Sh.Sh. Uәlihanov atyndaghy Tarih jәne etnologiya institutynyng Ejelgi jәne ortaghasyrlyq Qazaqstan men irgeles elder tarihy bólimining ghylymy qyzmetkerleri Janymhan Oshan, Eldos Sauyrqan ýsheumiz osy jyldyng 24 tamyz kýni Mongholiya eline ghylymy issapargha attanyp kettik. Saparymyzdyng birinshi kýni Monghol Ghylym Akademiyasynyng Tarih jәne etnologiya institutynyng diyrektory Segmed Serendorjpen kezdesip, saparymyzdyng maqsatyn týsindirip, institutymyzdyng diyrektory, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor Z.E. Qabyldinovtyng sәlemin, úsynystaryn jetkizdik.

Doktor Serendorj ózi basqaryp otyrghan institut júmysy, ghylymy jobalar, institut qyzmetkerleri turaly tanystyra kele, bizding taraptan aitylghan úsynystardy qoldau retinde monghol tarapynan 3 birikken ghylymy Jobalar taqyrybyn úsyndy. Búdan ózge, bizding institutpen yntymaqtastyq turaly memorandumgha qol qoydy.

Ghylymy issaparymyzdyng búdan keyingi kýnderi Mongholiya Memlekettik arhiyvinde, Shynghys han muzeyinde, UNESCO úiymynyng kóshpendiler órkeniyetin zertteu Ortalyghynda, Bayan Ólgey Ortalyq kitaphanasynda, Bayan Ólgey aimaqtyq mәdeniyet basqarmasynda, Ulan-Bator irgesindegi Tonykók eskertkishinde, Qaraqorymdaghy Bilge qaghan, Kýltegin eskertkishteri kórmesinde, Hentey aimaghyndaghy Shynghys han qalasyndaghy muzeylerde boldyq. Keng baytaq monghol dalasyna ornalasqan (Bayan-Ólgey men Ulan-Batordyng ara qashyqtyghy 1800 km.) osy ghylymy mekemeler men tarihy nysandardy aralap shyghu kóp uaqytty alatyn synayly boldy. Ulan-Batordaghy kólik keptelisi de Almatynyng tyghynynan artyq bolmasa kem emes eken. Sondyqtan, on kýnge josparlanghan júmystarymyzdyng nәtiyjeli boluy ýshin eki topqa bólindik.

Saparymyzdyng jemisti boluyna institut diyrektory, professor Z. Qabyldinovtyng Mongholiyadaghy әriptesterimen bizding issapar barysy turaly aldyn ala kelisip aluy ong yqpal etti. Búdan ózge, mongholiyalyq jas qazaq zertteushileri - Týrkiyada bilim alyp jatqan Shynarbek Seyithanúly, ulan-batorlyq Uathan Eltay, Zәuresh Smaghúlqyzy, Altynbek Toqtarbayúly, Bayan-Ólgeyde mәdeniyet basqarmasynda júmys jasaytyn, ghalym-arheolog Ómirbek Biyqúmarúly kóp jәrdemdesti. Nәtiyjesinde, niyettengen sharualardy tolyghymen oryndap, issapar josparyna sәikes búryn sondy jariyalanbaghan elimizding týrli tarihy kezenderi men tarihy túlghalaryna qatysty tyng arhiv qújattaryn aldyq, bizde jәne olarda jaryq kórgen ghylymy enbektermen almastyq. Mongholiyanyng ghylymy mekemelerine Sh.Sh. Uәlihanov atyndaghy Tarih jәne etnologiya institutynyng júmysyn tanystyryp, monghol ghalymdarymen ortaq ghylymy zertteu taqyryptaryn anyqtap, basshylarymen birigip ghylymy zertteuler jýrgizu turaly kelisimderge qol qoydyq.

Mongholiyagha kelgende birinshi anyq bayqalatyn nәrse monghol halqynyng kendigi men sol kenpeyilding shynayy, myzghymas últtyq ruh irgetasyna ornalasuy. Últtyq iydeologiyanyng qaynar kózderi – til, din, dәstýr jәne tarih búl elde ózderine layyqty orynda. Osylardyng barlyghy últtyng tarihy túlghasy – Shynghyshannyng beynesine shoghyrlanghan. Shynghys han - Monghol memleketining últtyq iydeologiyasynyng temirqazyghy. Onyng ónegeli ómiri, ruhany kelbeti, sayasy túlghasy býkil Mongholiya men monghol halqynyng maqtanyshy men baghytyna ainalghan. Shynghys han atyna halyqaralyq aeroporttan bastap, muzey, qala, uniyversiytet, kósheler berilgen. Onyng beynesi býkil Mongholiyany jaulap alghan.

Osy orayda, bizdegi Shynghys handy qazaqtyng rularyna telip jýrgen әuesqoylardyng әreketteri balanyng oiynynday kórinedi. Olar osy әreketteri arqyly tek monghol men qazaqtyng arasyna ghana emes, qazaq pen qazaqtyng arasyna ot salyp jýrgenin bilmeytin synayly. Bizding sapar, kezdesu turaly Monghol Ghylym akademiyasynyng Tarih jәne etnologiya institutynyng resmy saytynda «qazaq ghalymdary institutymyzda qonaqta» degen habarlama berilipti. Álgi habarlamanyng sonyna jazylghan komentariylerde monghol ziyalylarynyng búl saparymyzgha asa quana qoymaghany anyq bayqalady. Solardyng birinde: «BÚL QAZAQTAR ShYNGhYSHANDY QAZAQ DEP OTTAP JÝR. QYTAYLAR MEN QAZAQTARMEN TARIH SALASY BOYYNShA EShQANDAY DA YNTYMAQTASTYQ JASAUGhA BOLMAYDY» dep jazylypty. Kezdesu kezinde de búl jayly mongholdyq әriptesimiz, «sizderde keybir ghalymdar Shynghys handy qazaq dep esh dәlelsiz, negizsiz jazyp jýr eken» dep qynjyla otyryp aityp edi. «Shyndyghynda, ol jazyp jýrgender shynayy ghalymdar emes, kәsibi bólek әuesqoylar. Tarihshylar Shynghys handy Qazaq memlekettiligin qayta jalghaushy, barsha týrki-mongholgha ortaq tarihy túlgha retinde moyyndaydy» dep aqtalugha tura keldi.

Shynghyshanshyl jazghyshtargha osy orayda súraq tuyndaydy. Shynghys han mifologiyalyq keyipker emes. Onyng tegi, ruy turaly aiqyn tarihy derekterge qaramastan týrki-mongholgha ortaq Shynghys handy qazaq deu nege sýienip aitylyp, jazylyp jýr? Jaraydy, ol qazaq bola qoysyn. Shynghys handy memlekettik túrghyda dәl osy mongholdar siyaqty býkil qazaqty biriktiretin resmy iydeologiyalyq túlgha retinde kótere alamyz ba? Eger mongholdar siyaqty ony barsha qazaqqa ortaq túlgha retinde tanysa jaqsy, endi Shynghys handy qazaqtyng jekelegen ruyna telip, birlikting emes, alauyzdyqtyng shoghyn ýrlep otyrghan joqsyzdar ma? Osy orayda, «qazaqty qalmaq, qalmaqty qazaq etkennen ne útasyzdar? Allagha shýkir, joq emes, barlarynyzdy baghalap alsanyzdar abzalyraq bolar edi» deging keledi eken.

Sonymen, Shynghys han Mongholiyanyng resmy últtyq-memlekettik iydeologiyasynyng temirqazyghy. Qazaqstannyng jerimen parapar aimaqta ómir sýretin 3 mln. monghol «sanymyz az» dep jylamay, shynayy tәuelsiz, shama sharqynsha ómir sýrip jatyr. Túrmys-tirshiligi, kóshpendilik mәdeniyeti, sharuashylyghy jaghynan qazaqtargha jaqyn. Degenmen, birneshe ghasyrlyq diny aiyrmashylyq (olar 15 ghasyrda lamayzmdi qabyldaghan) tildik, qazirgi mәdeny túrghyda qazaqtardan erekshelendirip túrady. Ókinishke oray, ekonomikasy shiykizattyq baghyttaghy búl elding halqynyng әleumettik jaghdayy salystyrmaly týrde tómendeu. Osyny paydalanghan shet eldik hristiandyq-baptistik missionerler mongholdardy óz dinderine tartu ýshin halyq arasynda belsendi júmys jasauda. Búl salada Ontýstik Koreya missionerleri alda. Keybir mәlimetterge qaraghanda, elde 200 – ge juyq hristian-baptistik shirkeuleri qyzmet etude. 3 mln halyqtyng әr 15 mynyna bir shirkeuden keledi. Marko Polo, Karpiny men Rubruktardyng tisi batpaghan kóshpendiler, endi, HHI ghasyrda jat dindi uaghyzdaushylardyng toryna týsip jatyr. Ulan-Batordaghy ýlken meshitting qúrylysy toqtap túr.

Bir quanarlyghy, Mongholiya qazaqtary arasynda hristian baptisterining uaghyzyna úiyghandary joq. Ulan-Batordaghy qazaqtardyng túratyn shetki audanynda Týrkiya kómegimen salynghan zәulim de kórikti meshit pen medrese músylmandargha qyzmet etude.

Mongholiyada mal sharuashylyghy óte jaqsy damyghan. Býginde tórt týlikting barlyghy ósiriledi, 78 mln qoylary bar eken. Bayan – Ólgeyge bara jatqan jolda әr 2-3 kilometr sayyn 3-4 kiyiz ýii, mal qorasy bar sharua qojalyqtary kezdesedi. Teri óndeu, qodas, týie, qoy, eshki jýnderi men týbitinen búiymdar jasauda búl el alda. Eldi aralap jýrgenimde teri, jýn qabyldaytyn sauda nýktelerin kóp kezdestirdim. Qoy etining kilosy bizding púlmen 1000 tenge. Kólikteri negizinen Japoniyanyng jana mashinalary. Bizdegi qarapayym halyq minetin Nexia men Chevroletting qyzmetin japonnnyng Prius kóligi atqarady. Land Cruiserlerding neshe týrimen qarapayym sharualar shóp tasyp jýr. Jalaqylary bizben shamalas. Monghol jastary negizinen Koreya men Japoniyagha júmys jasaugha barady eken. Qytaymen baylanys tyghyz. Elding ekonomikasynyng qarqyndy damuyna logistikalyq problemalar kedergi keltirip otyr. Sol bayaghy Reseyding ekonomikadaghy әdiletsiz, qarau sayasatynyng teris yqpaly osynda da seziledi.

Qazaq memlekettiligining qaynar bastauy – Týrki qaghanattarynyng altyn besigi, Bilge qaghan, Kýltegin, Tonykók eskertkishteri de osy jerde. Týrkiya memleketindey osy eskertkishterge qamqor bolyp otyrghan esh týrki memleketi joq. Qaraqorymdaghy 90 km joldy Týrkiya memleketi jóndep, asfalittap qoyypty. Atalmysh eskertkishterding qorshaulary týrik aghayyndardyng kómegimen janadan salynghanmen, sapasyz materialdardan jasalghandyqtan toza bastapty. Mongholiya memleketi shama sharqynsha ege bolyp, jóndep, saqtap otyr. Osy orayda, «otyzdan endi astyq, jas memleketpiz» dep aitu ersi. Týrkiyamen birdey osy eskertkishterge ege bolyp, saqtau sharalaryna qatysu eldigimizge syn bolyp otyr.

Osy orayda Shynghys hangha jabysa bergenshe týrki ekendigi aidan anyq, Bilge qaghandy, Múqan, Qapaghan, Qútlyq qaghandar, Tonykók pen Kýltegindermen, Bórte hanymmen nege maqtanbaymyz, nege uaqyt tauyp osy jerge kelip, ortaq tarihy eskertkishterding jay-kýiin kórip, qoldan kelse kómektespeymiz degen súraq tuyndaydy eken.

Qoryta aitar bolsaq, Mongholiya dәl Týrkiya siyaqty bauyrlas el. Búl elmen maqsatymyz da, tarihymyz da, geosayasy ahualymyz ben ekonomikamyz úqsas. Shynghys han, Bilge qaghan, Múqan, Qapaghan, Qútlyq qaghandar, Tonykók pen Kýltegin túsyndaghy sol bayaghy dúshpan kórshiler, sol bayaghy sayasat әli bar. Sondyqtan da, danqty ortaq babalarymyzdyng amanatyna adal bolamyz desek Monghol memleketimen baylanysymyzdy dúrys jolgha qoyymyz kerek.

Mongholiyagha qazaqtardyng kelu tarihy turaly Zardyhan aghamyzdyng keremet zertteui bar. Sondyqtan, uaqyttarynyzdy alyp, ony tәptishtep jazbay-aq, kózimmen kórgendi, kónilge týigendi bayandap bereyin. Qazirgi kezde Mongholiyada 120 myngha juyq qazaqtar bar. Olardyng basym bóligi Bayan-Ólgiy aimaghynda - 90 myngha juyq. Aymaqtyng 97 payyzy qazaqtardan túrady. Qobda aimaghynda 10 mynnan astam qazaq qandastarymyz túrady. Al, Úlan-Bator manayynda Nalayyh, elding shyghysyndaghy Darhan, Erdenet, Sharynghol degen eldi mekenderde de 4-5 mynnan astam qazaqtar túrady. Úlan-Batorda 7-8 myng qazaq bar.

Mongholiya qazaqtary osy eldegi sany jaghynan ekinshi últ. 90-shy jyldardyng basyna qaray qazaqtardyng osy elde edәuir sayasi, demografiyalyq jәne mәdeny salmaghy boldy. Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldardaghy shet elderdegi qazaqtardy tarihy otangha qaytaru nauqany kezinde osy jaqtaghy qazaqtardyng birshamasy (90 myngha juyq) Qazaqstangha qonys audardy da ol jaqtaghy qazaqtardyng pozisiyasy birshama әlsirep qaldy. Áytse de, tabighy ósim nәtiyjesinde ketken qazaqtardyng oryny qayta tolyghyp, 90-shy jyldardaghy sanyna qayta jetti.

Ulan-Bator men qazaqtardyng qút mekeni Bayan-Ólgeyding ara qashyqtyghy 1800 km. Aymaq ortalyghy Ólgeyge 200 km qalghan jolda osy ónirdegi tarihy qala Qobda (Hovd) qalasy ornalasqan. Aldymen osy sýrensizdeu, artta qalghandau kórinetin Qobda qalasy men onyng azyp-tozynqyraghan halqyn kórgende, Ólgey de osy shamalas-au degen kýdik payda boldy. Degenmen, Ólgeyge kire beriste-aq búl kýdigimning stereotiptik aldamshy sezim ekendigine kózim jetti. Qazirgi Ólgey men Bayan-Ólgey shyn mәnisinde Mongholiyanyng eng bir dәuletti, qazaqtyng últtyq qúndylyqtary saqtalghan, halqynyng birligi jarasqan, berekeli ólke eken. Ony kóshelerding tazalyghynan, kónili kóterinki halqynan, retimen salynghan ghimarattardan, qalany sharlaghan shet eldik turisterden anyq bayqaugha bolady. Ólgeyge barghanda ekinshi bir kishi Otangha - Qazaqstangha barghanday sezinesin. Barlyq jerde tek qazaqsha, bazaryng bolsyn, memlekettik mekemeler bolsyn, dýkender men kóshede tek qazaqsha sózderdi estiysing (Ashy bolsa da shyndyqty aitayyn, Almatynyng әuejayyna kelgende-aq Reseyding bir qalasyna kelgendey bolatyn sezim bolatyny jasyryn emes).

Aq ýy (Ákimshilikti osylay ataydy eken), Ortalyq kitaphana, drama teatry, telestudiya, bankter men memlekettik mekemlerde tek qazaqtar júmys jasaydy. Osy orayda, Monghol ýkimeti men monghol halqynyng keng qoltyqtyghyna alghystan basqa aitar sóz joq. Bizde de oryn alghan naryqtyq ekonomikanyng auyr jolynan monghol qazaqtary da ótip, әbden pisken. Qazaq kәsipkerleri mal ósiru, teri, jýn óndeu, qúrylys materialdaryn shygharu, bank jýiesi, turisterge qyzmet etu, sauda-satyq boyynsha myqty mamandar bolyp alghan. DEGENMEN, BIZDEGI NARYQTYQ JÝIEDEN ÝLKEN AYYRMAShYLYGhY, «ESEKTING ARTYN JUSANG DA MAL TAP» DEYTIN JABAYY DA JALMAUYZ NARYQ ZANYNA SÁYKES KELE BERMEYTIN ADAMGERShILIK, SYILASTYQ, AGhAYYNGhA QOL ÚShYN BERU, ÚLTTYQ QÚNDYLYQTARGhA ADALDYQ SIYaQTY BAYYRGhY, QAZAQY DÁSTÝRLI EKONOMIKALYQ QATYNASTAR BAGhYTYMEN DAMUDA. Ony dýkenderdi, bazardy aralaghanda, kәsipkerlermen tildeskende anyq bayqaysyn. Núrlan men Ermekgýlding turisterge beretin zәulim ýiin jalgha alyp, ketkenshe, alystan kelgen qonaq retinde, aldymyzgha dastarhan jayyp, eti men qymyzyn tosuyn qazaqy naryq pen dәstýrding kórinisi dep baghalaugha bolady.

Aymaqtaghy qazaq mәdeniyeti men ruhany ahualy da óz betinshe damuda. Kitaphana, studiyalar, sport sarayy, drama teatry halyqtyng ruhany qajettiligin tolyq óteude. Altyngýl Dәlelqyzy basqaratyn Ortalyq kitaphananyng júmysymen tanysu barysynda kitaphana qyzmetkerlerining aqparattyq tehnologiyalar zamanynda jana әdistermen júmys jasap jatqandyghynyng kuәsi boldyq. Ásirese, bala baqshadan bastap, eresek adamdargha deyingi oqyrmandargha jeke jaghday jasau, tipti, ýiinen shygha almaytyn kisilerding ýiine kitap jetkizip beru, týngi kitaphana-kafe tәsilderi bizdegi kitaphanalargha batyl engizuge bolatyn janalyqtar eken.

Ólgeyde jәne Ulan-Batordyng manayyndaghy Nalayyhta Týrkiya kómegimen zәulim meshit pen medrese salynypty. Búl diny oryndar da qazaq mәdeniyetining oshaghyna ainalyp, jastarymyzdy jat dinderding jeteginde ketpey, últtyq qúndylyqtardy saqtaugha jәrdemin tiygizip otyrghan kiyeli mәdeny ortalyqqa ainalypty. Jalpy, Mongholiya qazaqtary – Qazaqstan ýshin ziyaly qauym dayyndaytyn óndiris ispetti. Elimizge belgili Zardyhan Qinayatúly, Qarjaubay Sartqojaúly, Dosan Baymolda, Beken Qayratúly, Botakóz Uatqan, Nәpil Bazylhan, Babaqúmar Qinayatúly, Qatran, tb (tarihshy bolghandyqtan osy kisilerding esimderi esime týsip otyr) ziyalylar osy Mongholiya tumalary. Sapar barysynda әli Qazaqstangha tanymal bola qoymaghan jas ziyalylardyng kelesi bir buynymen tanystyq. Ómirbek Biyqúmar, Uathan Eltay, Zәuresh Smaghúl, Altynbek Toqtarbay, Shynarbek Seythan syndy jastarymyzdy monghol qazaqtarynyng bolashaghy dep sanaugha bolady.

Bayan-Ólgeydi aralaghanda Mongholiya qazaqtaryn basqa shet eldegi qazaqtardan bóle qarau qajettigin sezindim. Olardy Qazaqstangha kóshirip alghanda qazaqtyng sany ósip ketpes. Biraq, Mongholiyadaghy qara shanyraqtan birjolata aiyrlarymyz aidan anyq. Tolerantty keng qoltyq Monghol ýkimeti men monghol halqy tarapynan qysym joq. Kerisinshe, osy ólke Mongholiyagha turizm salasy boyynsha qomaqty qarjy әkelip otyrghan berekeli aimaq. Sondyqtan, bizding Ýkimet Mongholiya Ýkimetimen tyghyz baylanysta bolyp, eki elding arasyndaghy әue, jol baylanystaryn rettese, shet el qazaqtary kәsipkerlerine arnap qarjylyq úiym qúrylsa, Qazaqstanda bayyghan mongholiyalyq qazaq kәsipkerlerin tartyp, investisiyalyq qorlar qúrylsa, jastarynyng elimizde bilim aluyna jaghday jasalsa, qazaqtyng órisi keneyer edi. 22 arab eli bar, nege mәdeny avtonomiya qúqyghynda bolsa da birneshe qazaqy aimaq bolmasqa?

Taghy bir aitarym, Qazaqstangha erterek ketken mongholiyalyq qazaqtardyng Ólgeymen baylanysy óz dәrejesinde emes. Ólegeydegi Ortalyq kitaphanada «Bizding jerlester» atty qabyrgha beynede tek sol jerge qyzmet etken ziyalylardyng suretteri ilinipti. Zardyhan men Qarjaubay agha, Nәpil men Babaqúmar bauyrlarymnyng suretin de, olar turaly mәlimetterdi de kezdestirmedim. Búl eki eldegi ziyalylardyng arasyndaghy baylanystyng әlsizdigin kórsetedi.

Osy orayda aitarym, bizding memleketimiz monghol biyligimen ymyragha kelip, Bayan-Ólgeydi erekshe nazaryna aluy tiyis. Búdan ózge, bizde kóterilip, tabysqa jetken mongholiyalyq qazaq kәsipkerlerden bastap ghalymdargha deyin Ólgeymen baylanystaryn qayta qarasa, kәsipkeri investisiya jaghynan, ziyalylar ruhany túrghyda kómek berip, alys-beristi jandandyrsa tughan jerge qúrmet pen janashyrlyq eki jaqty bolar edi. Bizding jaqta búl dәstýr jolgha qoyylghan ghoy. Mektep bitirgenine 20, 30, 40, 50 jyl tolghandar, elden shyqqan kәsipkerler tughan mektebine, auylyna qarjylay kómektesip jatady. Búl dәstýr monghol qazaqtaryna da asa qajetti iygi shara eken.

Jenis Jomart Jenisúly

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