Keshegi kóshpeli qoghamnyng túrmys-tirshiliginen tuyndaghan, tughan hal­qy­myz­dyng ruhaniy-moralidyq jýiesine, salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpyna sýien­gen,­ ózine ghana tәn әdildik kategoriyalardyng ornyghuyna negizdegen ereje, qa­ghiy­da­la­lardy bekitken zang instituttarymyz kerekti dәrejede jan-jaqty qa­ras­ty­ry­lyp, týbegeyli zerttelmegendikten, olardyng talay oilargha ózek bolar ishki qabattary әli de bolsa ashylmay jatqany anyq. Osy maqsatta aitylmay-jazylmay qal­sa, eng ókinishtisi sol bolar degen uayymshyl oidyng jeleuimen memlekettilikke negiz bolghan telegey te­niz­ keshegi ata josyqtary jóninde az-kem oy qozghaudy qayyl kóremiz.

Keshegi kóshpeli qoghamnyng túrmys-tirshiliginen tuyndaghan, tughan hal­qy­myz­dyng ruhaniy-moralidyq jýiesine, salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpyna sýien­gen,­ ózine ghana tәn әdildik kategoriyalardyng ornyghuyna negizdegen ereje, qa­ghiy­da­la­lardy bekitken zang instituttarymyz kerekti dәrejede jan-jaqty qa­ras­ty­ry­lyp, týbegeyli zerttelmegendikten, olardyng talay oilargha ózek bolar ishki qabattary әli de bolsa ashylmay jatqany anyq. Osy maqsatta aitylmay-jazylmay qal­sa, eng ókinishtisi sol bolar degen uayymshyl oidyng jeleuimen memlekettilikke negiz bolghan telegey te­niz­ keshegi ata josyqtary jóninde az-kem oy qozghaudy qayyl kóremiz.

Ásili, elimizding týpki negizderi әdet-ghúryp zandarymen tikeley astasyp jatyr. Ádet zandary - halqymyzdyng kóp ghasyrlyq qúqyqtyq tanymyn asa bir aiqyndylyqpen sipattalatyn múrasy ekeni dausyz. Ádet zandary degenimiz - qazaqtyng dәstýrlik qúqyghy. Belgili zanger S.Ahmet ol turaly: „...qazaq ólkesindegi patriarhaldy-feodaldyq qoghamdaghy sayasy qarym-qatynastardy qoldaghan, onyng shyrqyn búzbaghan zang normalary әri osy qoghamdyq qúrylystyng qúqyqtyq negizin jasaghan. Memlekettik ókimet sanksiyalaghan әri kepildik bergen qoghamdyq qatynastar men tәrtipterdi qorghaghan zang jýzindegi әdet-ghúryptardyng jiyntyghy" dep ótedi de, „әdet-ghúryp" degen ataudyng sózding mazmúnyn ashyp anyqtay ketedi: „Qazaqtar „әdet" termiynin әdet-ghúrypty bildiru ýshin qoldanghan. Búl arada qúqyqtyq, qúqyqtyq emes әdet-ghúryptyng ara-jigin ajyratatyn shekara joq. „Ádet" sózi kәduilgi qúqyqqa negiz bola túrghanymen de, onyng dәl mәnine "zan" sózi tolyghyraq say keledi" - deydi ghalym. Naqtylay aitqanda, jaqsy әdet әdepke, әdep dәstýrge, dәstýr әdet-ghúrypqa, әdet-ghúryp salt-sanagha ainalyp, zandylyqpen qalyptasyp, qúqyqtyq zang bolyp ómir qoldanysyna ainalghan. Qashan da alaman tartysty dau-shary bitpegen, tentegi men  daukesi kóp bolghan dalighan dalamyzdyng zandaryna - Týrki qaghanaty (VI gh.), Shynghys han be­kitken (1206 j.) әdet, qúqyq, әskery tәrtip jýieleri, Aqsaq Temirding qúqyqtyq dәstýr, ghúryp negizderinde jasalghan (Týzik) zan­da­ry jatady. Osylardan arna tartyp jatatyn Qazaq Ordasynyng tól zany - «Je­ti jarghy». Kóp uaqyt boyy ata biyligining negizgi josyghy osymen ólshendi. Odan keyingi hattalghandardan belgilisi - „Sibir qazaqtaryn basqaru erejesi" (1822j.) jәne «Orynbor qazaqtaryn basqaru erejesi» (1824j.). Sibir qazaqtary dep otyrghany - orta jýz, Orynbor qazaqtary dep otyrghany - kishi jýz edi. Biraq bú­lar­ qazaq elin әlsiretu, orystyng otarshyldyq ýstemdigin ornatu maqsatynda ghana jasal­ghan ózgerister. Búl ózgerister 1867-1868 jyldary basqaru re­for­malarynda kórinis tapty. Al ol sayasattyng negizi kóp jyl oilastyrylyp baryp 1867 jyly qabyldanghan Jana Nizam erejesi bolatyn. Atalmysh erejede patsha ýkimeti qazaq jerine bolystyq biyleu jýiesin endirdi. Óitkeni onda bodan el bolghan song patsha biyligine baghyndyru kózdeledi. Tek bir kiltipany, bolystyq biyleu jýiesinde rulyq-әulettik basqaru jәne territoriyalyq-aumaqtyq basqaru jýiesi bar edi. Qazaq biyleri osy rulyq-әulettik basqarudy qalady. Osy jýie qazaq jerine engizilse, әulettik tútastyqta ómir sýrip ýirengen el tynysh bolady dep týsindi. Rasynda solay edi. Bir ruly eldi bir bolys basqarady. Sol rudyng aqsaqaldary úsyn­ghan adam ghana saylaugha týsedi. Eng bastysy, tynysh otyrghan el alatayday býlinbeydi, talasyp dauryqpaydy. Biraq patsha ýkimeti territoriyalyq-aumaqtyq basqaru tәsilin qoldandy. Nege? Óitkeni olargha qazaqty ydy­ra­typ jiberu kerek bolatyn. Týpki maqsat sol edi. Birinshi ret osy territoriyalyq-aumaq­tyq basqaru jýiesin Syrdariya gene­ral-gubernatory Nikolay Grodekov engizdi degen derek bar. «Týlkibas audanynda Maylykent degen bolystyq qúrylady. Tәjiriybe jýzinde. Eks­periyment retinde. Olar bolystyqqa 12 rudan túratyn 12 auyldy tandap alady. Qúli, Shylmambet, Qoralas, Sirgeli, Janys sekildi jeke-jeke rulardy biriktirip, bir bolys jasaydy. Sosyn osy rulardyng arasy­nan bolysty ózdering dauys berip saylap alyndar deydi. Alghashqy jyly halyq biy­lik­ke, oblystyqqa onsha talasa qoymaydy. Al kelesi saylauda qatty dau bolady. Patsha sayasatkerlerining de kózdegeni osy edi. Mýddeleri - qazaqtardy óz ishine syimastay etip, birin-birine aidap salu. Qazaqtardy qyryqpyshaq qylyp qoyyp syrttan baqylap otyru, al tórelikti ózderi aitu».

Áytse de HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastap Resey imperiyasynyng otarlau sayasatynyng jolynda qazaq jerining tútastyghyna negiz bolghan biylerding sottyq jýiesi, әdet-ghúryp qúqyghy men „jarghy" zandar jýiesi ýlken kedergi bolghan. Sol sebepti de patshalyq ýkimet búratana halyqty erkin biyleu maqsatynda әkimshilik-aumaqtyq reformalar men basqaru jýiesindegi ózgeris retinde dalalyq halyq sudiyalarynyng biyler sezin qúrghan. Búl jayt biyler biyligin úiymdastyru, qalyptasu jәne qyzmet atqaru jaghynan kýrdeli ózgeristerge úshyratty.

Endigi bir belgilisi - sol kezendegi ahualgha baylanysty tuyndaghan úly aqynymyz Abay jazdy deytin Ere­je (HIH gh.). Desek te múny Abay jazdy deytin baylamgha kýmәnmen qaraushylar da jetkilikti. Ol óz aldyna bólek tarqatylar әngime. Búl zandyq qújat - 1885 jyly mamyr aiynda Semey oblysynyng Qaramola deytin jerinde bes duan elining biyleri men qúrmetti adamdarynyng sezinde qabyldanyp bekitilgen 73 baptan túratyn «Ereje» dep atalatyn núsqa. Ony úlyqtyng aldyna úlyqsatsyz kiretin eren túlgha Abay patsha ýkimeti ókilderining qolqalauymen jasady deytin sóz bar. Múndaghy baptar dalalyq tirlikke, tanym-týsinikke, salt-sanagha baylanysty qamtylyp, sheshimin tapqan.

Qazaqtyng úly ghalymy Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng «Sot re­formasy jay­ynda hat» degen enbeginde biylerding biyligi alghash ret ghylymy týr­de­ salystyrmaly teoriyalyq taldaugha týsip, onyng qúrylymdyq jәne sot jýr­­gizu ýderisining basty qaghidattary ashylyp aiqyndaldy. Sh. Uәlihanov qazaq da­­lasynda biyler sotyn qaldyrugha talpynyp, ony qanday da bolmasyn basqa or­ganmen almastyru mým­kin emestigin aityp, Batys Sibir әkimshiligine hat joldaghan. Ayta keterligi, Abaygha telingen Ereje de, Shoqan babamyzdyng enbegi de kelisip qoy­ghan­day ghajap ýndestik tanytady. Shoqan: «...men uezge orystyng qazaq ortasynda­ghy dau­laryn bitiru turaly shygharghan zannyng qazaqtyng әdet-ghúrpyna qayshy ke­le­tinin aittym» - dese, Erejening 70-babynda: «Qa­zaq­tyn­ óz ara­syndaghy bolmashy daulargha orystan yaky noghaydan uәkildik alyp ki­rispesin...» degen sóz de nazar audararlyq. Búl jerde qazaq­tyng әd­et,­ salt, zanyn bilmeytin basqa últ ókilderining isti sheshe almaytyn­dy­ghy ai­ty­lyp otyr. De­mek, Ereje jasaushylar әr últtyng ózine layyq zany bo­luy ke­rek degendi nús­qaydy.

Endi aitpaq oiymyzgha kóshelik. Zang ghylymynyng doktory, professor Zaylaghy Kenjәliyev Abay.kz-te jaryq kórgen akademik Súltan Sartaevqa arnaghan maqalasynda: „Shynayy dinning jәne onyng bilimderining aqiqattyghynyng eng basty jәne búltartpas kriyteriii әri dәleli - adamnyn, qoghamnyng ne memleketting dinge, jәne diny bilimderge degen senimi. Ateistik senimdegi adamgha, onyng qoghamyna jәne memleketine, adam qúqyqtary men bostandyqtaryna degen tanymdyq qaghidalardan, kózqarastardan, úghym-týsinikterden jәne olargha engen búrmalaulardan tazartu kenestik dәuirde qalyptasqan qúqyqtanu ghylymyna, sonyng ishinde qazaqstandyq zang ghylymyna asa qajet-aq" - deydi. Mine, últtyq qúqyqtanudaghy bolashaq iygeriletin iygilikti isterding bir parasy osynda jatyr. Qazaqtyng zang ghylymdarynyng qay baghytta basymdyq alyp damuy kerek-ti degen kóp mәselelerding basyn ashyp beretindey. Ásili, negizgi túghyry - demokratiyany, yaky halyq biyligin kýitteytin órkeniyetti elder, tipti AQSh-tyng ózi de dinnen bólek emes. Ol jaqta Preziydent halyq aldynda „Bibliyagha" qolyn qoyyp ant beredi, sot jýiesinde de solay. Nege? Búl - aqiqatqa degen senimge dindi tireu etu, sol arqyly memlekettik múrattardy sheshuding bir amaly. Óitkeni basty zangha dәuir tynysyna qaray tolyqtyrular men ózgertuler, týzetuler ene beredi, al Kókten týsken basty kitap ózgermek emes. Al bizdegi ahual basqasha, aqsaq it jatyp ýredining keri. Memleket qalyby әlemdik stadarttargha say týzilse de, mazmúny shyn mәninde últtyq múratta emes. Memleketting zandyq negizi - Konstitusiya deymiz. Elimizding Basty zany, qarapayym tilmen aitqanda, memleketting keskin-kelbetin, baghyt-baghdaryn, qúrylghysy men qúrylymyn anyqtap, ap-ayqyn bederlep beredi. Onda Qazaqtan zayyrly memleket retinde tanylghan. Al zayyrly qoghamda ateistik týsinikke oryn joq, bolmaugha tiyis. Álemdik, adamdyq túrghydan kelgende keshegi kenestik kezennen múra bop qalghan ateizmde babalarymyzdyng arman-múrattaryna oryn tabylmaghan. Týp negizde senim, imandylyq jatpasa, qúqyq qorghau sekildi konstitusiyalyq organdardyng ant beru, ar-namys kodeksterining qauqary shamaly.

Qoryta aitqanda, qúldy qúdaygha tener, qylshyghy men qan-jyny aralas aram zamandardyng aram sayasaty kesirinen qazaqtyng tóltuma memlekettik jýiening qúrylghylary men qúrylymdary óz jolymen damymady, әli kýnge uaqyt nәshine jauap beretindey tolyqqandy bola almauda. Býgingi kýni babalar josyghyna ýniludin, nәrli bastaugha ara-kidik bolsa da qayta-qayta ainalyp soghyp otyrudyn, әsirese qazirgi kezende berer taghlymy men sabaghy mol kórinedi bizge.

Eleujan Serimov,

Qaraghandy qalasy

«Abai.kz»