Tarih ghylymynda týrki halyqtarynyng shyghu tegi, olardyng etnikalyq, sayasy birlikteri men memlekettiligining evolusiyasy – ýnemi qyzu pikirtalas tudyratyn taqyryptardyng biri.

Sonyng ishinde Qyrym handyghynyng tarihy men onyng halyqtyq negizin qúraghan etnostar jayly jaghday de әli kýnge deyin zertteushiler arasynda ortaq tújyrymgha kelgen joq. Ásirese, «Qyrym handyghy qypshaq qazaqtar ma?» degen saual qoghamdyq sanamyzda jii qozghalady. Búl súraq kezdeysoq emes: qypshaqtardyng Deshti Qypshaq dalasyndaghy ýstemdigi, qazaq etnogenezindegi orny, sonday-aq Qyrym handyghynyng memlekettik tili, mәdeniyeti men әskery dәstýrinde qypshaqtyq negizding basymdyghy osynday oigha jeteleydi.

Qyrym handyghynyng tarihy qalyptasuy 

Qyrym handyghy XV ghasyrdyng ortasynda Altyn Ordanyng ydyrauy nәtiyjesinde payda boldy. 1441 jyly qyrymdyqtar ózderining derbes biyleushisin saylap, Qajy Kereydi han kóterdi. Búl – Qyrym handyghynyng resmy týrde qúrylghan jyly sanalady. Alghashqyda handyq Altyn Ordanyng múragerlik qúrylymdarynyng biri retinde kóringenimen, uaqyt óte kele jeke sayasy subekt retinde qalyptasty.

Handyqtyng territoriyasy Qyrym týbegin ghana emes, Qara tenizding soltýstigindegi dalalyq aimaqtardy da qamtydy. Búl aimaqtar ejelden qypshaqtardyng dәstýrli qonystary bolghan. Sondyqtan Qyrym handyghynyng etnikalyq negizinde qypshaqtar basty ról atqardy.

Qypshaqtar XI–XIII ghasyrlarda Euraziya dalasynda ýstemdik qúrghan iri týrki taypalarynyng biri edi. Olardyng mekeni – Deshti Qypshaq dalasy qazirgi Qazaqstannyng aumaghyn, Edil boyy men Qara tenizge deyingi kenistikti qamtydy. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghyna negizdelgen ómir salty, әskery úiymshyldyghy qypshaqtardy ortaghasyrlyq týrki әlemining basty kýshine ainaldyrdy.

Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezinde qypshaqtar erekshe oryn alady. XIV–XV ghasyrlarda Aq Orda men Ábilqayyr handyghy dәuirinde qypshaqtar qazaq rularynyng negizgi etnikalyq qúramdas bóligine ainaldy. «Qypshaq – qazaqtyng bir qanaty» degen tarihy tújyrym da bar. Demek, Qyrym handyghy qypshaq dәstýrinde qúrylghandyqtan, ony qazaqpen baylanystyru qisyndy.

Qyrym handyghynyng memlekettik tili – qypshaq tili boldy. Búl til Altyn Orda dәuirinen beri memlekettik is qaghazdarynda, diplomatiyalyq baylanystarda qoldanylyp kelgen. Tipti XV–XVI ghasyrlarda Osman imperiyasynyng sarayynda da qypshaq tili audarmashylar arqyly paydalanylghany belgili.

Qypshaq tilining qazaq tilimen tarihy tuystyghy aiqyn. Leksikasy, grammatikalyq qúrylymy, dybystyq zandylyqtary boyynsha qazaq tili qypshaq tilderining tobyna jatady. Qyrym tatarlarynyng qazirgi tili de qypshaq negizinde damyghan. Búl – qazaq pen qyrymdyqtardyng ortaq tildik negizden shyqqanyn kórsetedi.

Mәdeny túrghyda da úqsastyqtar kóp.  Mysaly, qymyz ben shúbat siyaqty dәstýrli susyndar, kiyiz ýy mәdeniyeti, jylqygha qatysty әskery dәstýrler qypshaqtan qalghan ortaq múra. Qyrym handyghynda da atqa minu, joryqqa shyghu, әskery tәrtip qazaq qoghamyndaghyday manyzgha ie boldy.

Qazaq handyghy men Qyrym handyghy ekeui de Altyn Ordadan taraghan múragerlik memleketter boldy. Ekeuining memlekettik qúrylymy da úqsas: han – jogharghy biylik iyesi, súltandar men bekter kenesi – kenesshi organ, al ru-taypalyq jýie – sayasy tirek qyzmetin atqardy.

Sonymen qatar eki handyqtyng syrtqy sayasatynda da ortaqtyq bayqalady. Ekeui de Mәskeu knyazidigimen, Osman imperiyasymen, Shaybany әuletimen qarym-qatynas ornatty. Qyrym handyghy kóbine Osman imperiyasyna tәueldi bolsa, Qazaq handyghy derbes sayasatyn jýrgizdi. Degenmen olardyng halyqaralyq qatynastardaghy diplomatiyalyq dәstýrleri úqsas edi.

Qazaq pen qyrym halyqtarynyng baylanysy

Tarihy derekterde qazaqtar men qyrymdyqtardyng arasyndaghy qarym-qatynas aiqyn kórinedi. Mysaly, XVI–XVII ghasyrlarda Edil boyyndaghy jәne Don ónirindegi qazaqtar men qyrym tatarlary birlesip Mәskeuge qarsy joryqtargha shyqqany jazylady. Sonymen qatar, qazaq dalasynan Qyrymgha, Qyrymnan qazaq jerine kóship-qonyp jýrgen rular da bolghan.

Qazaq jyraularynyng tolghaularynda da Qyrymnyng aty jii atalady. «Qyrymnyng qyryq batyry» epostyq jyrlar sikli qazaq foliklorynda erekshe oryn alghan. Búl da eki halyqtyng tarihy taghdyrlas ekenin dәleldeydi.

Áriyne, Qyrym handyghyn «qazaq memleketi» dep atau tarihy dәldikke jatpaydy. Sebebi Qyrym handyghynyng sayasiy-geografiyalyq jaghdayy, etnikalyq qúramy qazaq dalasynan bólek edi. Qyrymda qypshaqtarmen qatar noghaylar, týrkimender, cherkes jәne grek halyqtary da mekendedi. Osman imperiyasynyng yqpaly da qyrymdyqtardy erekshe baghytqa ainaldyrdy.

Qazaq handyghy bolsa, Jetisu men Syr boyynan bastau alyp, Deshti Qypshaqtyng ortalyq aumaghynda qalyptasty. Qazaqtyng etnikalyq negizi tek qypshaqtardan túrmaghan, oghan ýisin, qanly, arghyn, nayman, dulat, jalayyr sekildi basqa da kóptegen taypalar kirdi. Sondyqtan Qyrym handyghy men Qazaq handyghy – tuys memleketter bolghanymen, ekeuin tolyqtay tenestiru dúrys emes.

Kóptegen otandyq jәne sheteldik tarihshylar Qyrym handyghyn qypshaq memleketi retinde qarastyrady. Yaghny aitqanda, Lev Gumiylev qypshaqtardyng Euraziya tarihyndaghy rólin erekshe atap ótip, Qyrym handyghyn «qypshaq dәstýrin saqtaghan memleket» dep ataghan. Qazaq ghalymdary da Qyrym tatarlary men qazaqtar arasyndaghy tarihiy-mәdeny úqsastyqtardy dәleldep jýr.

Degenmen keybir zertteushiler Qyrym handyghyn qazaq etnogenezine tikeley teluding qajeti joq deydi. Sebebi qazaq etnosy XV ghasyrdyng ortasynda Ortalyq Aziyada qalyptasyp, óz aldyna derbes halyq bolyp shyqty. Al Qyrym handyghy bolsa, Batys Deshti Qypshaq pen Qara teniz ónirinde ornalasqan ózindik memleket edi.

Sonymen, «Qyrym handyghy qypshaq qazaqtar ma?» degen súraghymyzgha birjaqty jauap beru qiyn. Tarihy túrghyda Qyrym handyghy – qypshaq negizinde qúrylghan memleket. Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezinde de qypshaqtar sheshushi ról atqardy. Osy túrghydan alghanda, Qyrym handyghy men Qazaq handyghy tuys memleketter, olardyng tamyry bir, dәstýri ortaq.

Alayda Qyrym handyghyn tolyqtay «qazaq memleketi» dep atau tarihy dәldikke jatpaydy. Ol – óz aldyna derbes etnosayasy qúrylym. Degenmen qazaq pen qyrym halyqtarynyng tildik, mәdeny jәne tarihy jaqyndyghy olardyng ortaq qypshaqtyq múradan taraytynyn aiqyn dәleldeydi.

Qypshaq dәuirinen bastau alghan osy sabaqtastyq qazaqtyng da, qyrym tatarlarynyng da tarihy tamyryn terendetip, bolashaqtaghy tutastyqtyng negizi deymiz.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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