrmetty ua suiklu atamyzgha sәlem, ua mehirban anamyz, ua ini agha qaryndastarymyzgha ziyada ghúmyr ua yqtallar.
Baghda bizden habar súrasanyz alhamdlilla, sau ua sәlematbiz. Bir aidan berli jýregimning derti tútyp, auryp túramyn. Peterbodyng hauasy desht-saharalyqqa jaqsy emes eken…
Sizderding halinizdi bilip myng tengeden artyq súramaymyn. Músafirshilikpen túrsam, kim biledi, as-sugha jeter…
Basqa sóz kerek emes. Húda qalasa, jaz kórishmekni alla nәsip etkey. Dәy, jazghushy úghlynyz Múhammed-Hanafiya[2]
1. Qazaq SSR Ghylym Akademiyasy, Sh.Sh.Uәlihanov atyndaghy tariyh, arheologiya jәne etnografiya instituty, Sh.Sh.Uәlihanovtyng bes tomdyq shygharmalar jinaghy, 5-tom, Qazaq Sovet ensiklopediyasynyng bas redaksiyasy, Almaty, 1985, 137-bet.
2. búl da sonda, 140-bet

«Ana tili» gazeti 11 shilde 2009 jyl