Monghol imperiyasy turaly qalyptasqan teris kózqarastar óte kóp, әsirese sovettik biylik ony әsire paydalanyp, halyqtyng iydeiyasyna qate kózqarastar tudyrdy. Sonday-aq Orta shyghys halyqtarynda da dәl osy kózqaras oryn alghan. Dese de alyp imperiyanyng biz bile bermeytin ozyq artyqshylyqtary men qúndylyqtary bar.

Sauattylyqtyng artuy

1204 jyly Shynghys qaghan nayman taypasyn jengennen keyin osy shaghyn handyqtyng bas bitikshisi - Tatatúnghany qolgha týsiredi jane ony óz balalaryna soghdy jazuyn ýiretudi búiyrady. Búl ýrdis onan ary damy beredi. 1206 jyly ýlken úlys qúrylyp, «yasa zany» qabyldanghan kezde jazu ýirenu kerek degen zang qabyldaydy:

«Úly Monghol balalary úighyr jazuyn ýirenui kerek». Osydan song kóshpendi úlystaghy әr azamat yaghni, jauyngerlerge deyin osy jazudy ýirenu jalpylasty. Hannyng jarlyqtary, han әuletining shejiresi, tarihy jazyldy. 1240 jyly «Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresi» jazyldy. Osy jazumen jazylghan ózge de shygharmalar az emes. Kóshpendi imperiyalar arasynda osy jazumen jazylghan Monghol imperiyasyna tәn qújattar, eskertkishtermen ózge jadygerlermen әdebiyetide mol saqtalghan.

Arghún hannyng 1289 jyly Fransiya korolii Fillipke jazghan haty / suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Ghylymnyng damuy

Monghol imperiyasy handardyng qamqorlyghynyng arqasynda ghylymda birshama eleuli ózgeristerdi kórdi.  Rodjer Bekon mongholdardyng әlemdi jaulap alushylardyng tabysyn negizinen olardyng matematikagha berilgendigimen baylanystyrdy.[1]  Astronomiya handar jeke qyzyghushylyq tanytqan ghylymnyng bir salasy boldy.

nganishiyding aituy boyynsha, Ýgedey han eki ret Chjundudyng qaru-jaraq salasyn jóndeuge (1233 jәne 1236 j.) búiryq berdi. Sonymen qatar 1234 jyly Damingly kýntizbesin qayta qarap, qabyldaudy búiyrdy.[2]  Ol shamamen 1236 jyly Qaraqorymda Elu Chusaygha arnalghan Konfusiy ghibadathanasyn saldy. Onda Elu Chusay qytay ýlgisinde kýntizbe jasap, rettedi.

Mónke handy Rashid ad-Din Evklid geometriyasynyng keybir qiyn mәselelerin óz betimen sheshkenin atap ótip, inisi Hulagu hangha astronom Tusiydi jiberu turaly hat jazghanyn aitady.[3]  Mónke hannyng Tusiyge arnap Qaraqorymda observatoriya salu niyeti oryndalmady. Óitkeni han ontýstik Qytaydaghy joryqta qaytys boldy. Onyng ornyna Hulagu han Tusiyge 1259 jyly Parsyda Marage observatoriyasyn salugha arnayy qarajat berip, Tusy búl júmys turaly 30 jyl súraghanyna qaramastan, oghan 12 jylda astronomiyalyq kestelerdayyndaudy búiyrdy. Tusy 12 jyl ishinde Ilhandyq kestelerdi sәtti shyghardy, Evklid elementterining qayta óndelgen basylymyn shyghardy jәne Tusy júby dep atalatyn innovasiyalyq matematikalyq qúrylghyny shәkirtterine ýiretti.

Marage observatoriyasynda Tusy Baghdad pen basqa qalalardy qorshaghanda aman alyp qalghan 400 myngha juyq kitap boldy.  Onda Hulagu han әkelgen qytaylyq astronomdar da júmys istedi.

Yasa zanynda: «Kedeyler, dәrigerler men ghalymdar salyqtan bosatylady», - delingen.

Qúbylay han Qytayda birqatar iri observatoriyalar saldy jәne onyng kitaphanalarynda músylman matematikteri әkelgen Vu-hu-liye-ty (Evklid ilimi) boldy[4]. Chju Shisze men Guo Shoujing Yuani Qytaydaghy kórnekti matematikter boldy.  Monghol dәrigeri Hu Sihuy 1330 jylghy medisinalyq traktatynda dúrys tamaqtanudyng manyzdylyghyn sipattaghan.

Suret. 1363 jylghy astronomiyalyq anyqtamalyq shygharma. Sanjufiny Zij atymen belgili / suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Tórt tildi, sonyng ishinde latyn tilin de týsinetin Gazan han 1295 jyly Tabriz observatoriyasyn saldyrdy. Vizantiyalyq grek astronomy Grigoriy Hioniades Maragede Tusy kezinde júmys istegen Adjal Shams ad-Din Omardan oqydy. Hioniadtar islam әleminen Europagha birneshe ghylymy janalyqtardy jetkizude manyzdy ról atqardy. Olar Europagha endikke tәuelsiz әmbebap astrolyabty engizdi jәne keyinirek Kopernik geliosentrizmine әser etetin Tusiy-júpynyng grekshe sipattamasyda kirgizdi.

Choniades atty oqymysty birneshe «Ziyj» traktattaryn grek tiline audardy, sonyng ishinde Tusiyding Marage observatoriyasynda jazghan parsy tilindegi «Zidj-y Ilhani» enbegide bar edi.

Vizantiya-Monghol odaghy jәne Trebizond imperiyasynyng Ilhannyng vassaly boluy Choniadtyng Konstantinopoli, Trebizon jәne Tebriz arasyndaghy baylanysyn jenildetti.

Ganisu provinsiyasynda ornalasqan Tiybetting monghol viyse-patshasy hanzada Radna Samarqandyq astronom Ál-Sandjufiniyge qamqorlyq jasady. As-Sandjufiniyding Qúbylay hannyng úrpaghy Radna hanzadasyna arnaghan arab astronomiyalyq anyqtamalyghy 1363 jyly ayaqtaldy [5].

Monghol imperiyasynda sol uaqytta ghalymdar jii «Yam» dep ataytyn janalyq oilap tapty. Soghan negizdelip jәne tiyimdi poshta jýiesin qúrdy. Onyng býkil imperiyada ornatylghan «órtóó» dep atalatyn óte jaqsy jabdyqtalghan jәne jaqsy qorghalghan estafeta beketteri boldy [6]. Habarlamashy әdette bir stansiyadan ekinshisine 40 shaqyrym (25 mili) jol jýrip, jana, tynyqqan atqa ie bolady nemese eng jyldam jetkizudi qamtamasyz etu ýshin poshtany kelesi shabandozgha jiberedi. Monghol shabandozdary tәuligine 200 km (125 mili) jol jýrdi,  búl shamamen 600 jyldan keyin «Pony Ekspress» ornatqan eng jyldam rekordtan da tez bolghan. Payzasy bar kez kelgen adamgha qayta otyrghyzu jәne belgilengen rasiondar ýshin sonda toqtaugha rúqsat etildi. Al әskery jeke kuәlikteri barlar «yamany» tipti, paizasyz paydalandy. Búl jýieni Qytaydan, Tayau Shyghystan jәne Europadan kelgen kóptegen saudagerler, habarshylar jәne sayahatshylar paydalandy. Úly han Qaraqorymda qaytys bolghan kezde, habar «yamdardyn» arqasynda 4-6 aptanyng ishinde Ortalyq Europadaghy Batu hannyng qol astyndaghy monghol әskerlerine jett i[7].

nani әuletining resmy biyleti
Mәtini: Möngke tengri-yin küčün-dür qaɣan-u ǰarliɣ ken ese bišire-esu alda-tuɣai.(8)
Qazaqshasy: Mәngi tәnirding kýshi dýr, qaghan jarlyghyna kim esh boysúnbasa jazalanady. Erekshe qyzmettegiler osy biyletti moyyndaryna asyp alatyn, ony kórgender olardy tospaghan.

Yasa zanynda: «Úly Monghol balalary úighyr jazuyn ýirenui kerek», - delingen.

Shynghys qaghannyng yasa zanynda bylay delingen: «Memleket ishindegi jay-jaghdayattardan der kezinde habardar bolyp otyru ýshin noyandar men súltandar baylanys jýiesin jolgha qoigha mindetti».

Shynghys pen onyng múrageri Ýgedey keng joldar jýiesin saldy. Olardyng biri - Altay taularyn kesip ótken. Taqqa otyrghannan keyin, Ýgedey jol jýiesin odan әri keneytip, Shaghatay handyghy men Altyn Ordagha da Monghol imperiyasynyng batys bólikterindegi joldardy baylanystyrudy búiyrdy [9].

iani әuletining negizin qalaushy Qúbylay han joghary lauazymdy adamdar ýshin arnayy estafetalar, sonymen qatar jataqhanalary bar qarapayym estafetalar saldy. Qúbylay túsynda Yuani baylanys jýiesi 50 000 jylqy, 8 400 ógiz, 6 700 qashyr, 4 000 arba jәne 6 000 qayyq paydalanatyn 1400 poshta stansiyasynan túrdy.

Manichjuriyada jәne Ontýstik Sibirde mongholdar әli kýnge deyin «yamagha» arnalghan itterding estafetasyn paydalandy.

Ilhandar úlysynda Gazan Tayau Shyghystaghy azayyp bara jatqan estafetalyq jýieni shekteuli uaqytta qalpyna keltirdi. Ol birneshe jataqhana salyp, tek imperator elshileri ghana stiypendiya ala alatynyn jarlyq etti. Altyn Ordanyng Jochidtary ózderining estafetalyq jýiesin arnayy «Yam» salyghy arqyly qarjylandyrdy.

Zayyrly qogham

Shynghys hannyng yaasasynda: «Árbir adam dinderding kez-kelgenin qúrmettey biluge tiyisti. Kez kelgen diny senimdi qúrmetteniz jәne eshbir din artyqshylyqtargha ie bolmaydy. Árkimning dinge senu bostandyghy bar», - delingen.

Búl jәy qúr sóz emes, naqty atqarylghan imperiyalyq sayasat. Ol zamanda ózge dinge jau kózben qaraytyn hristiyandyq Europa men islamdyq arab-parsy әlemi búnday tendikti oilap ta qoymasa kerek. Monghol imperiyasynda әr tilde sóileytin, әr týrli dinge senetin jýz millionnan adam ómir sýrdi. Osy zayyrly sayasatty Ózbek han búzyp, ózi islamdy qabyldaghannan keyin, ózge Joshy әuletterine islam dinin qabyldaugha zorlaghan әri qarsy shyqqandardy óltirgen.

Imperiyada mongholdar biyleushi tap bola túra óz tilderin basqa halyqtargha zorlap tanghan emes, әr halyq óz tilinde sóilep, óz jazuyn jazyp, óz túrmys daghdysy boyynsha ómir sýrgen.

Arghún han 1290 jyly Rim papasyna jazghan hatynda: «Biz Shynghys hannyng úrpaghymyz, mongholdyq bolmysymyzdy saqtaymyz. Kimning shomyldyru rәsiminen ótkeni-ótpegeni Mәngilik Tәnirdin óz erkinde deymiz. Shomyldyru rәsiminen ótken jәne siz siyaqty taza jәne shyn jýrekti adamdar Mәngilik Tәnir men Misikanyng (Mәsih nemese Mәsih) dini men búiryqtaryna qarsy әreket jasamaydy. Mәngilik Tәnirdi úmytyp, oghan baghynbaytyndar, ótirik aityp, úrlyq jasaytyndar kóp emes pe? Endi biz shomyldyru rәsiminen ótken joqpyz, renjip, kóniliniz tolmay otyr deysiz. Degenmen, Mәngilik Tәnirge syiynu, dúrys oilau – shoqynumen birdey emes pe?» - dep jauap beripti.

Shynghys hannyng yasa zanynda: «Kimde-kim as iship jatqan adamdardyng qasynan ótse, attan týsip, olarmen birge auqattanuy tiyis, al analar búghan qarsylyq kórsetpeuge mindetti», -dep belgilengen (10).

Qazaqtaghy kim bolsa da, jolaushy qonaqqa bar jaghdaydy jasau saltymen birdey, olay istemegender aiyp tartady әri júrt aldynda úyatqa qalady.

Dalalyq demokratiya

Shynghys hannyng yasasynda taghy: «Qúryltaydyng sheshimi bolmasa, ózin imperator dep jariyalaugha tyiym salynady, әri ólimge kesiledi», - dep belgilengen. Búl qúryltaygha tek Shynghys hannyng úrpaqtary ghana emes, halyqtyng arasynan shyqqan belgili adamdar, biyler, baylar, abyz-әuliyeler, rubasylar qatysatyn bolghan. Imperiya biyligine elge tanymal, synnan ótken, enbegi singen altyn úryq ókilining kez-kelgeni saylana alatyn bolghan. Biylik әkeden balagha qalmaghan, búl dәstýrdi Qúbylay aldymen búzsa, Altyn Ordada Ózbek han búzghan.

Qúryltay tek qaghan saylaudy ghana emes, imperiyamen halyqtyng kýndelikti ómirine sayatyn manyzdy isterdi de kópting talqysynan ótkizip sheship otyrghan. Mysaly soghys, tabighy apattargha tótep beru, jana zang qabyldau t.b.

Paks Mongolika kezinde Marko Polonyng Shyghysqa sayahattauyn beyneleytin katalondyq atlastyng qima sureti / Suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Úly jibek joly

Mongholdardyng handary kópester men saudagerlerdi qoldady. Shynghys han ózining mansabynyng basynda, tipti mongholdardy biriktirmes búryn da sheteldik kópesterdi jigerlendirdi. Saudagerler kórshiles mәdeniyetter turaly aqparat berdi, mongholdar ýshin diplomat jәne resmy saudager qyzmetin atqardy. Sonymen birge kóptegen tauarlar mongholdar ýshin óte qajet boldy, óitkeni mongholdar ózderining az ghana ónimderin óndirdi.

Monghol ýkimeti men elitalary saudagerlerdi kapitalmen qamtamasyz etip, olardy alys jerlerge, ortok (sauda seriktesi) kelisimimen jiberdi. Monghol dәuirinde monghol-ortok seriktestigining sharttyq erekshelikteri qirad jәne kommenda kelisimderine qatty úqsaytyn, alayda monghol investorlary seriktestik investisiyalary ýshin tengerimsiz baghaly metaldar men saudalyq tauarlardy paydalanugha jәne eng aldymen qarjylandyrylatyn aqsha nesiyesi men sauda qyzmetine shekteu qoymady [11]. Onyng ýstine monghol elitalary italiyandyq qalalardyng kópesterimen, sonyng ishinde Marko Polo otbasymen sauda seriktestikterin qúrady [12].

Imperiya úlghayghan sayyn, tiyisti qújattary men rúqsattary bar kez kelgen saudagerler nemese elshiler monghol patshalyqtary arqyly sayahattaghan kezde qorghanys pen kiyeli jerlerge ie boldy. Jaqsy jýrip ótken jәne salystyrmaly týrde jaqsy ústalghan joldar Jerorta tenizinen Qytaygha deyingi jerlerdi baylanystyrdy, búl qúrlyqtaghy saudany edәuir arttyrdy jәne nәtiyjesinde «Jibek joly» dep atalatyn jol arqyly sayahattaghandardyng keybir dramalyq oqighalaryda payda boldy.

Batys zertteushisi Marko Polo «Jibek joly» boyymen shyghysqa sayahat jasady, al qytaylyq monghol monah Rabban Bar Sauma jol boyymen salystyrmaly epikalyq sayahat jasap, Hanbalyqtan (Pekiyn) Europagha deyin bardy. Uiliyam Rubruk siyaqty europalyq missionerler de monghol sarayyna senushilerdi óz isterine ainaldyru ýshin bardy nemese franko-monghol odaghyn qamtamasyz etu maqsatynda monghol biyleushilerimen hat almasu ýshin papa elshisi retinde bardy. Alayda, kez kelgen adam «Jibek jolynyn» býkil úzyndyghyn aralau siyrek bolatyn. Onyng ornyna, saudagerler ónimdi shelek brigadasy siyaqty tasymaldady, tauarlar bir deldaldan ekinshisine satylyp, Qytaydan Batysqa deyin jyljydy; osynday úzaq qashyqtyqqa tasymaldanatyn tauarlar ekstravaganttyq baghagha әkeldi.

Ýngit taypasynan shyqqan Rabban Bar Saumanyng sayahat joly. / suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Monghol imperiyasyna qaramaytyn el azamattary men sol elderge baratyn azamattar ýshin pasport qoldanyldy.

Gazna (Gazni) tenge sarayynda soghylghan Shynghys hannyng altyn dinary, 1221/2 j. / suret avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Shynghystan keyin onyng múragerleri Ýgedey men Guukting túsynda seriktestik saudager isi órkendey berdi. Saudagerler imperator saraylaryna kiyim-keshek, azyq-týlik, aqparat jәne basqa da azyq-týlikterdi әkeldi, al onyng ornyna úly handar kópesterge salyq jenildikterin berip, Monghol imperiyasynyng resmy rele stansiyalaryn paydalanugha rúqsat berdi. Saudagerler Qytayda, Reseyde jәne Iranda salyqshylar qyzmetin de atqardy. Eger saudagerlerge qaraqshylar shabuyl jasasa, shyghyndy úrlanghan zattardy tabugha mindetti bolghan jergilikti túrghyndar toltyrdy[13][14].

Úly han Mónke kezinde sayasat ózgerdi. Aqshany jylystatu jәne artyq salyq salu saldarynan ol teris әreketterdi shekteuge tyrysty jәne ortok biznesin qadaghalau ýshin imperatorlyq tergeushilerdi jiberdi. Ol barlyq saudagerler sauda jәne mýlik salyghyn tóleuge mindetti dep jarlyq shyghardy jәne joghary dәrejeli monghol elitalarynyng kópesterden tartyp alghan barlyq shyghyndaryn tóledi. Búl sayasat Yuani әuleti túsynda da jalghasyn tapty.

14 ghasyrda Monghol imperiyasynyng qúlauy «Jibek joly» boyyndaghy sayasi, mәdeny jәne ekonomikalyq birlikting ydyrauyna әkeldi. Týrki taypalary Vizantiya imperiyasynan joldyng batys úshyn tartyp alyp, keyin sunnittik senimmen Osman imperiyasyna týrki mәdeniyetining dәnin septi. Shyghysta hani qytaylary 1368 jyly Yuani әuletin qúlatyp, ózderining Min dinastiyasyn qúryp, ekonomikalyq oqshaulanu sayasatyn jýrgizdi [15].

Qalalanu nemese urbanizasiya

Jalpy Ózbek hannyng islam dinin qabyldap, ony ýstem dinge ainaldyruynyng eng basty sebebi – Altyn ordanyng Edil, Jayyq, Qyrym, Kavkaz, Shyghys europa jazyghyndaghy jappay urbanizasiyalanuy. 60-70 jyldyq beybit ómirde halyq sanynyng qauryt ósui, Tynyq múhitpen Batys europagha tútasyp jatqan «Úly jibek joly» saudasynyng damuy, jana payda bolghan otyryqshy ómir saltyna sәikes qoghamdy basqarudyng ozyq jýiesin qajet etti. Islam dini dәl soghan sәikes kele aldy, әri halyqty basqarugha ynghayly әri týrli salyqtar arqyly biyliktegilerge ekonomikalyq paydada әkele alatyndyghynda edi. Derekterge qaraghanda Jәiiqtan batysqa qaray shyghys europa jerinde 140-150 qala bolghan, búnyn  ishinde Saray qalasynda 75 myng halyq túrghan. Edil boyynda 40 qala (Búlgharlargha qarasty búrynnan bar 11 qalany qosqanda), Prut-Denestr alqaby 4 qala,  Denestr-Denepr alqaby 7 qala, Qyrymda 7 qala, Don alqaby 8 qala, Teristik Kavkaz 14qala, Jәiiq boyy 5 qala, Batys Sibir 3 qala, Soltýstik Qazaqstan 3 qala, Ontýstik Qazaqstan 5 qala(Altyn ordagha qaraytyn bóliginde), Horezm 3 qala jiyny 102 qala bolghan (16).

Búnday qalalardyng gýldenui qazaq jerinde biylik qúrghan Aqordadada bolghan, ol turaly Natanzy Erzen han jóninde bylay dep jazady: «Aqyldy, turashyl, dinshil jәne bilimge qúshtar boldy. Azghana jylda bedeli Ózbek hannyng dәrejesine deyin jetti, biraq oghan baghynyshtylyghyn saqtady. Otyrar, Sauran , Jent, Barshinkenttegi kóptegen medreselerdi, hanakalardy, meshitterdi, t.b. qayyrymdylyq ýilerin saldyrdy. Ádildigi men meyirimdiligi arqasynda ol býkil Týrkistan ónirin gýldendirdi. Áldiler әlsizderge qysymshylyq jasamady, jastar jasy úlghayghandargha syi-qúrmet kórsetuden auytqymady. Erzen han biylik etken tústaghy últ qauipsizdigi men gýldenuin eshkim týsinde de kórmedi» (17).

Avtonomiya

Monghol imperiyasy bodan halyqtargha qarata avtonomiya sayasatyn qoldandy. 1209 jyly óz erkimen baghynghan úighyr memleketin saqtap olarmen qúdandaly bolyp ózderine basqartty. Olardyng tipti óz armiyasyda bolghan. Olar ghana emes orys kiniyazdikteride avtonomiya esebinde bolyp tek salyq jinaumen shekteldi, tiline, dinine, saltyna, ishki isterine aralaspady.  Shyghys Europada reseyding eng iri memleket boluy, teritoriyasynyng eng ýlken boluyna, biriguinede osy Monghol imperiyasy sebepshi boldy.

Ádebiyetter:

1. Baumann, Brian (2008). Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics according to the anonymous Manual of Mongolian astrology and divination. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 304. ISBN 978-90-04-15575-6.
2. Baumann, Brian (2008). Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics according to the anonymous Manual of Mongolian astrology and divination. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 296. ISBN 978-90-04-15575-6.
3. ^ Komaroff, Linda (2006). Beyond the legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijk Brill NV. p. 358. ISBN 978-90-04-15083-6.
4. ^ Allsen, Thomas T. (2001). Conquest and Culture in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-521-80335-7.
5. ^ Elverskog, Johan (2010). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9.
6. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen. Atheneum. ISBN 0-6891-0942-3.
7. Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York, NY: Crown and Three Rivers Press. 158 .ISBN 978-0-6098-0964-8
8. https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phagspa_vinokurov_tablet.jpg#mw-jump-to-license
9. Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresi
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance#/media/File:LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg
11. Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships". Central Asian Survey. 38 (4): 531–547. doi:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799. S2CID 203044817.
12.  Enkhbold, Enerelt. (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships", Central Asian Survey, 38:4, 531–547, DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799 Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
13.  Allsen. Mongolian Princes (1989), pp. 83–126.
14. Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships". Central Asian Survey. 38 (4): 544. doi:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799. S2CID 203044817.
15.  Liu, Guoli. Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition. p. 364.
16. Múhtar Maýauyn. Altyn orda. 200-212 better. Almaty. 2024

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