Orta ghasyrlardaghy Europada balalardy qatal әdistermen jәne diny uaghyzdarmen tәrbiyelep, oqytatyn bolghan. Ásirese, aqsýiekterding balalary 10 jasqa tolghangha deyin birneshe tilde erkin sóilep, jaza bilui tiyis dep eseptegen.

Al qarapayym otbasylardyng balalary bilim alu mýmkindiginen tipten júrday edi. Onyng ýstine, jer sharuashylyghynyng auyr júmysymen ainalysu ýshin bilimning qajeti joq dep sanaghan.

Kedeyding balalary bilim ala alatyn jalghyz oryn diny mektepter bolatyn. Onda qatal qaghidalargha sýienip, shet tilinde qúdaydyng sózderin jatqa aitqyzatyn kórinedi.

Osynyng bәrine qarsy shyghyp, bilim beru bostandyghyn jariyalaghan filosof — Jeneva qalasynda tuyp-ósken Jan-Jak Russo (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1778) edi.

Ákesi saghat jasaushy bolghan. Al anasy ony bosanghannan keyin birneshe kýn ótken song qaytys bolghan. Jak Russo sabaqqa qúlqy joq bolghandyqtan, mektepte asa jetistikke jete almaghan. Alayda jazugha, shygharmashylyqqa degen erekshe qúshtarlyghy bolghan desedi.

Biraq 1762 jyly jazghan «Emili» atty kitaby ýshin tughan jerinen quylypty. Tipti Fransiyada ony tútqyndap, qatal jazagha kesudi talap etken. Óitkeni ol «adam tumysynan kýnәkar bolyp tuady» degendi joqqa shygharghan, búl hristiyan dinine qayshy keledi eken. Hristiyan dininde Adam men Eva qúdaydyng aitqanyn tyndamay, alma úrlap jegendikten, kýlli adamzat mәngilik kýnәkar bolyp tuady dep ýiretetin ghoy.

Russonyng shirkeuler nasihattaghan adam turaly búl kózqarasqa qarsy óz betinshe qatang ústanghag senimi boldy.

Onyng pikirinshe, «barlyq morali men adamgershilikting negizgi qaghidasy adamnyng ózi tabighatynan jaqsy jaratylys ekendiginde. Adamda әdildik pen tәrtipti saqtaudyng tuabitken týisigi bolady. Adamnyng jýreginde tumysynan jaman nәrse mýlde joq. Tabighatqa jasaghan alghashqy qadamyng әrqashan dúrys әri pәk bolady» degen.

Emili degen onyng shygharmasyndaghy oidan shygharylghan keyipker. Russo búl balagha eng kemel bilimdi qalay beru kerektigin óz kitabynda jazghan. Onyng oiynsha, adam tumysynan pәk, kirshiksiz, taza bolady. Alayda óner, ghylym, mektep pen qogham adamdy ulap, sanasyn búzady eken.

Sondyqtan da kemel bala tәrbiyeleu ýshin ony mektepke jiberuding ornyna, auylgha shygharyp, tabighat ayasynda ómir sýruin kóru qajet dep eseptegen.

Bala mýmkindiginshe kóp oinap, qyzyghushylyq tanytu arqyly óz qabileti men únatqan nәrsesin ózi ashyp tabuy tiyis. Bala óz sezimi men qiyaly arqyly qorshaghan ortasyn tarazylap, ózine qajetti dúrys bilimdi jinaudyng tuabitken qabiletine ie kórinedi.

Ol kitaptyng nobayynda (basylyp shyqpaghan) adamnyng bilim alu kezenderin tórt jas satysyna bólgen. Olar:

- tabighy jas (0–12);

- es kirip, esey jasy (12–15);

- kýsh-quatyn sezinu jasy (15–20);

-danalyq jasy (20–25).

Búdan keyin, yaghny 25 jastan keyin baqytty jas bastalady eken.

Al әdep, tәrbie túrghysynan alghanda ýsh dengey bar kórinedi:

(a) eng jas kezinde bala qajettilikke (mәjbýrlikke) baghynuy tiyis;

(b) ótpeli kezeninde lәzzat pen qajettilikke jetelelui tiyis;

(c) jynystyq jetilui ayaqtalghannan keyin әdep-ahlaqqa (moraligha) baghynuy tiyis.

Qazirgi uaqytta Finlyandiyanyng bilim beru jýiesi әlemdegi eng ýzdik dep sanalady. Múnyng qúpiyasy bәlkim, Russonyng «Emili» kitabynda aitylghan sol «kemel» bilimge eng jaqyn kelgendigi shyghar. Óitkeni Finlyandiyada bastauysh synyp oqushylaryna:

• Ýy júmysy mýlde berilmeydi,
• Sabaqta bagha qoyylmaydy,
• Uaqyttyng kóbin kónildi oiyndarmen (alayda adam arasyndaghy dúrys qarym-qatynasqa ýiretetin) ótkizedi eken.

Balalar ózderi únatqan pәnderin tandaugha mol mýmkindik alady.

Múghalimderding jalaqysy әlemdegi eng jogharylardyng qataryna kiredi.

Sonday-aq ústazdar óz betinshe jeke әdistemelerimen sabaq beruding bostandyghymen jaqsy qamtamasyz etilgen dep esepteydi halyqaralyq bilim beru zertteushileri.

Finlyandiya sonday-aq bәsekege qabilettilik pen baqyt kórsetkishteri boyynsha әlemde kósh bastap túrghan elderding biri.

Bilim beru bostandyghy damyghan jerde adamnyng baqytty ómir sýretinining naqty bir dәleli Finlyandiya elining tәjiriybesinde dep kóredi.

Amantay Toyshybayúly

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