Basy: Ábilqayyr bahadýr – qazaqtyng agha hany

Jalghasy: Ábilqayyr bahadýr – qazaqtyng agha hany

Kóshpendi handyqtar ishindegi asa quatty jonghar әmirshisi Galdan Serendi jengen ataghy Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi sayasy túrghyda qazaqtyng agha hany mәrtebesinde tanyta týsti. Qadirli batyr-hanynyng esimin jenisti shayqastar jýrgizgen tau, ózen, anghargha bergen (Arqada «Qalmaqqyrylghan» degen jerde «Ábilqayyr ózeni», Shu men Talas ózenderining arasynda «Ábilqayyr dalasy» bar. Sonda «Qalmaq qyrylghan» degen eki jer atauy saqtalghan. Qaratau qoynauynda «Ábilqayyr búlaghy» bar. «Ýlken Orda qonghan», «Kishi Orda qonghan» degen jer ataulary – azattyq soghysyn basqarghan agha han, kishi han stavkalarynyng túrghan ornyn kórsetedi. Al Balqashtyng ontýstigindegi әigili Anyraqay shayqasy ótken ónirde, Ilege taqauyraqta  – Hantau, odan Shugha qaray sozylyp jatqan «Ábilqayyr jaly» degen tau atauy saqtalghan. Býgin kónilimiz qanshama tarylyp, qazaqtyng 1723–1730 jyldardaghy Otan soghysynyng bas qaharmanynyng enbegin moyyndaghymyz kelmese de, geografiyalyq jer ataularynyng ózi-aq onyng da, bizding de kim ekenimizdi kózge shúqyp aityp túrghany anyq) óz júrtynda ghana emes, kórshi elderde de ol ýlken qúrmetke bólendi. Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng biyleushileri onymen tuystyq qarym-qatynasqa jetuge úmtyldy. Qolbasshy, әmirshi, sayasatker Ábilqayyr bahadýr han Anyraqay shayqasynan keyingi jaghdaydy kóregendikpen saralay bilgendikten, jonghar qontayshysymen bitimge keldi...

Alayda búl tújyrymnyng tarihshylar arasynda: «Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin qazaq biyleushilerding arasynda jik tudy» degen maghynada kópten qalyptasqan, tipti resmy «Qazaqstan tarihynyn» ýshinshi tomy tanbalap qoyghan elita ishinde «jogharghy biylik ýshin kýres»   jýrgeni jayyndaghy pikirge qayshy ekeni týsinikti. Resmy tariyh: «Tәukening úly, qaytys bolghan agha han Bolattyng ornyna Orta jýzden – Sәmeke, Kishi jýzden Ábilqayyr ýmittendi. Kópshilikting tandauy Ábilmәmbetke týsti. Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrdy dep tauyp, shayqas alanynan ketip qaldy, sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi», – dep habarlaydy. Elimizding eng basty tarih kitabynyng 2010 jyly jaryq kórgen akademiyalyq basylymynyng tap osynday eskirgen maghlúmatty shegelep  taratuy ókinishti-aq. Óitkeni sodan bir mýshel ilgeride, ótken ghasyrdyng songhy jyldarynda,  jekelegen tarihshylar (aytalyq, I. Erofeeva) senimdi derekkózderdi ainalymgha tartu arqyly onday baylamnyng qate ekenin dәleldegen bolatyn. Bolat hannyng «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretining bastapqy jyldarynyng birinde dýniyeden ótkenin, onyng eshqashan agha han bolmaghanyn, agha han mәrtebesi 1715 jyly Qayypqa, 1719 jyly Ábilqayyrgha tiygenin, Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin eshqanday da agha han (úly han) saylauy ótkizilmegenin dәleldegen zertteulerin jariya etken edi. «Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrghandyqtan» emes, kýn tәrtibindegi jaghdaygha baylanysty, soghys ayaqtalyp,  tiyisti bitim jasalghannan son, ózderine qarasty ru-taypalar mekendeytin aumaqtargha qauip tóndirip kýn tәrtibine shyqqan mәselelerdi retteu ýshin ketken bolatyn. Demek, «shayqas alanynan» ketip qaldy deu de, «sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi» dep tújyrymdau da naqty tarihy shyndyqqa sәikes kelmeydi.

Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han ontýstikte belgili bir maqsatta, belgili bir mólsherde әskery kýsh qaldyrdy. Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldary «Sin úly dinastiyasynyng hronikasy» degen atpen jariyalanghan qytay qújattary jinaghynda qazaq hany Ábilqayyr (Abuerhayli) qazaq jigitterining 70 myndyq әskerin óz búiryghymen inisi Búlqayyrgha (Buerhayli) basqartyp, jongharlargha qarsy joryqqa shyqty delinetin aqparat keltirilgen.  Sonday-aq olardyng Shu-Talas jerinde túratyn oirattardyng myng shanyraghyn týgel basyp alghany jәne Jonghariyanyng ózge kóshi-qondarynan 2–3 myng at aidap әketkeni aitylghan. Búl oqigha imperator Yunchjen basqarghan merzimning 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida oryn aldy dep kórsetilgen. Ony bizding tarihshylar 1731 jylghy nauryz ben sәuir ailarynyng bastapqy kýnderine sәikesedi dep belgilep jýr. Imperator Kansy 1722 jyly qaytys boldy, artynsha taqqa Yunchjen otyrdy. Demek, imperator Yunchjenning biylikti qolgha alghan uaqyty 1722 jyl, al onyng imperiyany basqarghan merzimining toghyzynshy (toghyz emes!) jyly 1730 jylgha, yaghny jongharlargha qarsy Otan soghysyn tamamdaghan Anyraqay  shayqasy bolghan jylgha tura keledi. Demek Yunchjen jylnamasynyng 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida, yaghny 1730 jylghy 8 nauryz ben 6 sәuirding arasynda bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, әskerin Shu-Talas aimaghynan Anyraqay ónirine auystyryp, jonghar kýshterimen sheshushi shayqasqa shyghugha әzirlendi jәne ony sәtti jýrgizip, sol sәuirding sonyna qaray Galdan Serenning kýieubalasy, tәjiriybeli әskerbasy   Laszan Seren basqarghan jonghar jasaqtaryn birjola jendi de, mamyr aiynda qontashynyng ózimen kelissóz jýrgizip, bitimge kelgen. Sodan song oirattardyng yqtimal shabuyldaryna toytarys beru ýshin Búlqayyr súltan qolbasshylyq jasaytyn әskerdi ónirde qaldyryp, ózi batys shekaragha attandy.

Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin jasalghan beybit kelisimshart eki jaqqa da tiyimdi edi. Galdan Seren qazaqtarmen bitimge kelu arqyly siyn-qytay jaghyndaghy shekarasyna әskery kýshterin toptastyrugha mýmkindik aldy. Imperator Yunchjen oirattarmen soghysty qayta janghyrtu jayynda 1729 jyly sheshim qabyldaghan bolatyn. Qazaqtarmen 1730 jyly bitimge kelip, qolyn kýsheytuge mýmkindik alghan qontayshy sol jyldyng ózinde qytay әskerin Barkól manynda tas-talqan etip, endi Altayda soghysugha әzirlik jýrgize bastady. Al jongharmen soghysty odan әri sozbay, bitim jasaudy maqúl kórgen Ábilqayyr han soltýstik-batys shekaragha jana shabuyldarymen qaytadan qauip-qater tóndirip túrghandar kórshilermen – orys memleketine qarasty kazaktar qauymymen, qalmaq jәne bashqúrt elderimen ara-qatynasty retke keltiruge attanghan edi. Ol orys imperiyasymen shekaradaghy mazasyzdyqty tynyshtandyrugha kýsh saldy.

1730 jylghy mamyr aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng Torghay ólkesindegi jazghy ordasyna Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bas adamdary bas qosty. Búl mәjiliste orys shekarasyna taqau kóship-qonyp jýrgen júrtqa qyrghiday tiyip jýrgen Jayyq jәne Sibir orys kazaktarynyn, Edil qalmaqtarynyng shapqynshylyq qylyqtary, qalmaqtarmen aradaghy qatynas, jonghardy jenuge baylanysty, qazirgi sәtte birshama rettelip, tynshyghanmen, týbi bir týrki bolsa da, jelkelerindegi otarshyl әkimderining astyrtyn aidap saluyna kónip, qazaq auyldaryna tútqiyldan jortuyldatyp airyqsha maza ketirip jýrgen bashqúrttar jayy talqygha týsti. Osynau mәjiliske deyin Ábilqayyr hangha bashqúrt elining qúrmetti adamy tarhan Aldar Esengeldin (IYsekeev) jolyghyp qaytqan. Búl sodan jiyrma shaqty jyl búryn Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi bashqúrt taghyna shaqyrudy úiymdastyrghan, onymen birge orysqa qarsy iyq tirese kýresken әskeriy-basshy túlgha bolatyn. Búl qos ýzengiles bahadýr әrәdik kezdesip, әrdayym dostyq peyilmen jyly súqbattasyp otyratyn. Osynau kózqarastary erteden jarasqan eki el aghalarynyng súqbattary әrdayym ózara týsinistik rәuishte ótetin. Endeshe osynau qarulas әm pikirles qos әmirshining qaramaghyndaghy adamdar nelikten ózara shabuylgha shygha beruin dogharmaydy? Múnda qanday syr bar? Áriyne, ekeuara ótken kenesting býge-shigesin bilmegenmen, shamalaugha bolady: olar sol mәseleni týbegeyli sheshudegi kedergilerdi saraptap, olardy joy joldaryn aqylgha salysty... (Kezinde imperiyagha qarsy túrghan bashqúrt jetekshisin óz jaghyna útymdy tarta alghan patsha әkimshiligining úsynuymen oghan atalghan tarhan aiyrym-belgisi berilgen. Jalpy, tarhan ataghy Altyn Orda handary dәuirinde shirkeu adamdaryna olardyng óz sharualaryn sheshuge erikti ekendikterin kórsetu ýshin berilip túrghan. Keyin ony orys knyazideri de jekelegen adamdargha alym-salyqtan bosatylatynyn, dauly mәselelerde eshkimge baghynbay, tek úly knyaziding óz qúzyryna keluge haqyly ekendigin bildiru ýshin berip jýrdi. Bir-eki mәrte tarhandyq beru mýldem joyylyp tastaldy da, bodan últtardyng bedeldi adamdaryn imperiyagha senimdi ete týsu ýshin, qayta engizildi. Bashqúrt kóterilisshisi Aldardy tarhan mәrtebesine kóteru arqyly patsha әkimshiligi ony ózine órkeniyeti tәsilmen tәueldi etti. Qazaqtar arasynda da tarhan bolghandar bar). Sol jylghy mamyrda hannyng jazghy ordasyna jinalghan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder súltandarynyn, batyrlary men belgili adamdarynyng qúryltayynda orys patshasynyng ýkimetimen onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq, bashqúrt jәne orys kazaktarynyng qazaq eline shabuyldaryn doghartudy kózdeytin bitim jasau jóninde sheshim qabyldanghan...

Ordasynda ótken mәjiliske qatysushy biyler, batyrlar, bas adamdar men súltandardyng teristiktegi alyp kórshimen bitim jasasu jayyndaghy újymdyq sheshimin jýzege asyru ýshin Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymyna arnayy hat jazdy. Ony aparyp tapsyru mindettelgen elshilerine joldaghy orys әkimine kórsetu ýshin de hat berdi, sosyn olarmen onasha úzaq kenesip, diplomatiyalyq sapar barysynda qol jetkizuleri tiyis mәselelerdi pysyqtady. Úzamay qúramynda on bir adam bar Ábilqayyr han elshiligining kerueni orys imperiyasynyng astanasyn betke ústap, imperator әiel Anna Ioannovnagha hannyng hatyn tapsyru ýshin arnayy sapargha shyqqan. Jolshybay toqtaghan orys qalalaryndaghy patsha әkimshilikteri Sankt-Peterburgti betke ústaghan qazaq elshiligining algha qoyghan maqsaty jayynda olardan súrap bilgen maghlúmattaryn jogharygha joldap otyrghan.  Solardan mynanday aqparat mәlim. 1720 jylghy 20 shildede elshilik Ufagha kelgen. Sol jerde, Ufanyng әskery kensesinde, «Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza» auyzsha әngimede ýsh bólikke jýielengen mynanday mәlimet bergen: Birinshi. «Kóshpendi qazaq halqy 40 myng shanyraq bolady, olardyng basty adamy Ábilqayyr han, elshilikti sol jibergen. Odan basqa taghy eki  hany bar – Baraq jәne Ábilmәmet. Úly jәne Kishi taularda, Syr, Sarysu jәne Torghay ózenderi boylarynda, Qaraqúm dalasynda jәne sol jaqtardaghy basqa jerlede kóship-qonyp jýredi. Sol jaqtarda qazaq qalalary bar: basty qalasy Tashkent, ondaghy qoja Jolbarys han, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, onyng iyelenushisi Sәmeke han, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy iyelenushi Kýshik han. Osy qalalargha qaraytyn qystaqtardyng sany az emes. Barlyq kóshpendilerding de, qalalyqtardyng da handary – múragerlikti ústanady. Olardyn, qazaqtardyn, zany – músylmandyq». Ekinshi. Osyghan deyin osy qazaq handary qontayshymen jәne Edil qalmaqtarymen, sonday-aq bashqúrttarmen soghysqan. Qazir olar qontayshymen de, qalmaqtarmen de tatulasty, al bashqúrttar olarmen, qazaqtarmen, imperatordyng úlylyghynyng erik-jigeri bildirilmeyinshe tatulasar emes. Al qazaq handary ózge halyqtardyng shabuyldarynan danqty Resey imperiyasynyng proteksiyasy arqyly qorghanugha mýddeli, sondyqtan olar múny Ábilqayyr hangha tapsyrdy.  Sodan onyng elshileri barlyq handardyng kelisimimen belgili bir shartty patshayymgha jetkizu ýshin jiberilip otyr. Ýshinshi. Eger «úly mәrtebeli imperatrisa qazaq handaryn bodandyqqa qabyldaugha kenshilik etip núsqau berse», sóitip bashqúrttardyng jәne ózge de reseylik bodandardyng olardan oljalaghan bendelerin qazaq handaryna qaytarsa degen úsynystaryn aitpaq. Sonda  olar, qazaq handary, ózderindegi oljalanghan reseylik bodandardy qaytarugha jәne qyzmet etip, yasak (búlghyn, týlki, qúndyz, susar jәne basqa da ang terileri týrinde alynatyn alym-salyq – B.Q.)  tólep jýrgen bashqúrttar tәrizdi «adal qyzmet etuge» jәne yasak beruge uәde etedi. Al eger olargha әldebir dúshpandar shabuyl jasasa, olardy, «qazaq handaryn úly mәrtebelining bodandarynday» eseptese deydi.

Mәtinnen bayqalyp túrghanday, elshiler bashqúrttarmen til tabysu (tútqyndarmen almasu, ekinshi qaytyp ózara shabuyl jasaspau) jayynda, bashqúrttar imperiya qaramaghyndaghy el bolghandyqtan,  imperatrisadan olargha arnayy núsqau beruin súramaq. Múnday tynyshtyqqa jaghday tughyzylghan jәne patshayym syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanugha septesken jaghdayda, qazaqtar da bashqúrttar tәrizdi yasak berip túrugha әzir. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Resey astanasyna saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan. Mәtindegi biz tyrnaqshagha alghan jalynyshtylyq kýy tanytatyn sóilemder orys әkimshilikterindegi qyzmetshilerding patshalyq imperiya atalghaly beri astamshylyq derti ýdey týsken pighyldaryna sәikes óz jandarynan qosqan úghymdardy bildiredi.

Ufadan Sankt-Peterburgke joldanghan aqparatta «Al olargha jol kórsetip kele jatqan bashqúrttar әskery kensege qazaqtardyng Ufadan alty aptada, al olardan, bashqúrttardan, bir aida  atpen jýrgende jetuge bolatyn jerde kóship-qonyp jýrgenin aitqan» degen habar bar. Orystardan osynday qashyqtyqta ómir sýrip jatqan halyqtyng olargha basybayly bodan bolugha beyildigin bildirui qisynsyz ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Bóten tektilerding tilderindegi qújattardy orysshalaghanda óz pighyldaryn tújyrymdap qoidy orys әkimderi qalmaqtarmen jasaghan kelisimsharttarynda kórsetken (XVII ghasyrda jasalghan qújat boyynsha qalmaqtar orystarmen әskery odaq qúrdyq dep sanasa, orystar olardy bodandyghymyzgha aldyq, qalmaq jasaqtary orys әskeri qúramynda bolady dep sanaghan). Aymaghynan ótip bara jatqan qazaq elshiligi jayynda ile-shala Basqarushy Senatqa jibergen Ufa voevodasynyng bayanhatynda mynanday qyzyq derek aitylghan. Sol 1730 jylghy 28 mausymda kensege Ufa ýiezi Noghay jolyndaghy (jol – sózbe-sóz alghanda, is jýzinde mәtindegi oryssha «doroga» degen sóz aimaq, ónir, oblys úghymyn beredi, bashqúrt elinde Altyn Orda dәuirinde «daruga» dep qoldanylghan aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlik úghymyn bildiretin atau – B.Q.) Kubelek, Tabyn bolystarynyng bashqúrttary Qarabay Túrymbetov pen Lyqay Seyitov Qazaq Ordasynyng qazaghy Biatshy Tóleevti joldastarymen alyp kelgen. Ol Ábilqayyr han iyeliginen eken, Ufa ýiezindegi Noghay jolyna (yaghny Noghay aimaghyna, oblysyna) qúddy әskerler jayyn biluge kelgen kórinedi. Olardyng iyesi Ábilqayyr men Sәmeke handar jәne olardyng qazaqtary býginde onyng imperatorlyq úlylyghy proteksiyasynda «qyzmet etip», «bodan bolghysy» keletin siyaqty. Sóitip olardyng qojalary shapshandatyp ózderinen úly mәrtebelige elshiler jibergileri keledi eken. Búl jayynda Basqarushy Senatqa 8 shildede habarlanghan. Demek, búl habar Syrtqy ister alqasyna da mәlimdelse kerek...

Bayanhatta odan әri: «Al  Qazaq ordasynan 20 shildede Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri retinde  kelgen qazaqtar ózderinde úly mәrtebeli imperatrisagha arnalghan hat bar ekenin aitqan. Ekinshi hat Ufa provinsiyasynyng voevodasy atyna jazylghan. Ony bergen elshiler Qútlúmbet Qoshtaev pen onyng alty joldasy. Olardyng qastarynda bes adam qosshy bop jýr. Osy bayanhatpen qazaq hanynyng voevodagha jazghan haty orys tiline tәrjimalanyp qosa  jiberildi» delingen. Elshiler Ufadaghy memlekettik qyzmet atqaratyn adamdarmen birge, kýzetpen 1730 jylghy tamyzdyng basynda Sankt-Peterburg (Piyterburh) qalasyna, Basqarushy Senatqa jóneltiledi.  Olar 28 tamyzda Mәskeuge, odan qyrkýiekting ayaghyna qaray imperiya astanasyna jetedi. Syrtqy ister alqasyna qazaq elshilerin alyp kelgen bashqúrttar 29 qyrkýiekte jogharyda aitylghan mәlimetterdi qaytalap, ózderining túrghyn-jaylarynyn  tórt jolda (yaghny tórt oblysta), atap aitqanda Noghay joly (oblysy), Sibir joly (oblysy), Osy joly (oblysy), Qazan jolynda (oblysy) jerlerinde ekenin, qazaq ordalarynan qashyqta túratyndyqtan olarmen soghys jaghdayynda emestigin aitady. «Úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng asa meyirimdi pәrmenimen qazaq halqy bodandyqqa qabyldansa», onda bashqúrttar da tynyshtyqta ómir sýrer edi, qazaqtar olargha shabuyl jasap, túrmystaryn kýizeltuge týsirmes edi, bashqúrttan alghan tútqyndaryn qaytarar edi. Bashqúrttargha keler payda osy. Al osynday qazaq syndy úly halyqtyng «óz erkimen bodandyqqa kelui» úly mәrtebelining danqyn arttyra týser edi. (Búl jerde de orys әkimshiligi niyetin kórsetetin, búrmalanyp tyqpalanghan sózder tyrnaqshagha alyp kórsetildi). Syrtqy ister alqasynda 1730 jylghy 21 qazanda qazaq elshilerining Ábilqayyr hannyng orys patshayymyna hat  jazu sebebin týsindirgen sózderi rәsimdeldi. Hattama is jýzinde olardyng 20 shildede Ufada bergen habarlamasyn qaytalaghan, tek qazaq qalalaryndaghy ýiler sanyn: «...bas qala Tashkent, onda qyryq myng túrghyn ýy bar, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, ondaghy túrghynjay otyz eki myng ýi, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy túrghyn ýiler sany otyz eki myng nemese odan da kóp...» dep qosyp keltirgen. Jәne olardaghy handardyng bәri Ábilqayyrgha baghynatynyn atap kórsetken.

Osy hattamanyn, sonymen birge, әriyne, Ábilqayyr hannyng imperatrisagha jazghan hatynyng orysshalanghan núsqasynyng kóshirmesi asa manyzdy tapsyrmamen qazaq eline attandyrylmaq tilmәsh jәne mәmileger Tevkelevke beriledi. Bәlkim, solardyng imperiya ynghayynda jasalghan mәtini men audarmasyna osynau diplomattyng ózining tikeley qatysy bolghan da shyghar... Qútlú-Múhammed (Mәmed) Tevkelev jastayynan Reseyding sheteldermen baylanys jasap túratyn ortalyq ýkimettik mekemesi Posoldyq prikaz tilmәshi bolghan. Múnda, jalpy,  onyng әkesi Mamesh, nemere aghalary Ramazan men Múrtaza da tilmәshtyq qyzmet atqaratyn. Ortalyq basqaru mekemelerin reformalau kezinde I Petr Posoldyq prikazdy 1720 jyly mýldem joyyp, ornyna Syrtqy ister alqasyn qúrdy. Al Qútlú-Múhammed aghalarynyng kómegimen sol Syrtqy ister alqasyna qyzmetke alyndy. Patsha qúzyryndaghy memlekettik chinovnik lauazymy ony odan әri ósuge, baigha, biyik әleumettik mәrtebege jetuge úmtylta týsedi. Ol I Petrding qaterli bastamalarynyng bәrine qatysady. Tilmashy retinde 1711 jyly Prut joryghyna qatysyp, týrikting sany basym armiyasy orys armiyasyn joyyp jiberuding az-aq aldynda qalghanyn kóredi.  Patsha tapsyrmasymen 1717 jyly Ýndistangha jol ashqysy kelgen knyazi Bekovich-Cherkasskiyling Orta Aziya ekspedisiyasynda bolady. Ekspedisiyagha qatysushylardy Hiua hanynyn  әskeri qyryp jibergende, әiteuir, ghayyptan aman qalady. Sosyn qaytadan patsha janynan tabylady. 1722 jyly I Petrmen birge onyng tilmәshi retinde Parsy joryghyna shyghady. Búl joryqtyng da ong nәtiyje bermeui I Petrding nazaryn Qazaq Ordasyna búrady. Tevkelevting jazbalaryna qaraghanda, I Petr qazaq jeri arqyly shyghysqa jol ashu ýshin «million som shyghyndasaq ta qazaq hanynan orystyng qorghauynda bolghymyz keledi degen bir japyraq qaghazdy qolgha týsiru kerek» degen josparyn sol saparynan keyin ile-shala aitqan eken. (Jonghar handyghyn bodany etu әreketi ong nәtiyjege jete qoymaghandyqtan, Aziya qaqpasy kiltin Qazaq Ordasyn qúzyryna qaratu arqyly qolyna alghysy kelgen). Alayda taghdyr onyng josparyn ózine oryndatugha jazbady (1725 jyly qaytys boldy). Ony jýzege asyrugha I Petrding amanatyn kókiregine myqtap baylaghan mansapqor tilmәsh  Mәmed (Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelev mindettendi. Búghan ol Ábilqayyr hannyng Resey bodany bolyp tabylatyn bashqúrtpen qarym-qatynasty beybit sipatqa týsiru ýshin Anna Ioannovna patshayymgha bitim jasau jayynda elshilik jiberuine oray qúlshyna kiristi...

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Ábilqayyr hannyng orys imperatrisasyna jazghan haty taghdyrsheshti betbúrystyng negizgi qújaty ekeni belgili. Mәn-maghynasy imperiya mýddesine sәikestendirile búrmalanyp, ómirge, jalpyhalyq sanasyna engizilgen. Kýni býginge deyin ózgere qoymaghan kópshilik arasyndaghy pikir boyynsha, Ábilqayyr han jeke basynyng qamy ýshin Reseyge qaramaghyndaghy halqymen bodan bolugha ózi súranghan, yaghny naqtylap aitqanda kәdimgi satqyn delinedi. Alayda múnday pikirding týrli búrmalaushylyqtyng jeteginde ketu saldarynan qalyptasqany songhy jyldary anyqqa shyqty. Bizge orys tili arqyly mәlim bolghan Ábilqayyr hannyng «satqyndyq hatyn»  ýstimizdegi ghasyrdyng basynda tarihshy Amantay Isin týpnúsqadan oqyp, qayta tәrjime jasady. Nәtiyjesinde ghylymy ainalymda jýrgen tarihy hattyng oryssha núsqasyndaghy birqatar  sózderding týpnúsqada joq ekenin, birazynyng maghynasy ózgertilip berilgenin anyqtady. Onyng sebebin tarihshy «dala biyleushileri jazghan hattardyng resmy audarmalarynda... basy artyq, baghynyshty sózderdi qosyp jiberu –  Mәskeu memleketining kense qyzmeti qalyptastyryp, Resey imperiyasy ýdetip jibergen әdet» bolghandyqtan, sodan jәne «kenes zamanyndaghy úly halyqty agha tútqan qúlshynystan» kóredi.  Sol zamandaghy shyghys әmirshileri qoldanghan arab, parsy sózderi aralas týrki-qazaq tilinde jazghan hatyndaghy «han sózderi ústamdy, belgili bir tústarynda asqaq. Kishireni de, ózge memleket iyesimen teng sezinui de, qúrmet kórsetui, sypayy sóz saptauy, mýddeli isi de ýilesimdi, salmaqty ólshemmen jetkizilgen. Búl hattan artyq jalbarynu, Resey patshalyghyna ashyq moyynsúnu, qúldana sóileu degen bayqalmaydy».

Hattyng negizgi maqsaty retinde «patshayymnyng qolastyndaghy oraldyq bashqúrttarmen qazaqtyng tatu túruy ýshin olargha jogharydan jarlyq týsiriluine qol jetkizu» tújyrymdalghany aiqyn angharylady. Ábilqayyr han elining soltýstigindegi kýshti de qaharly imperiya taghynda otyrghan patshayym Anna Ioannovnagha joldaghan, qazaq ýshin taghdyrsheshtilik mәni bolghan hattyng týp mәtinindegi: «Jarlyq: Sizding qúldarynyz Oral estekterimen yntymaqqa qol jetkizgimiz keledi. Sizding jarlyghynyzben yntymaqtas bolamyz», – degen týiindi joldar  onyng maqsatyn jetkilikti dәrejede aiqyn kórsetip túr. Jәne onyng eshqanday da «óz erkimen bodandyqqa súrandy» degen úghym bermeytini de anyq. Orys imperiyasy qolastyndaghy Oral bashqúrttary qazaq jer-suynyng biraz ónirin ózderiniki dep esepteytin de,  patshalyq qysqan sayyn, jana jayylymdargha kóshu maqsatymen, Qazaq eline imperiya әkimshiligining astyrtyn qoldauymen jiyi-jii shabuyldap tynym bermeytin. Ábilqayyr hannyng haty solardy  imperatrisa jarlyghymen auyzdyqtaugha qol jetkizudi kózdegeni kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Hatynda estekterdi (bashqúrttardy) orys memleketining «qúldary» dep atap kórsetip otyrghanynda, endi óz halqyn da sonday «qúldyqqa» aluyn patshayymnan «jalbarynyp» súrauy qisynsyzdyng qisynsyzy ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek.

Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza bastaghan 1930 jylghy elshilik qazaq hanynyng tikeley ózinen orys patshayymyna arnayy jazylghan hat әkeldi. Imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasy, patsha ýkimeti men patshayymnyng ózi oghan óte múqiyat qarady.  Bәri de Úly Petr amanat etken  jobany jýzege asyrar uaqyttyng tuyp kele jatqanyn týisindi. Mәseleni  paryqtay kele, patsha ýkimeti qazaq hany ótinishining imperiya mýddesine say tiyanaqtalyp oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin barlyq kerek-jaraq, mol qarjy-qarajatpen jabdyqtalghan, qúramyna qazaq elining jer-su bederin, qoghamdyq jәne әleumettik qúrylymyn, hal-jaghdayyn jan-jaqty zerttey alatyn mamandar engizilgen ýlken ekspedisiya qúrdy. Orys imperatrisasy Anna Ioannovnanyng osynau elshiligin basqarugha Syrtqy ister alqasynyng chinovniygi  Qútlú-Múhammed (Mәmed) Tevkelev taghayyndaldy. Onyng aldyna qoyylghan iri diplomatiyalyq mindetti atqaruda mýltiksiz oryndalugha tiyis núsqaulyq jasaldy. Sonday úiymdastyru jәne jan-jaqty dayyndyq sharalarynan son, ekspedisiya jol jýruge saqaday say boldy. Aqyry  Ábilqayyr hannyng elshilerimen birge, 1731 jylghy sәuirding 30-y kýni Tevkelev bastaghan missiya Qazaq elin betke ústap, Peterburgten shyqty. Eki aidan keyin bashqúrt aimaghyndaghy ortalyq qala Ufagha jetti. Sol jerde  elshilikti Aldar tarhan   kýtip alghan. Ol Tevkelevke aldymen Ábilqayyr hangha habar jibergen jón degen kenes berdi.  Habarshylar attandy da, tamyzdyng 22-sinde han ókilderimen birge oraldy. Olar Ufada qúrmetti eskortpen, qaruly kýzetpen kýsheytilgen imperatrisa Anna Ioannovnanyng elshiligin hannyng jazghy  ordasyna qaray sol aidyng ayaghynda bastap shyqty. Qazaq elining shegine ilige bergende, olardy Ábilqayyr hannyng úly  Núraly súltan qarsy aldy. Ol patsha elshiligine protokoldyq qúrmet kórsetu ýshin arnayy jiberilgen edi. Sóitip, qazaq әskerining han tarapynan bólingen eki jýz sarbazdan túratyn saltanatty eskorty әri kýzetining ortasynda, aidan astam jol ýstinde bolghan ekspedisiya, aqyry, 1731 jylghy 5 qazanda Yrghyzdaghy Mәnitóbe alqabyna tigilgen hannyng jazghy ordasyna at basyn tiredi.

Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymynyng elshisi әkelgen habardy kópke sozbay talqygha salu qajet dep sheshti. 1731 jylghy 10 qazandy jinalys ótkizetin kýn dep belgiledi. Oghan 1730 jylghy mamyr aiyndaghy qúryltaygha qatysqan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder shonjarlaryn shaqyrtty. Jinalysqa deyin han aldymen óz elshilerinen múqiyat esep aldy, sosyn orys elshiligining basshysy Tevkelevti qabyldady. Tevkelev  hanmen, qazaqtyng bedeldi túlghalarymen  (bi, súltan, batyrlarymen), ekspedisiyagha Ufada qosylghan qúrmetti eskortty bastap kelgen Aldar tarhanmen jәne Taymas batyr sekildi ózge de yqpaldy bashqúrttarmen әldeneshe ret kezdesip, aldyna qoyghan mәselesining sheshilu jolyn aqyldasty. Onyng kýndeliginde (jurnalynda) jazylghan aqparattargha qaraghanda, syi-siyapat tarata otyryp qozghalghan әngime týp-týgel qazaqtardy imperiya bodany boluyna moyynsúntu jóninde bolghan siyaqty.  Alayda, tapsyrmagha say toltyryp otyrghan jurnalyna patsha qyzmetshisi tek qojayynyna jaghatyn mazmúndaghy sózderdi jazuy tiyis ekenin este ústau kerek. Yaghni, týpki maqsaty bolyp tabylatyn jasandy qújatty – «Reseyge kiriptarlyghyn moyyndaytyn bir japyraq qaghazdy qaytkende qolgha týsiru ýshin, million som júmsasa da, bedeldi qazaqtardy satyp alu» jolynda jýrgizgen júmystaryn әsirelep tanbalauy kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Jurnalyndaghy aqparattardyng imperiyada ózge júrttargha qatysty qalyptasqan toltyru ýlgisinde,  kense qaghazyn ózgeni tómenshiktete otyryp jýrgizu dәstýrinde jazylghany anyq.

Patshalyq jәne kenestik dәuirlerde, sonday-aq bizding tәuelsiz zamanymyzda da kóptegen ghalymdar Tevkelevting sol shaqta jýrgizgen diplomatiyalyq kelissózderi qazaqqa Reseyding bodany boludy moyyndatugha tireldi dep sanaydy. Dúrysynda, sondaghy kelissózge әr tarap óz úghymynsha mәn bergen. Ábilqayyr hannyng patshayymgha jazghan hatyndaghy «jarlyq» (týiin) maghynasy orys memleketining qazaq eline mazasyzdyq tughyzyp túrghan bodan elimen beybit qatar ómir sýruge qol jetkizudi kózdeu ekeni aiqyn tújyrymdalghan. Hatty imperiya astanasyna aparghan elshiler «imperiya qaramaghyndaghy bashqúrttardyng qazaq eline agressiyasyn toqtatu ýshin  imperatrisanyng arnayy núsqau beruin» súrady, shartyn bayan etti: patshayym osylay tynyshtyq tughyzsa jәne qazaqtardyng syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanuyna septesse – onda Qazaq handyghy da patsha qazynasyna baghaly ang terilerinen dayyndalghan alym (yasak) berip túratyn bolady. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Sankt-Peterburgke saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan, solay etken de. Jogharyda qarastyrghanymyzday, orys qújattarynda búl jәit «bodan bolugha qúlshynu» sipatynda jazylghan.  Tevkelev qyzmeti barysynda solardy basshylyqqa alady.

1731 jylghy 10 qazandaghy qazaq aqsýiekteri men bedeldi túlghalary aldynda mәmilegerlik amal-aylamen aitqan orys elshisining keng auqymdy, bayypty, tereng sózi jinalysqa qatysushylargha qatty әser etedi. Oghan Tabyn Bókenbay batyr qoldau kórsete sóileydi. Qazaq ýshin qazirgi tanda kýshti elge arqa sýieu asa  qajet ekenin aitady. (Bókenbay batyr 1710 jylghy qúryltayda qazaq jasaqtarynyng sardarlyghyna saylanyp, Ábilqayyr hanmen birge jaudan elin azat etuge belsene qatysqan. 1726 jyly Jayyq ýshin shayqasyp jýrip, beybit kelisimshart jasaugha qajettilik tughanda, qalmaq әskerinde amanatta qalghan.  Jalpy, Otan soghysy kezinde talay shayqastyng kýiinishi men sýiinishin hanmen birge bastan keshken.  Ábilqayyr hannyng eng senimdi batyrlarynyng biri bolatyn. Ol osy jiyn aldynda ghana Tevkelevting ózine úsynghan iri kólemdegi tólemaqysyn aludan bastartqan edi: aqsha alsam – aqshagha satylghan bolyp shygham degen, men elime qorghan bolatyn patshayymgha aqysyz-púlsyz, elimning tynyshtyghy men abyroyy ýshin adaldyq saqtaudy ózime borysh sanaymyn degen).  Onyng sózi bas adamdardyng birqataryna ong әser etti. Olar  Reseydi qorghanysh tútugha beyildik tanytty. Al birqatary  kelispedi.  Olar orys patshalyghymen beybit kelisim jasaugha qarsy emes. Ángime eki el arasynda bir-birine әskery kómek berudi eskeretin uaghdalastyqqa qol jetkizu jóninde bolsa – qúba-qúp. Múny olar qoldar edi. Byltyrghy qúryltayda olar hangha patshayymmen kelisip, bashqúrt mazasyzdyghyn tynyshtandyrudy tapsyrghan. Basqa eshtene emes. Alayda patshayymdy qazaq handyghynyng birden bir qamqory tútugha shaqyryp, han óz ókilettigin asyra paydalanbaq. Búghan búlar qarsy. Orys memleketin qorghanysh kóruge  qarsy. Kelisim  tek qana beybitshilik saqtau jayynda ghana bolsyn. Olar Ábilqayyr hangha imperatrisa elshiligin osynday jauappen keri qaytarugha shaqyrady. Sonda Ábilqayyr han ózining sayasy oiyn meylinshe aiqyn, esh býkpesiz jariya etti. Eger handyq Reseyding qorghauyndaghy el qataryna kirse, onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq pen bashqúrt, Jayyq jәne Sibir kazaktary jýgensizdik jasay almaytyn bolady. Olardyng әskery qúrylymdarynyng qazaq elin shaba beruine toqtau salynady. Resey de olargha astyrtyn kómek beruin, qazaqtargha qúpiyalap  aidap sala beruin qoyady. Búl bir. Ekinshiden, Qazaq handyghy Resey qorghaytyn el qatarynda bolsa, onyng qolastyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynan kem týspeytin,  ortalyqtandyrylghan birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna Ábilqayyr hangha da mýmkindik tuady...

Soltýstiktegi quatty memleketke qaray sheshimtaldyqpen betbúrys  jasauynyng shyndyghyn Ábilqayyr han ordasyna jiylyp otyrghan dala elitasy aldynda 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda osylay aiqara ashty. Ótken 1730 jylghy mamyr qúryltayy sheshimine say, orys patshayymyna arnayy hatpen elshi jibergeninde, ol hatynda aitylghan tilek pen qoyghan shartynyng mazmúnyn qanday auqymda týsindiruge bolatyny jayynda elshilerine qúpiya týrde tiyisti núsqauyn bergen. Alystan boljaytyn kóregen sayasatker retinde, Ábilqayyr han teristigindegi alyp kórshisimen tatu túru arqyly ghana jýzderge bólinip basqaruly Qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyn saqtay alatynyn, sonda ghana ózining jalpaq jer-sudy alyp jatqan bytyranqy elinde bir ortalyqqa baghynatyn birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna mýmkindik tuatynyn úqqan. Alayda búghan kedergi kóp-tin...

Orys patshayymynyng elshiligi qatysqan jiynda qazaqtyng eldik mýddesin oilaytyn bas adamdar Ábilqayyr handy týsinuge tiyis jәne onyng úsynysyn qoldaugha mindetti bolugha kerek edi. Mәsele mynada. Ony jiyrma jyldan beri han deydi. Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bir bóligining hany, onyng ishinde keyingi on bir jyl boyy qazaq elining agha hany lauazymyn alyp keledi. Osy uaqyt boyynda qily jaghdaygha oray jasaq jiyp, әsker qúrdy, soghys ónerin tәp-tәuir mengergenining arqasynda, qazaqtyng aituly batyrlarymen birge manyzdy jenisterge jetip jýrdi. Beybit shaqtardaghy el biyleuding qyr-syryn da әjepteuir týsindi, sonday kezenderde ózining tóre túqymdastary men kýlli qara halyqtyng qily ókilderining jaqsy-jaman qasiyetterin әbden tanyp-bildi...

Orys derekkózderinen mәlim, bashqúrttyng belgili bas adamdary (Aldar tarhan, Taymas batyr jәne t.b.) 1730 jyly imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasyna bergen mәlimetterinde «qazaqtarda alty han bar, ishterindegi   zory Ábilqayyr han. Sol handardyng bәri barlyq isterde Ábilqayyr hangha qúlaq asady», – degen. Bir aidan keyin búl mәlimetti patshayymgha arnayy jiberilgen qazaq elshileri rastaydy. Olar әlgi mәlimetti Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys han men Orta jýz handary Sәmeke men Kýshik Ábilqayyr hannyng aitqanynan shyqpaydy degen sózderimen naqtylay týsti. Áygili qazaq batyry Tabyn Bókenbay 1731 jyly qazaq dalasyna kelgen Qútlú-Múhammed Tevkelevke: qazaq elinde «Tәuke hannan keyingi basty әmirshi – Ábilqayyr han, ol óz erkimen, eshkimnen kedergi kórmesten, kóp isti jýzege asyrdy» dedi. Orta jýz hany Sәmeke Ábilqayyrdy «bas hanymyz» dep atady. Orystyng kóptegen qújattarynda belgili qazaq batyrlary men bas adamdarynyn, sonday-aq Abylaydyng jәne ózge de súltandardyn  Ábilqayyrdy bas han, agha han dep ataghan derekteri saqtalghan.

Búl lauazymgha ol 1719 jyldan ie bop kele jatqan jәne sonsha uaqyt boyy attan týspey, úlan-ghayyr qazaq jerining ontýstigine de, teristigine de qorghan bolmaqqa, jauynger jasaghyn bastap әldeneshe attanghan. Nebir shayqastar jýrgizip, elding azattyghy men tútastyghyn saqtau ýshin alysqan. Osynsha uaqyt belden qynyndaghy qylysh pen jebe toly qoramsa sheshilmedi. Sadaq pen semserdi bekem ústap,  túlparynan týsken joq. Jauynger sarbazdaryn bastap, damyl tappay, qazaq jerining bir qiyrynan ekinshi qiyryna qúiyndata shapty. El mýddesi ýshin qústay úshyp, qysqa merzimde aishylyq jerlerdi shaldy. Bas qolbasshy retinde, qazaq әskerin kýrdeli maydandarda jeniske bastady. Ontýstikte  qazaqtyng astanasy men talay ózge de shaharyn, shúrayly jer-suyn jonghar-basqynshydan azat etti. Teristik-batysta orys ýkimeti aitaqtaghan, orys qolastyndaghy qalmaq, kazak-orys, bashqúrttan el-júrtyn qorghady. Jayyq ýshin jan ayamay shayqasty (Ábilqayyr hannyng orys ókimetine mәlimdemesi: «Qazaq halqy Jayyqtan ózen suy sarqylyp bitkenshe airylmaydy!»). Jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy jýrgizgen Otan soghysyn jenispen ayaqtady. Qontayshy Galdan Seren syndy quatty әm qaterli,  әskery kýshining mýmkindigi mol bas dúshpanymen abyroyly kelisimge qol jetkizdi. Ne kerek, Ábilqayyr bahadýr ózining agha han retindegi lauazymyn bilegining kýshimen, qolbasshylyq biligimen bekemdedi. Ol bir mýsheldey uaqyt boyy ózining is jýzinde elding basty hany ekenin isimen dәleldep keledi.

1736 jyly ordasynda bolyp qaytqan shetel sayahatshysy Djon Kestliding jazuyna qaraghanda,  Ábilqayyr han biyik boyly, myghym deneli, qyzyl shyrayly jýzi jaqsylyq, tilektestik núryn shashqan bahadýr bolatúghyn. Sonymen qatar ol óte qajyrly, asa quatty kýsh iyesi edi, býkil qazaq halqy ishinde sadaq tartuda oghan teng keletin jan joq bolatyn (Kestli kýndeliginde ony osylay surettedi, búl oghan Ábilqayyr hannyng eluding ortasyna kelgen shaghyndaghy beynesining bergen әseri). Ábilqayyr han shynynda da kelbetti, kýsh-quaty kemerinen asqan, óte qaruly, jauyngerlik sheberligi jauyn da tәnti etken, sonymen birge asa iri úiymdastyrushy jәne ghalamat qolbasshy talantyn qúday bir boyyna ayamay darytqan jan bolghan.  Onyng jongharlargha qarsy jauyngerlik shayqastarynda da, Rossiyanyng shekaralyq audandaryna jasaghan әskery joryqtarynda da kórsetken essizdikke barabar jýrekjútqandyghyn, keremet batyldyghyn orys әkimderi erekshe qolbasylyq darynymen qosa atap kórsetip otyrghan. Sýiikti arghymaghynan týspeytin dala qolbasshysynyng asa sheber shabandozdyq ónerine tikeley kuә bolghanyn shekara jasaqtarynyng komandirleri de jii eske alghan.

1723 jylghy apatty jenilis tughyzghan kónil-kýy halyqtyng ensesin basyp, jappay týnilu oryn alghan eng qiyn jaghdaylardyng ózinde Ábilqayyr han sabyr saqtap, oy aiqyndyghyn joghaltpay, ózining erjýrektigi, sheshimtaldyghy arqasynda batyl әreketter jasay bildi. Júrt bosyp ketken «Aqtaban shúbyryndyda» esteri shyqqan kóptegen qarulas shynghystúqymdy bauyrlaryna úqsamay, ol tez әsker jinay aldy. Sarbazdaryn dúshpannyng shapqynshylyq jasaghan baghyttarynda toptastyrdy. Basqynshy qoldaryn shapshan, qarqyndy týrde shabuyldau arqyly kóp rette basymdyqqa jetip, shayqastarda jii jenip shyghyp jýrdi. Kýreske toly úzaq jyldarda kózining jetkeni –  qazaq júrty erkindikti sýiedi, dúshpangha aldyrghysy kelmeydi, batyr, alayda, memleketining qúrylymy әlsiz. Tәuke hannyng reformasynda kózdelgen ólkelerdegi biylikti kýsheytu arqyly memlekettik birlikti arttyru iydeyasy jýzege aspay qalghan. Bas-basyna by bolugha qúmarlyq ýdep, eldi bytyranqylyq jaylap ketken. Óitkeni tóre de, qara da myqty memlekettik qúrylym jәne ony nyghayta týsu jolynda atqarylmaq paryz haqynda sanasyna ong úghym úyalatpaghan. Olar Ábilqayyrdy bas han dep sanamaydy, onyng agha han retindegi biyligin moyyndamaugha beyim, ony tek Kishi jýz hany ghana dep tanugha ong iyqtaryn berip túrady. Al Kishi jýzding ózinde de, shyndap kelgende, han biyligine sózsiz qúldyq úra bermeydi. Biyler kenesine sonau Esim han zamanynan berilip, Tәuke han dәuirinde kýsheytile týsken ókilettilik tap qazirgi tanda keri әser etip túr. Ókinishti-aq, biraq hannyng el birligin kózdeytin pәrmendi júmys jýrgizuine kedergi bola týsude.

10 qazandaghy mәjiliste Ábilqayyr han osy jәitti kýiine aitty: onyng býginde han degen aty ghana bar, qúzyryndaghy bodandaryna beybit kýnde sózi ótpeydi, qazaq ishindegi qazirgi jaghdayy «iyesiz jabayy atqa úqsaydy», «onday atty adamdar úryp-soghyp, quyp әlek, al andar ústap alyp jep qongha úmtylady». Alayda ol elding tútastyghyn arttyrghysy keledi. Memleketi kýshti, ornyqty bolsa eken deydi. Solay jasau ýshin naqty biylikke qol jetkizudi armandaydy. Al onday jaghday Resey syndy quatty monarhiyany arqa tútqanda ghana mýmkin bolmaq. Reseyding protektoraty retinde birtútas, biylik jýiesi bir ortalyqtandyrylghan quatty memleket qúru qajet. Múnday jaghdaygha, әne, ózderi talay shayqasqan Qalmaq handyghy jetip otyr...

Ábilqayyr hannyng tap osylay aghynan aqtaryluyn barshasy múqiyat tyndady. Soltýstiktegi kýshti kórshini suzeren retinde tanudyng tap sol shaqtaghy ahualda shyn mәnindegi memlekettik mýdde túrghysynan jasalugha qajet shara ekenin oghan eng qarsy toptyng ózi de týsindi. Jәne moyyndady, tek  ishtey ghana. Biraq hannyng onday sheshimimen kelise almady. Sebebi Ábilqayyr hannyng jýzege asyrugha bekem bekingen maqsaty qazaq elindegi dәstýrli әleumettik-sayasy jýiege ýlken ózgeris engizetinin qay-qaysysy da sezdi. Turasyn aitqanda, onyng ortalyq ókimetti qatty kýsheytuge aparatyn shara ekenin úqty. Búl sharanyng qazaq eli aumaghynda Qasym han zamanynan beri bolmaghan biylik jýiesin janasha janghyrtatynyn payymdady. El ishinde agha hannyng bir ózi basqaratyn kýshti rejim ornatugha aparatynyn zayyr týsindi. Sony týsingendikten de, tiyisinshe – qoryqty. Óitkeni, agha hangha býkil eldi bir ózi biyleytin әmirshi qúqtaryn bergen jaghdayda, qazirgi barsha bas adamdar ózderining qazaq halqyn basqaru salasyndaghy búrynghy artyqshylyqtarynan airylyp qalatyndaryn týisindi. Bir qolgha alynghan handyq biylikke búryn-sondy bolmaghan dәrejede tәueldi bolyp shyghatyndaryn shamalady. Sondyqtan da, 10 qazandaghy jinalysta elding birqatar bas adamdary (bi, súltan, batyr, starshyn) alauyzdyqqa jol berdi. Hangha bir auyzdan qoldau kórsetpedi. Degenmen, sýienetin suzeren tandau mәselesinde ol joly Ábilqayyr handy Bókenbay, Eset batyrlar jәne Qúdaynazar myrza ashyq qoldaghan, olardy el ishinde bedeli bar taghy jiyrma jeti belgili túlgha jaqtady.

Ábilqayyr hannyng Reseyge arqa sýieu arqyly kýshti memleket ornatpaq jolyndaghy alghashqy ashyq qadamy osylay jasaldy. Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, mәjilis ýstinde birden eldik mýddege basymdyq bere almaushylyq pen pendeshilik úsaq mýddeler boy kórsetip, basqarushy elita arasyndaghy tar óristi kembaghal qayshylyq kózge úrdy. Degenmen Ábilqayyr han búl alauyzdyqty jenuden ýmittendi. Alayda onyng jenilmek týgil, ýdey týsuine han senim artqan suzerenning ózi mýddeli edi.  Ol Ábilqayyr hannyng birtútas handyq qúru josparyn qaytkende oryndatpau jaghyn kózdeytin...

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Qalay qaraghanda da qazaq dalasynda 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda ótken aqsýiekter men bedeldi adamdar mәjilisining taghdyrsheshtilik mәni bar ekendigi anyq. Búl shaghyn da manyzdy qúryltay  tarihy ahual tandatqan suzerenge arqa sýieu mәselesin qaraghan, múny barsha júrt bayaghydan aityp jýr. Múnda sonymen birge qazaq elin jana tarihy jaghdayda janasha tútastandyru iydeyasy Ábilqayyr han tarapynan ashyq kóterilgen edi. Búl Ábilqayyr han ózining aldyna qoyghan maqsatyn elita aldynda býkpesiz jariya etken túnghysh ta songhy jinalys bolatyn. Osy jinalys sodan beri ýzdiksiz jýre bastaghan kýrdeli ýderisting basy boldy.

Sol jinalysta tolyq qoldaugha ie bola almaghandyghyna qaramastan, Ábilqayyr han Resey protektorattyghyna ótu jayyndaghy óz ústanymyn ózgertken joq. (Osynau protektorattyqqa ótu oqighasy pәlen jyldan keyin qazaqtyng jer-suy men elin orys eline, orys elining jerine ainaldyratyn taza orys ýlgisindegi otarlaugha úlasuy yqtimal-au degendi anghal dala әmirshisi elestete de almaghan bolsa kerek).  Ol búl sheshimine kezdeysoq emes, iri sayasy qayratker payymymen kelgen de, óz úigharymynyng qazaq halqynyng el retinde saqtalu mýddesi ýdesinen shyghatynyna kәmil sengendikten, ózgertpegen.

Ábilqayyr han orys imperiyasynyng protektoraty bolu arqyly, birinshiden, eldegi handyq biylikti janartyp, jetildirudi kózdedi. Onyng oiynsha, búghan deyingi tәjiriybe – handy halyq jinalysynda saylau qazirgi tanda el birligin arttyrugha jauap bere almaytyn. Handyqtan ýmitker shynghystyq-joshylyq súltandar auqymy ýlken, sondyqtan olar mindetti týrde baqtalastyq pen alauyzdyqty órshite týsedi. Sol sebepti elde monarhiyalyq tәrtip engizilip, taq kelesi buyngha saylau jolymen emes, múragerlikpen beriletin ereje engiziluge tiyis. Múnday retpen modernizasiyalanghan jýiede Ábilqayyr han qazaq elindegi jeke-dara jogharghy әmirshi dәrejesine kóterilmek jәne taq әrdayym tek onyng óz kindiginen taraghan úrpaqqa tiyip otyrmaq. Ekinshiden, eldegi kýlli әleumettik saty boyyndaghy buyndardy qamtyp basqaratyn, monarhiyalyq qúrylymgha say әkimshilik-kýshtik apparat jasaqtalugha tiyis. Halyqty tútastyrudy jәne bir ortalyqqa mәjbýrlep baghyndyrudy әm tynys-tirshiligin qamsyzdandyrugha qajet sauda-sattyqty jandandyru joldaryn sayasy túrghyda osynday úiymdastyru sharalarymen qamtamasyz etuge bolady. Búl ýshin  Ábilqayyr han Or ózenining saghasyna, Elek ózenining orta aghysyna jәne Syr boyyndaghy búrynghy Jankent shaharynyng ornyna arnayy qalalar saludy, sonday-aq ontýstikten ózi ketkeli beri jonghar qolastynda qalghan qazaq astanasy Týrkistan shaharyn qaytaryp aludy, sóitip olardy ózi qúratyn jana memlekettik biyliktin  quatty túghyryna ainaldyrudy kókseydi.

Ábilqayyr hannyng oiy osynday edi, al patsha elshisi Mәmed Tevkelev hannyng múnday jospary baryn birden bile qoymaghanmen, onymen orys proteksiyasyn qabyldau haqynda tez týsinisip, ekeui tamyr bop ketken. Ol orys qorghauynda boludyng paydalylyghyn qazaqqa ilandyrudy basty mindeti dep sanaghan. Óitkeni kókireginde Petr patshanyng qazaq dalasyn Aziyagha jol ashar qaqpa dep baghalaghan kózqarasy jәne soghan oray tikeley ózinen alghan núsqauy sayrap túrghan. Patshalyqta mansaptyq satymen óse beruden ýmitker qyzmetshi retinde, qanday shyghyngha baru kerek bolsa da tәuekel etip, qazaqtardy qaytkende orys tuy astyna iykemdeuge tyrysqan. Oghan han qazaq halqynyng ereksheligin – óz bas adamdarynyng sonynan eruge qashanda dayyn túratynyn aitqan-dy. Sondyqtan Tevkelev qazaqtyng bas adamdarymen týsindiru-ýgitteu júmystaryn jalghastyra týsu ýshin elshiligimen dala tósinde qala bergen.  Sodan el ishinde bir jylday boldy.

Hannyng ashyq mәlimdemesinen orys patshasynyng qamqorlyghyn ózining ishki sayasy maqsattaryna paydalanbaq oiy baryn  biyler men rubasylar anyq bilgen. Solardyng basym kópshiligi, jogharyda aitqanymyzday,  jana jaghday hannyng búlardyng ýsterinen qaraudaghy qúzyrettiligin arttyra týsedi, demek, tiyisinshe, el basqarudaghy osy kýnderi qolda bar artyqshylyqtaryn sózsiz joyady. Búghan eshqaysysy kýmәndanghan joq.  Sol sebepti olar Tevkelevten, sonday-aq orys elshiligi keruenimen birge kelgen bashqúrttyng iygi jaqsylarynan proteksiyanyng egjey-tejeyin qayta-qayta súrastyrdy. Tevkelev elshiligi týsindirmelerin, ýgit-nasihattaryn jýrgizip, syilyqtaryn ýlestirip bolghan son, aqyry, 1733 jyly Reseyge qaytty. Ábilqayyrdyng ekinshi úly Eraly súltanmen, hannyng inisi Niyaz súltanmen, Qúdaynazar, Týgelbay myrzalarmen, Sadyq bi, Myrzageldi batyrmen jәne taghy birer han ókilderimen birge oraldy.

Osy jyly Úly jýzding asa yqpaldy bes bas adamy (Tóle bi, Qodar bi, Hangeldi bi, Satay batyr, Bólek batyr) patshayym tuy astyna súrandy. Orta jýzding bir top starshyndarymen birge Sәmeke han patshayymnyng qorghauyna ótuge ekinshi ret súrandy (alghashqysy 1731 jyly bolatyn). Osy oqighalar birinshiden, qazaq elindegi agha han mәrtebesi memlekettik birlikting tútas ta myghym boluyna qyzmet ete almaytynyn kórsetti. Ekinshiden, qazaq elindegi belgili túlghalardyng (kishi handar, súltandar, biyler, batyrlar) el birligin arttyru jolyndaghy memlekettik kózqarastary damymaghanyna dәlel boldy. Eger  parasatqa salyp, Ábilqayyr hannyng orys proteksiyasyn qabyldaugha barghan jaghdayyn jan-jaqty saraptasa jәne ony el iygiligine qalay paydalanu jolyn oilasa, onda olar ózderin orys biyligi qorghauyna tikeley aluyn súramaghan bolar edi. Kerisinshe, protektorat biyleushisi Ábilqayyr hannyng tóniregine toptasyp, orys tuy sayasynda qazaq memlekettiligin nyghaytyp alu baghytyn ústanghan bolar edi.

Biraq bolar is boldy, elita memlekettilik sezimining túqyldanghanyn kórsetti, sóitip is jýzinde bir ortalyqtandyrylghan kýshti memleket qúru iydeyasyn  qoldamay, separatizm batpaghyna týsip ketti. Olardyng imperiya bodandyghyna jeke-jeke súranuy qazaqtyng kýshti handyghyn qúrghyzbaugha mýddeli orys sayasatyna әbden sәikes keldi...

...Birtútas, bir ortalyqtan basqarylatyn memleket qúrudy kózdegen iydeyany tereng jәne jan-jaqty taldap, saraptap bayqaugha el aghalary qauqarsyz edi. Olar ózderining zamana talabyna jauap bere alatyn, eng dúrys dep moyyndaugha túratyn bastamany qostau nemese jetildire otyryp qoldau dengeyine jete almaghanyn, qaytkende de memlekettilikti saqtau syndy jasampaz iydeyany pysyqtay otyryp ong sheshim qabyldaugha dayyn emestigin, múnday eldik múratty oilaugha sayasy túrghyda pisip-jetilmegenin kórsetti. Sol shaqtaghy elita, qazaqtyng betke ústarlary el taghdyryn memlekettik kózqaras túrghysynan payymdaugha kóterilmegen-tin, olar  protektorattyq damudyng paydaly jaghyn, ong nәtiyje berui yqtimal bolashaghyn ne elestete almady, ne soghan tyryspady da.

Shyndap kelgende, olardy qazaq elining Resey protektoraty boluy emes, sol beles arqyly Ábilqayyr hannyng qatang ortalyqtandyrylghan biylik jýiesin qúru niyeti shoshytty. Olar kýlli el biyligin bir adamgha – Ábilqayyr hangha berudi oilaryna da alghysy kelmedi. Óitkeni jekelegen ru-taypalardyng qojayyny bolyp jýrgen ózderin endi, kenetten, jeke-dara biyleushige tәueldi etudi, sóitip, әmirshi qolastyndaghy pende sezinudi qorlyq  kórdi. Olargha býgingi jýre tyndap, óz degenderin istey beruge ynghayly  agha han instituty qolayly edi. Bir hannyng biyligin qoldap, ony meylinshe kýsheytip, oghan ózderining baghynyshtylyghyn arttyrghannan góri, әrqaysysynyng óz aimaqtarynda derbes, is jýzinde hangha tәuelsiz týrde, erkin qojayyndyq jasap jýruin jalghastyra berui olar ýshin әldeqayda tiyimdi bolatyn. Solardyn: «Ábilqayyr han jeke basynyng paydasyn kózdep, halyq ókilderimen (biyler kenesimen) aqyldaspay, qazaq elin orysqa baghyndyrudy qosh kórdi» degen aiyptauymen, sony qoshtay ketken bertingi úrpaqtyng tilimen aitqanda, «jeke basynyng paydasyn kózdegen Ábilqayyr han satqyndyq jasap, qazaq eline otarlyq qamyt kiygizdi» degen tújyrymmen túzdyqtalyp, ghasyrlargha ketken, bizding zamanymyzgha deyin jetken jәne oqyghan, kózi ashyq delinetinderding kóbining sanasyn ulaghan  zildi jala ornyqty.

Alayda Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymynyng qoldauyna sýienip, qazaq handyghyn  birtútastandyrudy, biylikti ortalyqtandyryp, ókimetin edәuir kýsheytip aludy kózdegen bolatyn. Sóitip ózine bashqúrttar men qaraqalpaqtardy, Hiua men Búhara biyleushilerin qaratudy, ontýstiktegi qazaq jer-suy men astanasyn jongharlardan qaytaryp aludy maqsat etken edi.  Búlardyng óteuine ol patshayym elinen shyqqan orys sauda keruenderining saparlaryn qauipsizdendirudi moynyna aldy, reseylikterding qazaq jeri aumaghynan altyn ken oryndaryn izdestiruine jәrdemdesuge, qazaqtardyng Resey qolastyndaghy halyqtar mekendeytin aimaqtargha shabuyldauyn toqtatugha, basqa da kómekterin beruge uәde etti.   Al orys ýkimeti Resey tuyna adal bolamyz dep Ábilqayyr han da, ózge túlghalar da  bergen antty olar Reseyge mәngilikke baghynugha kelisti dep eseptedi (qazaq biyleushileri múnday aktini aghymdaghy jaghdaygha oray ózderine qajet uaqytsha odaq qúrugha degen zandy qúqynyng kórinisi retinde sanaghan).

Teristiktegi quatty monarhiyanyng protektoraty bolugha beyildigin rastap,1738 jyly ekinshi ret ant beru arqyly Reseymen beybit qarym-qatynas ornatugha jol ashqan, sóitip eline kóp jaqsylyq әkelgen  Ábilqayyr hannyng danqy shartarapqa tarady. Kishi jýz (Araldyng teristik-shyghys jaghyn mekendeytin sany kóp Shekti o bastan onyng negizgi әleumettik tiregi bolatyn, ýlken úly Núraly súltan basqaratyn Bayúly birlestigi rularynyng kópshiligi, basynda Eset batyr túrghan Jetiru birlestigi) týgel derlik, Orta jýz rularynyng edәuir bóligi (Arghyn taypasynyng Jәnibek batyr jetekshilik etetin kóptegen rulary, hannyng ekinshi úly Eraly súltan basqaratyn Kereyler, ishinara soltýstikti mekendeytin Nayman men Uaq) ony óz hany dep tanydy. Ishki sayasy jaghday birshama túraqtanyp, nyghaydy. Protektorat retinde damudyng alghashqy jyldarynda Ábilqayyr hannyng sayasy jaghdayy osylay, is jýzinde agha han mәrtebesine  sәikes kelip túrdy.

Biraq Orta Aziyadaghy halyqaralyq ahual qazaq qoghamyn bir ortalyqqa baghyndyryp basqaru jýiesin qúru qajettigin kýn tәrtibinen esh týsirmegen edi. Ábilqayyr han Syrdyng tómengi aghysyna qala salyp, jongharlar men irandyqtardan qorghanu sharalaryn jýzege asyru ýshin, qazaqty syrtqy jaudan qorghaugha mindettengen patsha ýkimetinen 1739 jyly әskery kómek súrady. Alayda birneshe ret súraghanyna qaramastan, kómek berilmedi. Sonyng saldarynan qazaq elining ontýstigi men teristik-shyghysyndaghy sayasy jaghday shiyelenise týsti. Parsylar Hiua men Búharany jaulap aldy. Jongharlar Ertis pen Esil arasynda, Syr aumaghynda kóship-qonyp jýrgen qazaq rularyn shapty. Reseylik әkimshilikting jәrdem bermey aldausyratuyna ashulanghan Ábilqayyr han patsha ýkimetine senimsizdik bildirip, jonghar qontayshysymen tikeley kelissóz jýrgizip kórdi. Ózbek aqsýiekteri men shonjarlarynyng shaqyruymen Hiuagha az uaqyt han bolyp ta qaytty. Búl kezde onyng patsha ýkimetin ózining biyligin kýsheytuge paydalanuyna kedergi keltiru ýshin, shyqqan tegining artyqshylyghyn dabyraytyp erekshe maqtan tútatyn, qazaqtyng eldik birligin arttyrugha qatysty esh jobasy joqtyghyn bylay qoyghanda, sol mәseleni oilanyp ta kórmegen Baraq súltan qaytkende orys biyligine tikeley baghynyshtylyqqa ózi jetudi ansady, sol armanynyng oryndaluyn  qamtamasyz etetin әreketter jasap jýrdi. Jongharlardyng qalyng qoly 1741–1742 jyldary Úly jýz ben Orta jýzge shabuyl jasaghan shaqtardaghy shayqastardyng birinde Abylay súltan tútqyngha týsti. Dúshpan tegeuirinine tótep bere almaghan Ábilmәmbet han jasaghymen Elekting jogharghy aghysynan Orynborgha qaray  sheginuge mәjbýr boldy. Sonda, Ábilqayyr hannyng ótinishine sәikes, Or qamalynyng komendanty jonghar әskerining qolbasshysyna:  qazaqtardy Resey memleketi óz bodany retinde qorghaydy dep mәlimdedi. Shapqynshylyq toqtatyldy. Biraq qalyng qolymen Orta jýzding edәuir bóligin basyp alghan jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Seren qazaq әmirshilerinen Jonghariyanyng sayasy protektoraty ekenin moyyndaudy talap etti.

1742 jylghy kóktemde  osy talapty talqylau ýshin 1500 adam qatysqan jinalys ótti. Kópshilik Galdan Serenning talabyn oryndau qajet degen oigha keldi. Biyler Ábilqayyr hangha: «Biz qalmaqtarmen ýirenisip qalghanbyz, qalmaqtardyng súraghanyn beru kerek», – dedi. Ábilqayyr han qatty ashu shaqyryp, olardy aqymaqsyndar dep dóreki týrde sókti. Jonghar mәselesi boyynsha ózining Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyn  jana basshysymen  kenesui kerektigin jariya etti. Biraq Orta jýz hany Ábilmәmbet pen Batyr jәne Baraq súltandar qontayshy talabyna kónip, oghan amanattaryn jiberip jatty. Alayda Anyraqay jenisining bas qaharmany Ábilqayyr bahadýr hannyng ilanymynsha – qazaq handyghy jonghar qontayshysyna baghynam dep abyroydan airylady. Osylay oilaghandyqtan, ol jonghar proteksiyasyn moyyndaugha ýzildi-kesildi qarsy shyqty. Kýsh-quaty artyp túrghan Galdan Serenge kiriptarlyqtan qútylu ýshin, soghysudan taysalmay, qarsy shyghu kerek. Sol rette ol qazaqty qorghaugha mindettengen Reseyden naqty әskery jәrdem súraudy jón kórdi. Ári ózektiligi arta týsken ózining bayyrghy sayasy maqsatyna jetuding – handyqty bir ortalyqqa tolyghymen baghyndyrudyng sәti tudy dep eseptedi.

Solay oilaghan Ábilqayyr han Orynbordaghy jana әkim Ivan  Nepluevke 1742 jylghy 18 mausymda Galdan Serenning qazaqtargha qoyghan talap-hatymen birge ózining Resey tәjine adaldyghyn bildire otyryp, kómekke qaruly kýsh súraghan jeke hatyn joldady. Reseydin  әskery kómegi oghan eng aldymen jonghar qontayshysynyng talabyn oryndaugha bet alghan Ábilmәmbet han men Baraq, Batyr súltandardy kýshpen auyzdyqtap toqtatu ýshin kerek edi. Osynday jolmen ol memlekettik tútastyqqa qol jetkizudi, Orta jýzdegi ózine bәsekeles bolyp jýrgen shynghys túqymdas bauyrlaryn birjolata baghyndyryp alyp baryp, yqpalyn kýlli qazaq eline jýrgizudi oilady. Alayda imperiya ýkimeti Ábilqayyr han armandaghanday qazaq elining sayasy qúrylymyn ortalyqtandyrudy, handyqtyng qatang memlekettik jýiesin qúrudy oiyna da almaytyn. Sondyqtan búl ótinishi de jauapsyz qaldyryldy. Biraq qazaq elitasynyng arasynda jonghar qontayshysyna qaray  baghdarlanu kýsheyip bara jatqanyn eskerip, Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng jana bastyghy general Nepluevke arnayy tapsyrma berildi:   Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding Resey qolastynda ekenin Galdan Seren resmy týrde moyyndasyn, soghan qaytkende de qol jetkizu kerek...

Syrtqy ister alqasy algha qoyghan mәselening sheshimin tabuyna Ábilqayyr hannyng Yrghyz ózeni boyyndaghy jazghy ordasyna jonghar elshilerining kelui  qolayly jaghday tughyzdy. Ábilqayyrdyng ontayly diplomatiyalyq amaldar qoldanuynyng nәtiyjesinde  Orynbor ólkesining jana biyleushisi olardy Or qamalyndaghy reziydensiyasyna shaqyrtty. Ábilqayyr han ýsh jýzding 155 ókilin (Kishi jýzden – 83, Orta jýzden – 68, Úly jýzden – 4 adam), sonday-aq ordasyndaghy jonghar men qaraqalpaq elshilerin ertip, 1742 jylghy 23 tamyzda Or qamalyna keldi. Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng bas komandiyri lauazymyna sonyng aldynda ghana taghayyndalghan, keyinirek «Orynbor ólkesining Úly Petri» atanghan general Ivan Nepluev pen Ábilqayyr han sol sapar alghash ret kezdesip, qazaq-jonghar qatynastarynyng kýrdeli qyrlaryn ekeuara talqygha saldy. Sodan keyin qazaq elitasynyng ýlken delegasiyasymen ótken sol asa manyzdy kezdesude general Nepluev Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding Resey bodandary bolyp tabylatynyn, yaghny olardan alym-salyq talap etuge Jonghariyanyng eshqanday da zandy qúqy joq ekenin  jonghar elshilerine ashyq, aiqyn, batyl mәlimdedi. Qazaqtargha qatysty dauly mәselening bәrin tek orys ýkimeti arqyly sheshu kerektigin aitty. Han-súltandarmen oirat biyligi separattyq kelissóz jýrgizbesin, kiykiljinge aparatyn mәselelerdi sheshu ýshin jonghar qontayshysyna tayauda arnayy elshilik attandyrylmaq dedi. Kezdesuge qatysushylar generaldy qyzu quattady. Ábilqayyr han Jonghariyagha jiberilmek elshilikke tútqyndaghy Abylay súltandy bosatudy tapsyru mәselesin kóterdi. Mәselening sheshiluin jyldamdatu ýshin jolbasshylyqqa úlyn qosyp berudi jәne, Abylaygha almastyruy ýshin,  qazaqtarda tútqynda jýrgen jongharlardy jinap, elshimen qosyp jiberudi úsyndy. Hannyn  óz aitqandaryn tez jәne tolyghymen oryndaghany elshilikting jóneltpe qújattarynda kórinis tapqan.

Nepluev jasaqtaghan airyqsha elshilik mayor Karl Millerding bastauymen Or qamalynan 1742 jylghy 3 qyrkýiekte ontýstik-shyghys baghytpen jolgha shyqty. Elshilik qúramynda on bir adam boldy. Olardy  Ábilqayyr hannyng úly Eraly súltan bastaghan senimdi adamdary alyp jýrdi. Elshilik aldyna ýsh týrli maqsat qoyylghan edi. Birinshisi – jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Serenge Resey imperiyasynyng bodandary bolyp tabylatyn qazaqtar isine aralaspaudy talap etken patsha generalynyng resmy hatyn tapsyru, ekinshisi – Abylay súltandy jonghar tútqynynan bosatu, ýshinshisi – ýsh jýz jerimen jýrip ótu barysynda qazaq súltandary men rubasylaryn jonghar qoqanloqqysyna berilmey, Resey qúzyrynda qala beruding dúrystyghyna ilandyru.  Eki jarym ay jolda bolghan elshilik jonghar әmirshisi ordasyna jetpey, Jetisuda saparyn toqtatugha mәjbýr boldy. Elshilikti Galdan Serenning Shu boyyndaghy senimdi noyony Sary Manjy qontayshy tapsyrmasyna sәikes toqtatty, ol qazaq mәselesine baylanysty mayor Millermen eki ay boyy kelissóz jýrgizdi. Kelissóz nәtiyjesinde Galdan Seren (Qaldan Seren) qazaq rularynan alym talap etuin qoydy, qazaq-jonghar saudasy jandandy jәne, eng bastysy, Abylay súltan azat etildi. Ábilqayyr hannyng tilegine say jýrgizilgen búl shara qazaqtar arasyndaghy orys әkimshiligining bedelin belgili dәrejede arttyrdy. Alayda sol 1742 jyly ghana ólke әkimi bolyp kelgen (1744 jyldan gubernator) Nepluev ýshin búl shara óz kókeyindegi ýlken jobanyng baspaldaghy ghana siyaqty edi. Ol Elizaveta patshayym taqqa otyrghan kezde Malorossiya komandiyri lauazymynan taydyrylyp, abaqtydan bir-aq shyqqan, biraq jazyqsyz ekeni dәleldengennen keyin ghana osy jana ólkege jiberilgen bolatyn. Patshayymnyng senimin ol  múnda  tolyghymen aqtap, orys imperiyasynyng protektoraty mәrtebesindegi qazaq elimen qarym-qatynasty josparlanghan dәrejege – otarshyldyq  sipatty kórsetetin dengeyge týsirilgen jana baghytqa saldy. Sóitip, Reseydi protektory retinde moyyndaghan, orys imperiyasynyng vassaly sanatyndaghy qazaq elin oryssha otarlaudyn, yaghny ony mýldem orys jerine ainaldyrudyng negizin qalady.

Az uaqyttyng ishinde Nepluev Ábilqayyr hannyng orys qamqorlyghyna arqa sýieudegi týpki maqsatyn aiqyn týsindi. Ol ózining bytyrap jatqan kóshpendi júrtyn biriktirip, bir kýshti handyq qúryp almaqshy. Biraq búl jýzege asugha tiyis emes. Birinshiden, oghan orys imperiyasy mýddeli bola almaydy. Ekinshiden, qazaqty múnday tútastyqqa jetkizbeuge qazaq elitasynyng memlekettik mýdde haqyndaghy sayasy oiynyng tómendigi, ortaq maqsatty oilaugha joq ózara alauyzdyghy kómektesip túr.

Kýni keshe Nepluev jonghar elshilerine orys biyligi syrtynan qazaq biyleushilerimen separattyq kelissózder jýrgizuge bolmaytynyn aitty. Al, shyndap kelgende, qazaq birligin ydyratugha aparatyn separattyq kelissózder Ábilqayyr hannyng syrtynan әldeqashan jýrip jatqan. Týrtki orys ókimeti tarapynan-tyn. Ábilqayyr ózin qazaqtyng bas hany, agha hany sezinip, orys qamqorlyghyna ózimen birge kýlli qazaq halqyn әkeldim dep oilady, alayda biylik emeuirinin jiti andaghan qazaq elitasy ókilderi Ábilqayyr handy mise tútpay, onyng syrtynan qily әreket jasap, orys tuy astyna jeke-jeke súranumen keledi. Resey proteksiyasyn moyyndaghan óz bas hanynyng ainalasyna toptasyp, handyqty kýsheytuge atsalysudyng ornyna, protektor qamytyn jeke-jeke kiyip, is jýzinde yqtimal tútastyqty ydyratugha ýles qosyp keledi.

Búl rette basty hanmen bәsekelesip jýrgen óz aralaryndaghy qazaq biyleushilerining onyng syrtynan sonday әreketti jýzege asyrugha óte beyim túrghany tez bayqaldy.  Reseyge arqa sýieu qajettigin, múnyng tarihy múqtajdyq ekenin úqqan Ábilqayyrdy qoldau, el birligin saqtau ýshin onyng manynda toptasu, ýlken memleketting qamqorlyghymen birtútas kýshti handyq qúryp alu mәselesin oilaugha olardyng sayasy óresi jetpedi. Jeke bastarynyng shamshyldyghy onday mýmkindikke oy jýgirtkizbedi de. Mәselen, «múnday shara haqynda bas han menimen aqyldaspady» dep shamdanghan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke óz betinshe, Ábilqayyrdyng syrtynan ótinish bildirip, Reseyge bodandyqty qabyl aldy. Úly jýz hany Jolbarys jonghar hany Galdan Serenge vassaldyq tәueldilikte bolatyn, oghan alym-salyq tólep jýrgen. Sol tәueldilikten qútylu ýshin agha han Ábilqayyrgha arqa sýieuding ornyna, onyng syrtynan eki mәrte orys bodandyghyn alu әreketin jasady. 1733 jylghy Tóle by bastaghan toptyng hatynan keyin, 1738 jyly Jolbarys hannyng ózi Resey bodandyghyn qabyldau niyetin bildirip, patshayymgha hat jazdy. Ol hatynda Úly jýzdi Resey óz qamqorlyghy men qorghauyna alsa, Reseyding ortaaziyalyq qalalarmen sauda baylanysyn jaqsartugha ózining septesuge әzirligin bildirgen-di. Biraq jerding shalghaylyghynan oryndaluy sozylyp ketken jospary 1740 jyly jergilikti qojalar qolynan oida joqta opat boluy saldarynan jýzege aspay qaldy. Sәmekeden keyin Orta jýz hany bolghan Ábilmәmbet pen onyng qamqorlyghyndaghy bedeldi әskery qolbasshysy Abylay súltan sol 1740 jyly qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyna óz ishinde agha han Ábilqayyrdyng ainalasyna toptasu arqyly qol jetkizu qajettigin oilamastan, tikeley Resey bodandyghyn qabyldady. Sodan birer jyldan keyin Nepluev jonghar tútqynynan qútqarghan Abylay súltan 1745 jyly  Tobyl gubernatoryna  Ýisin ruynyng 300 ýiin Resey bodany bolugha alyp keldi.

Osynday separattyq bodandyq súrau nauqanynda general Nepluev airyqsha kónil audarghan  túlgha – Orta jýz súltany Baraq edi. Ol Nepluevting oiynan shyghyp, 1742 jylghy qarashada  imperatrisa Elizavetagha hat joldady, onda Reseyding qolastyna «óz ordasymen, atap aitqanda, qyryq myng týtini bar nayman ruymen bodandyqqa kelgenin» jazdy. Bir sәt qazaq elindegi agha handyq mәrtebeni resmy moyyndap  («ýlken bauyrymyz Ábilqayyr hannyng adal bodandyqta túrghanyna razymyz»), sóite túra orys sayasatkerlerining qazaqtyng separattyqqa beyim bedeldi túlghalaryn jeke-jeke bodandyqqa alu astarynda ne jatqanyn payymdamastan («bizge de bodandyqqa keluge әmir etilgen erekshe gramota alghandyqtan»), tikeley Resey bodandyghyna ótti («biz... adaldyqqa ant beremiz»). Elshisi arqyly óz tilegin bildirdi («...bizding jiberip otyrghan Syrymbet auyzsha ne aitsa, soghan senudi súraymyn»). Baraq súltannyng osynau elshisi 1743 jylghy 13 nauryzda Elizaveta patshayymnyng qabyldauynda boldy. Orys kense qyzmetshileri toltyrghan qújatta jazylghanday, imperatrisagha «Orta ordanyng Baraq súltany elshisi arqyly bodandyq alghysyn bildiredi, ayaghyna jyghylyp, ony barlyq iyeligimen imperatorlyq meyirimining qamqorlyghyna aludy ótinedi». Tiyisinshe patshayym bodandyqqa «Baraq súltandy qabyl alady, ony meyirine bóleytininen ýmittendiredi, sonyng belgisi retinde qylysh syilaydy».

Búl oqighany Nepluev Ábilqayyr hannyng bedelin týsiruge útymdy paydalandy. Ol endi Ábilmәmbet pen Baraqty әrdayym kótere týsip, Ábilqayyrdy tómenshiktetip, kemsite týsti. Nepluevting olargha  (agha han – han – súltan) tengermeshilikpen qarauy, resmi, beyresmy jaghdaylarda Baraq súltandy dosy retinde atauy, 1745 jyly onyng taghy bir elshisin patshayymnyng zor qúrmetpen qabyldauyna qamqorlyq etui, patshayymnyng Baraq súltangha taghy da arnayy baghaly syilyq pen gramota jiberui, oghan qosymsha, Baraqqa gubernatordyng ózi túlpar mingizui ýlken eseppen jasalghan sharalar edi. Bәsekelesi Ábilqayyr handy qorlaytyn múnyng bәri nayman әmirshisining jalyn kýdireyte týsti. Namysqoy Ábilqayyr han renishterin әldeneshe ret qúpiya kenesshi Nepluevke, patshayym Elizavetagha jazdy. Qaruly joryqqa shyghyp, orys qalalaryn, Orynbor jelisindegi kýsheytilgen bekinisterdi shabuyldady, sauda keruenderining jolyn kesti. Osynday әreketterine baylanysty tarihshy Vladimir Viytevskiy Orynbor gubernatory Ivan Nepluevting qyzmetin janghyrtqan belgili zertteuinde Ábilqayyr handy «orys halqynyng jauy», «Nepluevting jeke dúshpany» dep atady.

Syrtqy ister alqasynyng qaulysyn eskere otyryp, Basqarushy Senat 1747 jyly Ábilqayyr han men gubernator Nepluevti tatulastyru ýshin «brigadir Aleksey (Qútlú-Múhammed) Tevkelevti» jiberuge, eger Ábilqayyr qitygha berse, ornyna basqa han qoigha sheshim shyghardy. Alayda búl Syrtqy ister alqasynda: handy halyq ókilderi saylaydy, oghan Reseyding aralasuy ynghaysyz, әri  Ábilqayyr han qazaq arasynda tek han bolghandyghymen emes, «әkkiligimen jәne úly familiyasymen» ýlken kýshke ie degen sebeppen qoldau tappady. Aqyry, 1748 jylghy mamyrda diplomatiyalyq maqsatpen Orynborgha Tevkelev keldi, artynsha, mausym aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng ordasynda Kishi jәne Orta jýzderding aqsýiekteri men shonjarlary (500 adam), «barlyq iste erkine berilip, Ábilqayyr hangha senu jәne qalyptasqan jaghdaydan shyghudyng jaqsy amal tabuyn hannan ótinu» qajet dep bir auyzdan sheshti. Sol aidyng sonynda han Tevkelevpen birge, Or qamalynda Nepluevpen kezdesti. Kelissóz barysynda Ábilqayyr han men gubernator Nepluevting tatulasu rәsimi  ótti. Ábilqayyr orys tútqyndaryn qaytarugha, Reseyge qarsy jauyngerlik joryqtaryn toqtatugha, orys kópesterining qazaqtarmen, ózge de kórshi halyqtarmen  sauda isin damytuyna jәrdemdesuge uәde etti.  Óteuine, reseylik taraptan Resey bodandyghy instituty turaly óz úghymyn moyyndaudy tabandy týrde talap etti. Orynbor әkimshiligi onyng qazaq qoghamyndaghy agha handyq mәrtebesin nyghaytugha, agha han institutyn kýsheytip, qazaqtardy óz biyligine baghyndyrugha kómektesui tiyis dep sanady. Orynbor ólkesi tarihyn tereng qarastyrghan tarihshy Pavel Matviyevskiy   «Ábilqayyr hannyng ymyragha tek bir ghana jaghdayda – qazaqtardy onyng biyligine biriktiruge Nepluev tolyghymen kelisken jaghdayda ghana kelui yqtimal ekenin kórsetti» dep óte dәl anyqtap jazghan. Qoyghan mәselesining patshayym sarayynda sheshim tabuyn tosyp jýrgeninde (qazaqtardy el biyligin bir ortalyqqa, bir qolgha shoghyrlandyryp, Ábilqayyr han arqyly basqarudyng dúrystyghyn, sol  ýshin arnayy pәrmen shygharu jayyn Tevkelev qoldaghan), Nepluevpen tatulasu rәsiminen bir ay ótkende, Ábilqayyr han Baraq súltannyng qolynan qaza tapty...

Ábilqayyr hannyng ólimimen birge onyng myqty memlekettilik qúryp alu ýshin Reseydyng qamqorlyghyna artqan ýmiti birjola kýiredi. Dalalyq anghal әmirshi, birinshiden, qazaq tәrizdi kóshpendi qalmaqtyng Resey bodandyghyn qabyldau jәne orys memleketin qamqorshysy retinde tanu arqyly  kýshti handyq qúryp alghanyn kórip, handyghyn tap sol sekildendire  tútastyru әm kýsheytu mýmkindigi tudy dep aldandy. Ekinshiden, bodanynyng kýshti memlekettik qúrylym jasauyna  orys patshalyghynyng eshqashan jol bermeytinin, bodan boludy birjola baghynu dep úghatynyn, bodandyq súraghan eldi ózine týbegeyli baghyndyru ýshin qily amalgha baratynyn bilmey aldandy. Ýshinshiden, ózining sayasy óresi tayyz shynghystúqymdas bauyrlarynyng qazaq halqynyng eldigin emes, jeke bastarynyng iygiligin kýitteuge beyim túrghandyghyn, hannyng syrtynan imperiya qoltyghyna tikeley kiruge qúlshynyp qana qoymay, qazaq elin bólshekteuge mýddeli aitaqqa onay erip, hannyng kózin jonggha tyrysatynyn  bilmey aldandy.

Sóitip ol aqyry bitispes jauy general Nepluevpen formalidy týrde tatulasyp, handyghynyng memlekettik tútastyghyna qoldau kórsetilui yqtimal asa biyik dәrejeli pәrmen beriluinen ýmittenip jýrgeninde, jolyn toryghan dúshpanynyng qandy qanjaryna týsti. Sayaz da óresiz, mansapqúmar,  baqtalas súltandarmen jәne  orynborlyq gubernatormen keskilesken sayasy kýreske týsken qazaqtyng eng belgili, eng әigili, eng basty hanyn Torghay ózenining jogharghy aghysyndaghy ordasynan eldegi ishki mәselelerdi qaraugha shyqqan shaghynda bas dúshpany Baraq súltan kóp jigitimen 1748 jylghy 1 tamyzda shabuyldap, óltirip ketti. Halyq ýshin, qazaqtyng belgili túlghalary ýshin, jauynger bahadýrding talay shayqasty birge ótkizgen ýzengiles batyrlary ýshin búl orny tolmas qaza edi. Al Nepluev ýshin – óte jaghymdy janalyq boldy. Óitkeni Ábilqayyr hannyng óliminen song oryn alugha tiyis biyik mәrtebeli auysymdar qúpiya kenesshige asa qajet sayasiy-qúqyqtyq qúral berip túr edi. Resey bodandyghyn moyyndaghan qazaq әmirshilerin bastaryn biriktirmey, is jýzinde jeke-jeke birjolata baghyndyryp alugha qolayly jaghday tughan. Qazaq  elitasy arasyna ózara baqtalastyq pen birin biri moyyndamaushylyq uyn sәtimen shashyp jýrgen gubernator әm qúpiya kenesshi Nepluev 1748 jyldyng qazanynda, Ábilqayyr hannyng qazasynan aidan sәl-aq astam uaqyt ótkennen  keyin, ortalyqqa: «Ábilqayyr siyaqty әkki adamdar taqqa jiberilmese, Qazaq handyghy degenimiz týk te emes», – dep habarlady...

Onysy ras edi, Ábilqayyr han óltirilgennen keyin qazaq basqarushy elitasy ishinen orys imperiyasymen elining tútastyghy ýshin aiqasatyn ol siyaqty túlgha shyqpady. Qazaq eli ýstinde Resey patshalyghynyng naqty memlekettik-sayasy proteksiyasyn erkin jýzege asyratyn dәuir tudy. «Jeke dúshpany» Ábilqayyr hannan qútylghan qúpiya kenesshi general Nepluev orys-qazaq qatynastary tarihynyng shyn mәnindegi jana kezenin bastaugha jol saldy. Ol Ábilqayyr hannyng sýiikti zayyby Bopay hansha men úldaryn mynaghan: biyler kenesinde әkesining ornyna han bop saylanghan Núralynyng handyq mәrtebesin orys imperatrisasyna bekitkizip alu óte tiyimdi bolady degen oigha sendirdi...

Orys imperiyasy protektoraty mәrtebesindegi Qazaq elin basybayly otary etu sharalaryn batyl jýzege asyra bastady...

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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