Dýnie jýzi elderin týgeldey qamtyghan qarjylyq, ekonomikalyq daghdarys kezeninde Qazaqstannyng agroónerkәsip keshenining túraqtylyghyn qamtamasyz etip, ony odan әri tiyimdi damytu jәne elimizde azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin saqtaudyng әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy mәni zor bolyp otyrghany belgili.
Bizding elimiz dýnie jýzining auylsharuashylyq ónimderin óndiretin negizgi 25 memleketting qataryna enedi jәne ózining resurstyq әleueti jaghynan qazirgi dengeyden 3-5 ese artyq ónim óndiruge mýmkindigi bar ekeni belgili. Sonymen qatar, sarapshylar agrarlyq sektor esebinen IJÓ-ning ósimi jahandyq daghdarys saldarynan bolyp otyrghan kedeyshilikti azaytugha basqa sektorlardyng IJÓ-ning ósuine әser etui jaghynan 4 ese tiyimdi bolatynyn naqty jobalarmen aiqyndap berip otyr. Osy túrghydan alghanda Qazaqstannyng agrarlyq sektorynda sheshimin kýtip túrghan kýrdeli әleumettik-ekono¬miy¬kalyq problemalar da joq emes.
Elbasy ózining 2009 jyldyng 6 nauryzyndaghy Joldauynda atalghan salany útymdy týrde damytugha baryn¬sha mәn berip, “Agroónerkәsiptik ke¬shen turaly airyqsha aitqym keledi, onyng damuy arqasynda biz bir mezgilde elimiz ýshin asa manyzdy eki mindetti – azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etudi jәne eksportty әrtaraptandyrudy sheshemiz”, dep erekshe atap kórsetti.

Dýnie jýzi elderin týgeldey qamtyghan qarjylyq, ekonomikalyq daghdarys kezeninde Qazaqstannyng agroónerkәsip keshenining túraqtylyghyn qamtamasyz etip, ony odan әri tiyimdi damytu jәne elimizde azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin saqtaudyng әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy mәni zor bolyp otyrghany belgili.
Bizding elimiz dýnie jýzining auylsharuashylyq ónimderin óndiretin negizgi 25 memleketting qataryna enedi jәne ózining resurstyq әleueti jaghynan qazirgi dengeyden 3-5 ese artyq ónim óndiruge mýmkindigi bar ekeni belgili. Sonymen qatar, sarapshylar agrarlyq sektor esebinen IJÓ-ning ósimi jahandyq daghdarys saldarynan bolyp otyrghan kedeyshilikti azaytugha basqa sektorlardyng IJÓ-ning ósuine әser etui jaghynan 4 ese tiyimdi bolatynyn naqty jobalarmen aiqyndap berip otyr. Osy túrghydan alghanda Qazaqstannyng agrarlyq sektorynda sheshimin kýtip túrghan kýrdeli әleumettik-ekono¬miy¬kalyq problemalar da joq emes.
Elbasy ózining 2009 jyldyng 6 nauryzyndaghy Joldauynda atalghan salany útymdy týrde damytugha baryn¬sha mәn berip, “Agroónerkәsiptik ke¬shen turaly airyqsha aitqym keledi, onyng damuy arqasynda biz bir mezgilde elimiz ýshin asa manyzdy eki mindetti – azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etudi jәne eksportty әrtaraptandyrudy sheshemiz”, dep erekshe atap kórsetti.
Qazaqstannyng agroónerkәsip kesheni, onyng negizgi qúramy – auyl sharuashylyghy, songhy jyl¬dary dýnie jýzine keng taraghan qarjy-ekonomikalyq daghdarystyng kýshti yqpal etui jaghdayynda damyp otyrghany belgili. Degen¬men, daghdarys ayasynyng keneni men kýrdelenui, otandyq agrarlyq jýiege der kezinde memleket tarapynan kórsetilgen kómekting nәtiyjesinde keybir elderdegidey búl sala resessiyagha úshyra¬may, belgili bir dengeyde damu qarqynyn bәsendetken joq. Sonymen qatar, songhy jyldary auylsharuashylyq ónimderi kólemining úlghangy bayqalady. Óndirilgen ónim aghymdaghy baghalarmen eseptegende 2007 jyly 1,1 trln. tenge dengeyinde bolsa, 2008 jyly 1,3 trln. ten¬ge bolyp 18,2% ósken, al 2000 jylmen sa¬lys¬tyrghanda 3,3 esege ósken.
Agrarlyq sektordy memleket tarapynan qol¬dau maqsatynda 2008 jylghy bólingen qa¬rajat 2007 jylmen salystyrghanda 1,7 ese úl¬ghaydy, onyng ishinde tikeley qoldaugha (sub¬sidiya) bólingen qarjy 2,0 ese, kredit retinde berilgeni 2,2 esege ósti. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde asa qajetti daqyldardyng egistik kólemin úlghaytugha, agroónerkәsip jýiesin tehnologiyalyq jәne teh¬nikalyq jaghynan jaraqtandyrugha mýmkin¬dikter tudy. Ásirese elimizde jetispeytin ónim týr¬leri – mayly daqyldar, qant, kókónis, je¬mis-jiydek ónimderin odan әri damytugha erekshe kónil bólindi, yaghny ósimdik sharuashylyghyn әrtaraptandyru maqsatynda asa qajetti daqyldardyng egistikterin úlghaytu júmystary jýrgizildi. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde 2008 jyly 2007 jylgha qaraghanda mayly daqyldar egistigi – 35%, kókónis, jemis-jiydek – 17%, qant qyzylshasynyng egistigi 39% ósti.
Elimizding azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin saqtau maqsatynda “Azyq-týlik korporasiyasy” AQ arqyly dәndi daqyldardy memlekettik qorgha otandyq tauar óndirushilerden naryqtyq bagha¬men satyp alu maqsatynda budjetten 12,0 mlrd. tenge qarajat bólindi. Mal sharuashy¬ly¬ghy jýiesinde de ondy ózgeristerding qalyp¬tas¬qany bayqalady. Mysaly, 2008 jyly 2007 jylmen salystyrghanda mýiizdi iri qara mal 2,8% kóbeygen jәne sәikesinshe qoy men eshki – 5,0%, shoshqa – 1,0%, jylqy – 6,0%, týie-3,4% jәne qús 10,5% ósken. Degenmen mal sha¬rua¬shylyghynda asyl túqymdy maldyng ýles salmaghy әli kýnge deyin tómen dengeyde qalyp otyr jәne onyng dengeyi tómendegidey: mýiizdi iri qara – 4,3%, qoy men eshki – 7,4%, jylqy – 2,6%, týie – 10%. Al ghylymy negizge nemese ozyq tәjiriybege sýiensek, sapaly ónim alu ýshin asyl túqymdy mal basynyng ýles salmaghy 30% kem bolmauy qajet. Sonymen qatar, mal sha¬ruashylyghyn útymdy damytudy tejep otyrghan basqa da faktorlar bar. Mysaly, 2007 jyly jýrgizilgen birinshi últtyq auyl sharua¬shy¬lyghy sanaghynyng mәlimetteri boyynsha auyl¬dyq ónirdegi ýy sharuashylyghynda mýiizdi iri qaranyng – 85%, qoy men eshkining – 77,0%, jylqy men shoshqanyng 79,0% shoghyrlanghan eken. Yaghny búl jýiede zaman talabyna say ónim óndiru men ony óndeuding óndiristik ozyq tehnologiyasyn endiru ýshin arnauly orta jәne iri kәsiporyndar jýiesin qalyptastyrudyng qajettigi tuyndap otyr.
Sondyqtan mal sharuashylyghyn әrtarap¬tan¬dyryp, odan týrli ónimder óndiru men ony eksportqa shygharu maqsatynda “Mal ónimderi korporasiyasy” AQ jәne biznes qúrylym¬dar¬dyng qatysuymen qazirgi talapqa say mal bor¬daqylau alandaryn jәne oghan qajetti iyn¬fra¬qúrylym jýielerin qúru kózdelgen. Osy maq¬satty jýzege asyru ýshin 2008 jyly respubliy¬qa¬lyq budjetten elimizde 30 sýt jәne et óndiretin tauarly iri fermalardy qúrugha qajet negizgi qúral-jabdyqtardy satyp alugha 5,0 mlrd. tenge jәne olardyng ainalym kapitalyn toltyrugha memleket tarapynan 5,3 mlrd.tenge qarajat bólingen. Tauarly sýt óndiru ferma¬laryn asyl túqymdy mýiizdi iri qaramen, al mal bor¬da¬qylau alandaryn jәne et kombinattary ozyq ýlgidegi tehnikalyq jabdyqtarmen qamtamasyz etilip, halyq¬ara¬lyq standarttargha say ke¬letin mal ónimderin eks¬portqa shygharuyn úlghaytudy jolgha qoy kózdelip otyr.
Ayta ketetin jaghday, songhy jyldary auylsha¬rua¬shylyq ónimderin terendetip óndeu ýderisin memleket ta¬rapynan qoldau nәtiyjesinde ilgerileu bar. Mysaly, 2007 jyly 2002 jylmen salys¬tyrghanda auylsharuashylyq ónimderin óndiristik óndeu¬ding ýles salmaghy boyynsha olardy elimizde shiykizat retinde óndirilgen jalpy kólemine shaqqanda ósu tendensiyasy bayqalady. My¬saly, sýtti óndeu 10,8%-dan 33,0%-deyin ósken, al sәikesinshe et – 13,6 jәne 24,0%, mayly daqyldar – 50,4 jәne 98,0%.
Degenmen keybir auylsharuashylyq ónimin shetelden satyp alu, yaghny importtyng ýlesi әli de joghary bolyp otyr. Ol shújyq ónimderi boy¬ynsha – 45,0%, konservilengen kókónis, jemis-jiydek – 80%, qús eti – 70%, ósimdik mayy – 35%. Jogharyda atalghan ónimderdi ózimizde óndiruge tolyq mýmkindik bolsa da shetelden әkeluge mәjbýrmiz. Sondyqtan da azyq-týlik importy 2007 jyly 2,3 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn qúrghan.
Azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu mәselesi qazirgi oryn alghan ekonomikalyq daghdarys kezinde odan әri shiyelenise týsui mýmkin. Sondyqtan da alda sheshuin kýtip túrghan eng kýrdeli mәsele – búl agroónerkәsip keshenining býgingi damu dengeyin tómendetpey, odan әri túraqty damu ýderisin qamtamasyz etu ýshin memleket tarapynan qoldaudy kýsheytu.
Álemdik ekonomikalyq daghdarys kezinde auyl sharuashylyghy salasyn odan әri damytu ýshin 2009-2011 jyldary respublikalyq budjetten 350 mlrd. tenge bolu kózdelgen. Oghan qosymsha agroónerkәsip keshenin qoldaugha jәne odan әri damytugha “QazAgro” holdinginen 1,0 mlrd. dollar (150 mlrd tenge) kóleminde qarajat qarastyrylghan. Búl is-sharalardy әleumettik kәsipkerlik korporasiyalarmen birige otyryp jýzege asyru kózdelgen. Memleket tarapynan bólinetin inves¬tiy¬siyany birinshi kezekte júmys istep túrghan jәne ónimi eksportqa baghyttalghan kәsiporyn¬dar men salalargha júmsau qarastyrylghan.
Elimizde azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin tolyq qam¬tamasyz etu problemasyn sheshuding ma¬nyzdy bóligi – ol rynoktaghy tútynu baghasyn túraqtandyryp, ony halyqtyng basym kóp¬shi¬liginin¬ qoly jetetindey dengeyden asyrmaudy qamtamasyz etu bolyp tabylady. Azyq-týlik qauipsizdigi degende, biz kóbinese otandyq ónimder kólemining halyqtyng tútynu súra¬nysyn qanaghattandyruy túrghysynan qaraymyz da, onyng sheshushi kórsetkishi – halyqtyng sol ónimderge ekonomikalyq túrghydan qol jetkizu mýmkindigin, yaghny olardyng baghasynyng halyq¬tyng tabysyna sәikes boluyn eskere bermey¬miz. Demek, auylsharuashylyq ónimderin ón¬diru¬di úlghaytumen qatar, halyqtyng әl-auqatyn jaq¬sartuda da ekonomikalyq damu tetikterin jýieli ýilestire jýrgizu qajet.
Búl mәseleni jýzege asyruda tómendegidey jaghdaylardy eskeru qajet siyaqty. Erkin rynok jaghdayynda kez kelgen tauargha bagha súranys pen úsynystyng araqatynasy negizinde retteledi degen týsinik bar ekeni belgili. Álemdik tәjiriybe kórsetkendey, naryqtyq ekonomika jolymen damyghan elderde eko¬nomikalyq jýiening tolyqqandy júmys isteui ýshin tek qana erikti bagha sayasaty jýrgizilmeydi. Áleumettik-ekonomikalyq manyzy zor, sonyng ishinde halyqqa asa qajet azyq-týlik týrlerining baghalary memleket tarapynan tikeley de jәne janama joldarmen de ýnemi rettelip otyrady. Naryqtyq ekonomika jaghdayynda tauar úsynysynyng kólemi men onyng súranys dengeyining araqatynasy baghany ózi retteydi degen qaghidanyng ghalamdyq integrasiya men bәsekelestikting kýshengi jaghdayynda ýnemi jýzege asa bermeytin songhy jyldardaghy kýrdeli әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ózgerister kórsetip otyr. Sonymen birge onyng ishki rynokqa, jalpy elimizding ekonomikasyna da keri әserin tiygizetini anyq. Osy orayda aita ketetin bir jәit – ol halyq arasynda tútynu ba¬ghasynyng óskeni auyldaghy tauar óndirushi¬ler¬ding tolyq paydasyna sheshiledi degen ýstirt pikir qalyptasqandyghy. Naqty mәlimetterge jýginsek, ónimdi satu baghasy jyldan-jylgha ósip keledi, biraq onyng qarqyny bazardaghy, dý¬kenderdegi tútynu baghasynyng ósu qarqy¬nynan әjepteuir kem. Mysaly, 2008 jyly auyldaghy mal ónimderining baghasy aldyndaghy jyl¬men salystyrghanda 17-18 % ósse, bazar¬daghy sýt baghasy – 41% , etting baghasy – 30-33%, qús eti – 42%, júmyrtqa 35 % ósken. Búnyng sebebi, ónim óndirushiler men ony tú¬ty¬nushylar arasynda jýrgen deldaldardyn, alyp¬satarlardyng kóptigi, auylsharuashylyq ónimderin ortalyqtandyrylghan jýiemen sha¬rualardan kepildi baghamen satyp aludyng jәne kóterme sauda bazarlarynda, bólshek sauda oryndarynda útymdy jýiening qalyptaspauy. Qazirgi jaghdayda azyq-týlik bazarlaryna ónim óndirushiler tikeley ózderi shygha almaydy. Sondyqtan memleket auyl sharuashylyghyn qarjylay qoldaudy kýsheyte otyryp, damyghan shetelderdegidey auylsharuashylyq ónimderi men azyq-týlik baghasyn tikeley jәne janama týrde retteu mehanizmderin qoldanuy kerek.
Damyghan memleketterding tәjiriybesine qa¬ra¬saq, olardaghy bagha retteu tetikteri tek tauar óndirushilerding ghana mýddesin emes, sonymen birge tútynushylardyng da mýddesin qorghaugha jәne importty shekteuge baghyttalghan. Mysaly Japoniya auyl sharuashylyghynyng negizgi ónimderining biri kýrishti el ishinde óz tauar óndirushilerinen yntalandyru maqsatynda әlemdik baghalardan 6-8 ese joghary baghamen sa¬typ alady. Sonymen qatar búl ónimning impor¬ty¬na shekteu de qoyylghan. Bizding respublikada da azyq-týlikting baghasyn retteu men onyng túraqty qoryn jasau ýshin auylsharuashylyq ónimderining biraz kólemin (әleumettik manyzdy týrlerin) memleket kepildi baghamen, ónim óndirushilerden (sharualardan) satyp alu mehanizmin engizu qajet dep oilaymyz.
Ayta ketetin jaghday, memleket qoryna as¬tyq satyp alu júmysyn jýrgizude Azyq-týlik korporasiyasy songhy jyldary tiyimdi nәtiyjege jetip jýr. Biraq onyng satyp alu kólemi jyly¬na 1,0 -1,2 mln. tonnaday ghana bolghan son, astyq rynogyndaghy baghanyng dengeyine ýlken әser ete almaydy. Sondyqtan, búl memlekettik kәsiporyn astyqty satyp alu kólemin 3 mln. tonnagha jetkizse (onyng 2,5 mln. tonnasy azyq ýshin, 500 myng tonnasy – astyq qory), ishki rynoktaghy astyq pen astyq ónimderining túty¬nu baghasyn túraqty bir dengeyde ústaugha mým¬kindik tuar edi.
Osy orayda, elimizding negizgi auylsharua¬shy¬lyq ónimderining biri, astyqtyng memlekettik túraqty qoryn jasaudyng manyzy zor. Óitkeni astyqqa elimizge qajetti ishki súranys qana emes, syrtqy rynoktaghy súranystyng da óte jo¬gha¬ry ekeni belgili. Mysaly, 2007 jyldyng kýzinen bastap shetelderde astyqqa degen súra¬nys¬tyng kóbenginen, onyng baghasy 3-4 ese kýrt ósip ketti. Sonyng saldarynan elimizdegi jiy¬nal¬ghan astyqtyng eksportqa shygharyluy shek¬ten tys beleng alyp, ishki súranysqa qajetti as¬tyqtyng tapshylyghy bayqala bastady. Atal¬ghan jaghdaydy retteude sol kezde ishki astyq ry¬nogyn memleket tarapynan túraqtan¬dy¬ru¬dyng tiyimdi tetikteri jetkiliksiz bolyp shyqty. Sonyng saldarynan nan ónimderining baghasy eki-ýsh aidyng ishinde 2 esege ósip, mal ónimderining ózindik qúny men baghasy 20-30% ósti.
Jogharyda atalghan kýrdeli jaghdaylardy ret¬teu, shetelderde memlekettik qorgha astyqty jet¬kilikti mólsherde satyp alyp, qajet kezinde tauarlyq (astyq) intervensiya jýrgizu arqyly útymdy týrde sheshimin tabatyny belgili. Tauar¬lyq intervensiya – úsynys azayyp ne¬me¬se syrtqy súranys kóbeyip, әlemdik bagha kýrt ósip, eksport kólemi úlghay saldarynan ishki rynokta jetispeushilik bayqalyp, tútynu baghasy shamadan tys ósken jaghdayda jýr¬gi¬zi¬le¬di. Osyghan oray, birinshiden, astyqtyng túraq¬ty qoryn jasau, ekinshiden, auylsharuashylyq ónimin óndirushilerden tikeley memlekettik mekemelerge (arnauly tútynushylar, jabyq mekemeler) qajet ónimderdi (kartop, kókónis, sýt, t.b.) tútynu kólemine sәikes satyp alyp, budjetten qarjylandyratyn mekemelerdi (әskery bólimder, jabyq mekemeler, auruhana, bala-baqsha t.b) tolyq qamtamasyz etu kerek. Býginde olar azyq-týlikti ashyq tender arqyly nemese deldaldardan tym joghary baghamen satyp aluda. Búl jaghdayda jemqorlyqqa tosqauyl qoy qiynday týsetini de anyq.
Eger memleket búl mәseleni óz qúziretine alsa, birinshiden, kóptegen memleket qarjysy ýnemdeler edi, ekinshiden, auylsharuashylyq tauarlaryn óndirushiler ýshin búl ónimderding kepildi, túraqty satu kózi bolyp tabylar edi. Qo¬ryta aitqanda, bolashaqta auyl sharua¬shy¬ly¬ghyn qoldaugha memleket tarapynan bólinetin qarjynyng kólemin kóbeytumen qatar, sub¬siy¬diya bólu men baghany retteu tetikterin jetil¬diru – azyq-týlik qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu¬ding manyzdy faktorlary bolyp qala bermek.
Avtory: Alpysbay SEYDAHMETOV, T.Rysqúlov atyndaghy Qazaq ekonomikalyq uniyversiytetining "Ekonomika" kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, professor.

“Egemen Qazaqstan” gazeti №184-187 (25584) 27 mamyr 2009 jyl