QASYM HANNYNG QASQA JOLY»
Qasym han Qazaq Ordasynyng negizin salushy tarihy túlghalardyng biri - Kerey hannyng nemere inisi Áz-Jәnibek hannyng bel balasy. Anasynyng esimi – Jaghan-begim Shaybany hannyng inisi Mahmúd súltannyng sheshesining tughan sinilisi.
Qasym ómirining alghashqy kezeninde Kerey hannyng balasy, taq iyesi Búryndyq hannyn әskerining qolbasy, jaumen shayqastarda kózsiz erlikter jasaghan tarihiy túlgha retinde beynelenedi. Sol kezderdegi tarihy derekterde Qasymnyng toghyz aghayyndy bolghandyghy aitylady. Olar: Ádik, Qasym, Erenji, Mahmúd, Janysh, Tanysh, Qambar, Úsnaq, Jәdik. «Búlardyng ishinde handyq dәrejege jetken Ádik pen Qasymnan basqalary, әrqaysysy elu mynnan әskeri bar kishigirim handyq dәrejesindegi úlysqa biylik jýrgizgen. Aghayyndy toghyz súltan qazaq elining aibyny bolyp, abyroyyn asyrdy. Biraq olar ata saltymen han kóterilgen, býkil úlystyng tuyn ústaghan Búryndyqtyng aldynan kese kóldeneng ótpegen eken. XVI ghasyrdyng bas kezinde taqsyz han dep tanylghan daryndy Qasymnyng ózi Búryndyqa qarsy kelmegen. Búl turasynda sol zamannyng tarihshylarynyng derekterine sýienip jazushy M.Maghauin Qazaq tarihynyng әlppesi degen enbeginde «Bir kezde óz әkesi Jәnibek Kerey hannyng biyligine bas úrghany siyaqty, Qasym da Búryndyq handy qúrmet tútqan»1 - dep jazady. Onyng el múratyn, halyq mýddesin bәrinen de joghary qoyghandyghy aitylady.
Ata mekenge birjola ornyghu jolyndaghy kýreste Áz-Jәnibek han úldary Erenji, Mahmúd, Janysh, Tanysh súltandar airyqsha kózge týsedi. Al osy erjýrek aghayyndylar ishinde batyrlyghymen de, aqylymen de dara shyqqan – Qazaq Ordasynyng bolashaq hany Qasym súltan bolady. Ol 1445 jyl shamasynda dýniyege kelgen. Qazaq Ordasynyng shanyraghy kóterilip jana úlystyng birjola ornyghuy jolyndaghy kýresti kózimen kórui, tekti úrpaq Qasym súltannyng ózgelerden ozyp tughan, ózgeshe túrpatty qayratker retinde qalyptasuyna әser etken. Qol bastauda da, el basqaruda da ejelgi ata-dәstýrin mengergen Qasym súltan ózining bar ghúmyryn tughan halqynyng bolashaghyna arnady. El múratynan bóten tilegi, júrt baqytynan bóten mýddesi bolmaghan. Qazaq Ordasyn ata qonysqa ornyqtyru jolyndaghy qandy úrystarda jeke erligimen tanylghan Qasym sol kezdegi tarihy әdebiyette Qypshaq júrtynyng “belgili súltany, danqty bahadúry’’ dep atalady. Búryndyq han kezinde jenimpaz qolbasy retinde keninen tanylady, joryqta jau betinde, shabuylda alda bolady. Úrys dalasynda әskery qabiletimen daralanghan Qasym súltan beybit kezde әdilde, bilgir elbasy retinde júrt qúrmetine bólenedi. Qyryqtyng qyrqasyna shyqqan kemenger Qasym 1500 jyldar shamasynda qazaq dalasynyng taqsyz hany, aibarly әmirshisine ainalady. Belgili tarihshy Mahmúd ben Uәly ózining ”Bahr әl-asrar”atty kitabynda, 1504 jyldyng oqighalaryn bayanday kele: ”Qazir býkil Deshti Qypshaqtyng biyligi Qasym hangha kóshken”,2 -dep jazady. Qasymnyng kýsh-quatynyng artqany sonshalyqty, ol býkil Mәuerannahr óniri ýshin ýlken qauyp bolyp otyr deydi.
Býkil Ortalyq Aziyanyng әmirshisi Múhammed Shaybany hannyng әskerin 1510 jylghy qysqy joryqta Qasym әskeri talqandaghannan son, Qazaq Ordasynyng kýsh-qúdireti shartarapqa taraydy.
Songhy jyldarda parasaty mol Búryndyq hannyng bedeli kemimese de, handyq biylikten shettep, óz erkimen ata taghynan bas tartyp, Alla jolyna berilip, azghana nókerimen kiyeli aimaq – Mәuerannahr shegine tayau qonys audarady.
Al qazaq júrty Qasym súltandy ejelgi týrik dәstýri boyynsha aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp, han kóteredi. Ortaghasyrlyq tarihshy Abdallah ben Múhammed ben Ály Nasrullah ózining “Zubadat әl-Asar” atty kitabynda: “Qasym han býkil Deshti Qypshaqtyng padishahy boldy. Ol úly ister jasau ýshin tughan adam edi. Qasym hannyng qisapsyz әskeri qazaqtar men noghaylardan qúralghan edi”3, - dep jazady. Biraq Qasym han búl әskerdi basqanyn jerin jaulau ýshin emes, qarauyndaghy halqynyng qauipsizdigi ýshin ústady. Úlystyng tynyshtyghyn, Qazaq Ordasynyng ejelgi Kók Orda qonysynda birjola irge tebuin ómirlik múraty dep biledi. Ol býkil týstik ónirding qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz ete bildi. Qasym han Qazaq Ordasyn tóniregindegi eldermen tegis bitim jasap, beybit jaghdayda ústay bildi. Búl - elu jyl boyy ýnemi at ýstinde, joryq jolynda bolghan qazaq halqyna tynys bergen, óte útymdy sayasat edi.
Úly Moghol imperiyasynyng negizin salghan Aqsaq Temirding úrpaghy, úly jazushy Babyr ózining ataqty “Babyrnama” kitabynda: “Qazaq halqynyng búrynghy-songhy han, súltandarynyng ishinde Qasym handay qúdiretti әmirshi bolghan emes. Onyng ýsh jýz myng әskeri bar edi”,4 - dep atap kórsetedi. Enbekterin sol zamandaghy tarihy dәstýr boyynsha parsy tilinde jazghan Dulat ruynan shyqqan tarihshy Múhamed-Haydar: “Qasym han býkil Deshti Qypshaqqa biylik jýrgizdi. Onyn halqynyng sany millionnan asatyn. Shynghystyng úly Joshy hannan songhy jerde búl júrtta Qasymnan asqan qúdiretti han bolghan joq”,5- degen kuәlik qaldyrghan.
Qasym shayqastarda erekshe erligimen kózge týsken batyr, tapqyr qolbasshy boldy. Ol handyq qúrghan 1511-1518/1521,1523 jyldary qazaq qoghamy joghary satygha kóterilip, quatty memleketke ainaldy. Hannyng basty maqsaty beybit ómir keshu bolatyn. Qasym han Mogholstan hany Súltan Saydpen dostyq qatynasta boldy. 1513 jyly Súltan Sayd Tashkentke birikken joryq úiymdastyrudy úsyndy, biraq Qasym búl úsynystan bas tartty. Óitkeni ol kezde kórshiles rular men taypalar Qasym hannyng ataq-danqyn, kemengerligin estip, óz erikterimen kelip qosylyp jatty. Onyng qol astyna qaraghan jer aumaghy úlghaya berdi. 1514 jyly Súltan Sayd Shyghys Týrkistangha ketken song qazaq hanynyng Jetisudaghy biyligi nyghaya týsti. XVI ghasyrdyng ekinshi on jyldyghynda Qasym han úlan-baytaq qazaq territoriyasyn óz qol astyna qaratty. Búl kezde qazaq handyghynyng shekarasy ontýstikte Syrdariya alabymen úlghayyp, Týrkistan aimaghyndaghy (Syrdariya boyyndaghy) qalalardy ózine qaratyp aldy. Shyghys ontýstikte oghan Jetisu jerining deni (Shu, Talas, Qaratal, Ile ózenderining alaby) qarady. Soltýstik jәne shyghys soltýstikte Úlytau óniri men Balqash kólinen asyp, Qarqaraly tau taramdaryna deyin keneydi, batys soltýstikte Jayyq ózenining alabyn qamtydy. (Jayyq ózeni boyyndaghy Sarayshyq qalasy) Osylaysha handyqtyng shekarasy keneye týsti.6 Qasym hannyng qol astyndaghy halyq sany milliongha jetti7. Qasym handyghy kóptegen elderge tanyldy. Qyrym, Astrahan, Qazan, qalalarymen diplomatiyalyq qatynas ornatty. Jan-jaqty bilgirliginin, sayasatkerligining arqasynda 1516 -1517 jyly Múhamed Shaybanidyng әskerin talqandap, memleketin qúlatty.
«Qazaq handyghynyng sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdayy Qasym hannyn túsynda (1511-1518/1521,1523 ) odan әri nyghaydy. Ol feodal aqsýiekterding qarsylyghyn әlsiretip, әskery quatyn arttyrdy. Ózine qarasty qazaq jerin keneyte týsti. «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», «Shaybaninama», taghy basqa derektemelerdegi mәlimetterge qaraghanda, qazaqtardyng etnikalyq territoriyasynyng negizgi audandary qazaq handyghyna Qasym han túsynda biriktirilgen».8
Bastapqy kezderde qazaq handyghynyng sayasiy-әkimshilik jәne sauda ekonomikalyq ortalyghy Syrdariya boyyndaghy Syghanaq qalasy boldy. Búdan búryn qazaq dalasyn biylegen memleketterding - Aq Orda men Ábilhayyr handyghynyng da ortalyqtary osy qala bolghan edi. Týrkistan qalasy qazaq handyghyna ótkennen keyin qazaq handyghynyng astanasy Týrkistan qalasyna auysty, qazaq handary Týrkistan qalasyndaghy (Ahmed Yassauidyng eskertkishi) Aq sarayda otyryp biylik jýrgizgen. «Týrkistan qalasy qazaq handarynyng astanasy bolghan kezde Aq saray 200 jyldan astam (16-18-ghasyr) han sarayy qyzmetin atqarghan» 9 .
Qazaq handyghyna qarasty qalalarda el biylegen han, súltan, tórelerden tys, qazaq saudagerleri men qala túrghyndary da bolghan. Sol kezdegi Týrkistan qalasy turaly Taushymergen: «Týrkistan qalasy kýidirilmegen kirpishten salynghan, al keybir jerlerinde kýidirilgen kirpishten salynghandary da bar; búl qalanyng biyiktigi 3 sajyn, qalyndyghy eki kez jәne bir sajyn keledi (qalany ainala qorshaghan qorghandy aityp otyr), qalanyng aumaghy 500 sajynday bolady, qabyrghalarda oq atatyn úyalar jasalghan, búl qalanyng ózinde biyik múnara bar, qalagha kiretin tórt qaqpasy bar, ol qalada myng adamday qazaqtar túrady, sol qalanyng ózinde olardyng zany boyynsha meshit salynghan, al Týrkistan qalasynyng ainalasy ashyq dala»10 – degen mәlimet qaldyrghan.
Qazaq handyghynyn nyghany onyn memlekettik bedelin arttyryp, syrtqy sayasat pen diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas salasynda belgili tabystargha qol jetkizdi. Qazaq handyghy sol kezinde ómir sýrgen Ortalyq Aziya handarymen, Edil boyyndaghy eldermen, batys Sibir handyghymen jәne orys memleketimen sauda-sattyq jәne diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas ornatty. Qazaq handary әr dәuirde elding ishki-syrtqy jaghdayynda tuylghan ózgeristerge ýilesip, iykemdi syrtqy sayasat ústanyp otyrdy. Qazaq handyghynyng negizin qalaushy Kerey, Jәnibek, Búryndyq handar Aq Ordanyng ataqty hany Úrys hannyng múragerleri, Altyn Orda men Aq Ordanyng 200 jyl el biylegen dәstýrin damytushy, әskeriy-sayasy jәne diplomatiyalyq kýres tәjiriybelerine bay adamdar boldy. Al olardyng dәstýrge ainalghan biyligin jalghastyrghan Qasym han óte-móte ýzdik shyqqan memleket qayratkeri retinde tanyldy. Qazaq handyghy alghashynda Mogholstan memleketimen dostyq-odaqtyq qarym-qatynas ornatyp, Ábilqayyr hannyng Jetisugha tóndirgen qauipine jәne oirat-jonghar taypasy Amasanjynyng Mogholstangha jasaghan shabuylyna qarsy kýresti, Noghay odaghy, Sibir handyghy taghy basqa Joshy túqymynan shyqqan handarmen odaqtasa otyryp, Ábilqayyr hannyng múrageri Shaih Haydardy jendi. Múhammed Shaybanigha qarsy Temir әuletinen shyqqan Múhammed Mәzit Tarhanmen odaqtasty. Sóitip, syrtqy sayasattarda tabysqa jetip otyrdy. Qasym handyghynyng sayasy órleuine sebep bolghan taghy bir jaghday - Noghay ordasynyng ishtey ydyrauy edi. Biylikke talasqan noghay myrzalarynyng tolassyz ózara qyrqysulary Noghay ordasyn barynsha әlsiretti. Osyny paydalanghan Qasym búryn sol ordanyng qúramyna kiretin biraz taypalardy óz qaramaghyna aldy.
Qasym basqarghan handyqtyng sayasy túrghydan órleui onyng halyqaralyq jaghdayyn da edәuir nyghaytty. Qazaq handyghy Qasym han túsynda orys memleketimen diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas jasap, batys Europagha tanyldy. Úly knyazi Vasiliy III túsynda (1505-1533) Mәskeu knyazdyghymen diplomatiyalyq baylanys ornatty. Qazaq halqy derbes halyq retinde batys Europagha әigili boldy. Avstriya diplomaty Sigizmund Gerbershteyn ózining jazbalarynda osynday mәlimet qaldyrghan. Qazaq handyghy ózining tóniregindegi eldermen, әsirese Ortalyq Aziyanyng otyryqshy qalaly audandarymen sauda-sattyq jasap otyrdy. XVI ghasyrdyng jazba derekteri: qazaq saudagerlerining «ýnemi islam elderine búryn da, qazir de baryp otyrghanyn» atap kóresetedi...11. Búl saudagerler eginshilik pen qolóner ónimderine ózderining mal nemese mal sharuashylyghynyng shiykizattaryn ghana aiyrbastap qoyghan joq, sonymen qatar qazaqtardyng ýy kәsibining ónimderin de, mәselen, jýnnen toqylghan shekpenderdi aiyrbastap otyrdy; búl jýn shekpenderdi, Seyfiyding aituyna qaraghanda, Búharadan júrt «atlas shapandy satyp alatynday baghamen satyp alady, olar sonshalyq әsem, biyazy keledi».12 Búl mysaldar qazaq handyghynyng әskeriy-sayasy jaghynan ghana emes, ekonomikalyq jaghynan da onala bastaghandyghyn kórsetedi.
Qasym hannyng qazaq handyghyn kýsheytu, qazaq taypalaryn jәne qazaqtardyng etnikalyq territoriyasyn biriktiru jolyndaghy jenisteri elding ishinde de, syrtynda da onyng bedelin arttyryp, danqyn asyra týsti. Áygili tarihshy Múhammed Haydar Dulaty «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy» atty kitabynda; «Qazaq handary men súltandary arasynda Qasym handay qúdiretti eshkim bolghan emes. Ásirese qazaq handyghynyng Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy qalalar ýshin soghysynyng jenisteri Mәskeu memleketine deyin estilip jatty. Mәskeu elshisi Danila Kubin 1536 jyly Noghay ordasynan mynaday mazmúnda hat joldaghan: «Patsha aghzam, júrt qazaqtardy tipti kýshti desedi. Patsha aghzam, Tashkent hanzadalary qazaqtarmen eki ret soghysypty, al qazaqtar olardy jenip ketipti» 13 -dep jazghan.
Qasym túsynda Han Ordasy birde Jetisuda, Qaratal ónirinde, birde Shu boyynda, endi birde Arqada, Úlytau eteginde, batysta Jayyq jaghasynda bolady. Han Ordasynyng qazaqtar mekendegen әr aimaqtarda qonystanuy últtyng úiysuyna, memleketting tútastyghyn qamtamasyz etken Qasym hannyn sayasaty edi. Búl arqyly júrt han biyligining qúdiretin sezinip qarausyz, qorghansyz qalmaytyndaryna kózderi jetip, handyqtyng tútastyghyn tany týsedi.
Qasym han alghashqy qazaq zany - «Qasqa joldy» jaryqqa shyghardy. Búl zang qazaq arasynda búrynnan qalyptasqan әdet-ghúryp erejeleri negizinde jasaldy. Atalghan zang sol kezde músylman elderinde jappay qoldanylyp jýrgen islam dinining (sharighat) zanynan ózgeshe, kóshpeli qazaq ómirine ýilesimdi bayyrghy ómirge negizdelgen zang boldy. Sondyqtan, ol Qasym hannyng atymen baylanystyrylyp: «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» dep atalady.
Qasqa dep qazaq tilinde kóshpendilerdin tikeley ómirimen tyghyz baylanysty qasiyetti januar- jylqy malynyn dәl mandayyna ornalasqan aq tenbildi aitady. Ómirde jii kezdesetin «Jiyren qasqa aighyr», «Tory qasqa biye», «Kók qasqa qúnan», – degen ataular qasqa sózining qanday maghanada qoldanylatyn kórsetedi. Osy maghanany negizge alar bolsaq «Qasqa jol» degen sóz tirkesi aq jol, halyqty adastyrmaytyn tura jol, baqytqa jeteleytin sara jol degen maghana bildirse kerek. Mine sózding qúdiretin baghalaytyn babalarymyz Qasym hannyng qazaq halqynyng mýddesine say shygharylghan zandar jinaghyn tura jolgha, aq jolgha balap “Qasym hannyng qasqa joly” degen qysqa qayyrghan mazmúny tereng atau bergenin bayqaymyz.
El basqaru jýiesinde ata jolynan aumaghan Qasym han zaman ereksheligine oray, jana nizam jýiesin engizedi. ”Qasym hannyng qasqa joly” atalatyn búl kóne Jarghy sol kezdegi qazaq qauymynyng qoghamdyq jәne qúqyqtyq zandaryn qalyptastyrady, әdet-ghúryp túrmys-salt erejelerin zandastyryp, jeke adamdar arasyndaghy ru taypalar men qoghamdyq toptar arasyndaghy qatynas jýiesin retteydi. Qasym han әdet-ghúryptyq zandargha arqa sýiep, tariyhqa «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» degen atpen engen ózi dayyndaghan konstitusiyalyq qújattyng kómegimen el basqardy. Búl qazaq últynda jasalghan túnghysh zang edi. Zang bes taraudan túrdy. Zanda Qúran talaptaryna qayshy kelmeytin qazaqy әdet-ghúryp erekshelikter saqtalyp, sol kezdegi qazaq júrtynyng tabighatyna say etip jasalghan bolatyn. Qazirgi kýni keybir mәtelder sol zannyng tarmaqtarynan alynghan. Qasym han otyryqshy elderdegi tәrtip-zangha úqsamaytyn kóshpendi halyqtyng kýndelikti túrmys-tirshiligine, salt-sanasyna, oi-kózqarasyna oray jana zang "Qasym hannyng qasqa joly" dep atalyp ketken tәrtip ornatty. Qazaq handyghynyng memlekettik negizderi de osy zanda kórinis tapty.14
"Qasym hannyng qasqa joly" dep atalghan, halqynyng últtyq, әleumettik jaghdayyna say әdet-ghúryp pen biylikting janasha Dala zanynyn negizin qalaghan, óz biyligi kezinde Qazaq handyghyn sol zamanghy eng quatty elge ainaldyrghan, ataq-danqyna óz halqymen birge kórshi elder de qanyq bolghan, batyrlyq pen qaysarlyq, kemengerlik pen tabandylyq, meyirim men darqandyq, adam qyzygharlyq jan jomartyghy siyaqty últynyng asyl qasiyetterin boyyna jighan júrt osy zanmen tәrbiyelengen. Bir sózben aitqanda, “Qasym hannyng qasqa joly”-qazaq júrtynyng eldik, últtyq sanasyn negizdeude sheshushi qyzmet atqarghan ózgeshe qújat boldy.
Qasym han óz halqynyng barlyq qadir-qasiyetin boyyna jinaghan, aqyl-parasatymen ghana emes, jaysang minezimen, adamgershilik qasiyetterimen de ózgeshe túrpatyn tanytqan ghajayyp túlgha boldy deydi zertteushi ghalymdar. Óz zamanynda Qasymnyng jýzin kórgen, onymen kezdesip, az uaqyt bolsada didarlasqan kisi ghúmyr boyy onyng núrly jýzin úmyta almaytyndyqtaryn aityp ketken. Qazaq hanynyng danalyghyn ghana emes, jomarttyghyn, kendigin, ór minez tәkapparlyghy men qosa biyazylyghyna, әdeptiligine tәnti bolghandar Qasym handy qazaq júrtynyng baqytyna tughan erekshe túlgha dep baghalaghan. Oghan Múhammed Haydar Dulatidyng : «Qasym hannan basqa Deshti-Qypshaqta Joshydan keyin oghan para-par keletin han bolghan joq» dep dәripteui Qasymnyng óz zamanynda erekshe bedeldi bolghanyn anghartady.
Qasym han 1518 jyly (key derekterde 1521,1523 jyldarda) Qazaqstannyng batysynda, Jayyq boyyndaghy sәndi, saltanatty qala Sarayshyqta dýnie salady. Sýiegi Altyn Orda handarynyng ejelgi ziratyna, jeke kýmbezge jerlenedi. Qazir búl jerde tau-tau bolyp ýiilgen topyraq qana jatyr.15
Qasym han qaytys bolghan son qazaq handyghynda sayasiy daghdarys bastalyp, ol 15 jylgha sozyldy. Ishki qyrqystar men syrtqy soghystardyn auyrtpalyghy jәne feodaldyq ezgi men qanau halyq búqarasyn qatty kýizeltti. Búl daghdarys Qazaq handyghyn da әlsiretti. Qazaq handyghyn nyghaytugha jәne kýsheytuge qajyrly qayrat júmsaghan Qasymnan son onyn múragerleri arasynda taqqa talasqan qyrqystar kýsheydi. Múhammed Haydar atap kórsetkendey "qazaq súltandary arasynda dau-shar bastaldy". Qasymnyng ornyna han bolyp onyng balasy Mamash (Momysh) otyrdy. Tarihy derekterde onyng handyq qúrghan merzimi úzaq bolmaghanyn kórsetedi. Keybir derekterde Mamash hannyng shayqasta túlpary jyghylyp, jappay jaghalasta atqa bastyrylyp sheyit bolghandyghy aitylady.
Qasymhannyng ekinshi úly Haqnazar da qazaq elinin bedeldi hany bolghan.
Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:
- Qazaqstan tarihy, Kóne zamannan býginge deyin.Bes tomdyq.»Atamúra».Almaty,1998.
3-tom, 373-bet
2. Mahmúd ben Uәliy. ”Bahr әl-asrar”l. 124; Maghauin M."Qazaq tarihynyn
әlppesi" A, 1995. 21- bet
3. Abdallah ben Múhammed ben Ály Nasrullah “Zubadat әl-Asar”;Sonda, 21-bet
4. Atalghan enbek, 21- bet
5. Búl da sonda, 21- bet
6. Pishulina K.A.Kazahskoe hanstvo vo vzaimotnosheniyah s Mogulistanom iy
Shaybanidamy v posledney trety 15 veka. A, 1981, 96-123s.
7. «Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty, 1979. 2-tom, 262-bet,
8. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 46-174-better
9. «Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 1-tom, 643- bet.
10. Múratqan Qanidyng Arab gharpinen audaryp, dayyndaghan, Qazaqtyng kóne
tarihy.-Almaty: Shinjang halyq baspasy, 1987j. Jalyn, 1993. 242-b
11.«Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty, 1957. 1-tom, 274-bet,
12.«Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty, 1957. 1-tom, 180-bet,
13. V.V.Veniyaminov-Zernov «Qasym han jayyndaghy zertteu» 230-bet
14. Maghauin M."Qazaq tarihynyng әlppesi" 22-23 better
15. Atalghan enbek, 23 – bet
Esenghazy Quandyq,
tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.
Abai.kz