ÁBDIMOMYNOVQA JAUAP. NAQShBANDIYA HÁM SOPYLYQ
Ótkende sopylyq turaly, tariqat turaly jariyalanghan maqalanyng mazmúnyna keybir oqyrmandar tereng boylap kire almaghan siyaqty. Sol mәselege qaytadan qysqasha toqtalyp, týsindirmesek, keybir oqyrmandar kónilinde kýdik úyalaghan siyaqty. Ony biz Á.Ábdimomynovtyng bizge qarsy jazghan maqalasynan kórip otyrmyz. Aldymen sopylyq turaly maqalada jazylghandy qaytalaugha tura keledi. Sopylyq jolgha týsu degenimiz, Múhammet Payghambardyng (s.a.s.) ruhany әlemine ótu, Payghambar (s.a.s.) ruhymen sabaqtastyqta bolu degendi bildiredi.
Basqasha aitqanda, myna fizikalyq әlemmen shektelmey, osy әlemmen paraleli metfizikalyq әlemmen, ruhtar әlemimen baylanysqa týsu, sol әlemning syrlaryn mengeru. Búl sopylyq joldyng ortaq zandylyghy. Al, tariqat bolsa, músylman dinin qabyldaghan halyqtardyng Islamnyng negizgi bes paryzyn qabyl etip, qalghan diny jol-joralghyny ruhany tanym negizinde qalyptastyra otyryp, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteudi tolyghymen әr halyqtyng ózining tabighy ereksheligine qaray qalyptasqan salt-dәstýrine beru dep aitsa bolady. Basqasha aitqanda, arab qoghamynda qalyptasqan әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrdi, sol negizde qalyptasqan sharighatty qabyldamay-aq, ózining ruhaniy-mәdeni, tabighy bolmysyna ylayyq qalyptasqan qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteu jolyn saqtap qalu bolatyn. Búl mәselelerdi kezinde Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyz qalay sheshkenin aityp óttik. Sol kisining eren enbegining arqasynda qazirgi týrki halyqtary ózderining dәstýri men mәdeniyetin joghaltpay saqtap qala aldy. Osy Qoja Ahmet Yasauy jolyn ýlgi etken barlyq músylman halyqtary ózderining ruhaniy-mәdeni, tabighy erekshelikterin tolyq qamtamasyz etetin sopylyq tariqattardy qalyptastyrdy. Mysaly, parsy Najdm ad-din Kubra – kubraviya tariqatyn, ýndi mәdeniyetine ylayyqty joldy Suhravardi, arab mәdeniyetine ylayyqty tariqatty Abd al-Qadyr Jilany qalyptastyrdy. Osy siyaqty qanshama tariqattardyng qalyptasuy Islam әlemindegi toqyraudy toqtatyp, Islamnyng jana satygha kóteriluine yqpal etken bolatyn. Alayda, búl serpilis úzaqqa barmady. XIVghasyrda tarih sahnasyna shyghyp, XV ghasyrdan bastap, sayasy kýresti bastaghan naqshbandiya tariqaty Islam әlemindegi ilgerileushilikting jolyn kesti. Óitkeni, búl tariqat arab dәstýrshiligine negizdelgen bolatyn. Sol sebepti, búl tariqat «ahl al-sunna ua-l-jam‘a tariqaty» dep ataldy. Búl tariqat arab dәstýrin tolyq qabyldaudy, «Payghambar sýnneti» - dep, nemere tuystardyn ózara ýilenuin talap etti. Búl jol týrki halyqtarynyng etnikalyq jikteluine yqpal etip, memleketterining kýireuine әkeldi. Ókinishke oray, múnyng bәrine toqtalyp, taldau jasay almaymyz. Eger toqtalatyn bolsaq, onda materialdar bir kitapqa jýk bolar edi. Endigi kezekte osy naqshbandiya tariqatynyng qalyptasu kezeni turaly jazylghan maqalany nazarlarynyzgha úsynyp otyrmyz.
Naqshbandiya tariqatynyng tarih sahnasyna shyghuy
XIV ghasyr ortasynda tarih sahnasyna shyqqan sopylyq tariqat – naqshbandiyanyng alghashqy payda bolghan kezeninde búl tariqattyng odan keyingi ghasyrlarda Ortalyq Aziya elderinin sayasy ómiri men etnikalyq kelbetine yqpal etetin quatty diny aghymgha ainalady dep eshkim oilamaghan bolatyn.
Búl sopylyq joldyng aty XIV ghasyrda ómir sýrgen sopy Baha’ ad-din Naqshband atymen baylanysty bolghanymen, ol naqshbandiya tariqatynyng negizin qalaushy bolyp eseptelinbeydi. Naqshbandiya tariqatynyng negizin salghan, ruhany baghyt-baghdaryn aiqyndaghan túlgha retinde, XI-XII ghgh. ómir sýrgen Jýsip Hamadany aty atalady. Osy Jýsip Hamadaniyding shәkirti Abd al-Halyq Ghyjduany naqshbandiya tariqatyna izashar bolghan hodjaganiya tariqatynyng negizin salady. Al, Baha’ ad-din Naqshband ózi osy hodjaganiya tariqatynyng ókili edi. Ol osy tariqattyng qyzmetin jandandyrushy - basty túlgha. Sol sebepti, hodjaganiya tariqaty Baha’ ad-din Naqshbandtan song hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya dep atala bastady.
Baha’ ad-din Naqshband Búhara qalasynyng manyndaghy Kasr-y Hinduvan atty qystaqta, tәjik otbasynda 1318 jyly dýniyege keldi. 1389 jyly ózi dýniyege kelgen qystaghynda qaytys boldy. Onyng Naqshband atanu sebebi, әkesi de, ózi de toqymashy, әri ústa-órnekshi kәsibimen ainalysty. Sol ýshin onyng atyna «naqshband» - degen qosymsha qosyldy [1, s. 79].
Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqaty turaly kenirek sóz qozghamas búryn, búl tariqatty tarih sahnasyna shyghugha iytermelegen qanday kýsh? Sebebi nede? – degen súraqqa jauap berilui tiyis. Búl súraqqa jauap berilmese, hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqatynyng XV-XVIII ghgh. arasyndaghy belsendi әreketi men onyng týrki halyqtarynyng ruhany tútastyghyna tiygizgen keri yqpalyn týsine almaymyz.
Mauarannahr jeri XIII ghasyr basynda monghol-tatar biyligining qolastyna týsip 200 jyldan asa uaqyt týrki-monghol biyligin moyyndady. Solardyng erkimen jýrdi. Búrynghy XIII ghasyrgha deyin qoldanysta bolghan, otyryqshy halyq pen qolónershilerding mýddesin qorghaytyn sharighat ýkimderi qoldanystan shyghyp, qoghamdyq qatynastar monghol biyleushilerining zanymen rettele bastady. Odan keyingi kezende, mongholdyq biyleushiler islam dinin qabyldaghan kezde qoghamdyq qatynastar әr týrli tariqattar engizgen әdet-ghúryptarmen retteldi. Ol kezende Mauarannahr jerinde ishiqiya, kubraviya, yasauiya tariqattary belsendi әreket etti. Búl tariqat ókilderi týrki-mongholdyq biyleushilermen etene aralasyp, solarmen birge tize qosyp, Mauaranahrdyng sayasy jәne ruhany ómirine belsene aralasty. Búl jaghaday osy ólkeni mekendeytin parsy tildes soghdy-tәjik halqynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny talabyna kóp jaghdayda qayshy kelip jatty. Osynday jaghdayda soghdy-tәjik halqynyng ruhany ómirining ózegi de, tiregi de osy hodjaganiya tariqaty boldy.
Hodjaganiya tariqaty ókilderi arasynda týrki-monghol biyligin tolyq moyyndap, solarmen etene aralasyp jýrgen sopylyq tariqattargha qarsy ishtey narazylyq payda bolghan edi. Oghan hodjaganiya tariqaty ókilderi tarapynan jazylghan jazba derekter dәlel bola alady. Onday shygharmalarda hodjaganiya ókilderi tarapynan sol kezendegi Mauarannahrdaghy sopylyq tariqattar men olardyn dәstýrli erekshelikteri ayausyz syngha alynghanyn kóruge bolady.
Sopylardyng basqa bir sopylardy nemese bir toptyng ózine bәsekeles ekinshi bir topty synauy janalyq emes. Ol ýrdis sol sopylyq payda bolghan kezden bar. Bir toptyng qoldanyp jýrgen dәstýri, salyp jýrgen zikiri ekinishi bir topqa únamauy mýmkin. Sonday-aq, syrty sopy bolghanymen ishi atyna layyq bolmaghan sopylar da syn sadaghyna alynghan. Mysaly, Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding ózi jalghan sopylardy qatty syngha alghan. Biraq, búl sopylardyn, sopylyq toptardyng birin-biri synauy onshalyqty óreskel nәrse bolyp kórinbeydi. Ádettegi mәsele esebinde qarastyrylghan.
Al, hodjaganiya ókilderining Mauarannahrda XIII-XIV ghgh. ómir sýrgen ózge sopylyq tariqattardy synauy – sopylyq tariqattar arasyndaghy kelispeushilikten tughan synau emes, óz qarsylasyn býkil bolmysymen qúrtugha baghyttalghan synau bolghanyn kóruge bolady. Amerikandyq ghalym D. Devis hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya ókilderining búl әreketin XII ghasyrdaghy Ibn Taymiyanyng sopylargha qarsy shyqqan әreketimen salystyrady [2, s. 246]. Óitkeni, Ibn Taymiya sopylyqtaghy qanday dәstýrlerge qarsy shyqsa, naqshbandiyler de sol dәstýrlerge qarsy shyqqanyn kóremiz. Ibn Taymiya kezinde sopylyqtaghy hanaka, raqs, sama’ siyaqty dәstýrlerge qarsy shyqqan edi. Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya ókilderi de sol dәstýrlerge qarsy shyqty. Demek, búdan hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqatynyng tarih sahnasyna shyghuy men ol tariqat ókilderining sol kezende Mauarannahr jerinde dәstýrli dep tanylghan Yasauiya, Kubraviya tariqattaryna qarsy әreketteri Baha’ad-din Naqshband atymen ghana baylanysty emes ekendigin, búl odan búrynghy hodjaganiya ókilderining úzaq jyldar boyyna ýzdiksiz jýrgizgen izdenisterining nәtiyjesi ekendigin kóruge bolady (Áriyne, búl jerde hodjaganiya tariqatynyng belsendi әreketke kóshuine Baha’ ad-din Naqshbandtyng sheshushi roli atqarghanyn, tariqattyng qúrylymdyq jýiesin qajetti dengeyge jetkizgenin joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy). Búghan mysal retinde D.DiUis arnayy toqtalyp, taldaghan «Manaqib hodja ‘Aly ‘Azizan Ramitaniy» atty qoljazbadaghy derekterdi keltiruge bolady. Búl jazba derekte hodjaganiya tariqatynyng negizgi baghyty men Mauarannahrdaghy ózge tariqattargha qarsy kýresi qalay jýrgizilui tiyis, negizgi soqqy qaysy dәstýrlerge baghyttalady, sonyng bәri osy shygharmada tújyrymdalghan. Endi sol nysanagha alynghan dәstýrler turaly avtor ne deydi, soghan toqtalayyq.
Hodja ‘Aly ‘Azizan Ramitany shygharmasynda Abd al-Halikian shayhtary (Abd al-Halyq jolyn quushy shayhtar) sopylyq mektepterde qalyptasqan murshid pen murid arasyndaghy araqatynasty ózgertkeni aitylady. Olar murshid pen murid arasyndaghy araqatynas turaly bylay deydi: «Biz óz hanakamyzda muridter turaly aitpaymyz. Bizding hanakada adamlar arasynda kelisim jasalynady». Múndaghy oidyng negizgi mәni – murshid pen murid arasyndaghy qatynastyng ózgerui (iradat); búrynghy sopylyq tariqattarda qalyptasqan tәrtip boyynsha shәkirtting ústazgha tolyq baghynuy bolsa, naqshbandiylerde ol ústaz ben shәkirt arasyndaghy (bayat) kelisimmen almasty. Shәkirtke ústazdy tandau erki berildi [2, ss. 261-262].
‘Aly ‘Azizan Ramitaniyding shygharmasynda sopylyq joldyng negizgi úiytqysy, sopylyq tәrbiyening ózegi - hanaka turaly qalyptasqan pikirdi ózgertu bolghandyghy ashyq jazylghan. Ol hanaka turaly bylay deydi: «Biz ýshin hanakanyng eshqanday manyzy joq, biz ýshin kýiip-janu manyzdyraq». Avtor ózining búl aitqanyn bylay dep tújyrymdaydy. «Egerde adam jýregi Allagha jetu ýshin әreket etpese, Oghan degen mahabbat janbasa, on hanaka bolsa da eshqanday payda bermeydi. Hanaka ústap, shәkirt jiyp, tәrbiyelep otyrghan shayhtar – jalghan shayhtar. Olar hanakany mal jii ýshin ústap otyr. Shәkirt tәrbiyesi syrt kóz ýshin jasalynghan әreket» [2, ss. 264-265]. Al, hanaka, shyndyghynda, sopylardyng birge túryp, sopylyq dәstýrlerdi oryndaytyn, shәkirtterdi tәrbiyeleytin, ýisiz sopylargha pana bolatyn ortalyqtary edi [3, s. 272]. Búl ortalyqtar, sonymen birge, belgili bir sopylyq tariqattyng taralghan aimaghyndaghy halyqtyng ruhany tútastyghyn qamtamasyz etetin, solar ýshin ruhany jetekshiler dayyndaytyn iri bilim ordalary boldy. Mysaly, Yasauiya tariqaty taraghan aimaqtar halyqtyng ruhani, mәdeny tútastyghyn qalyptastyrghan, nәtiyjesinde qazaq halqyn tarih sahnasyna shygharghan osy hanakalar bolatyn.
Abd al-Halyq Ghyjduany jolyndaghy shayhtardyng taghy bir qarsy shyqqan dәstýrining biri – sopylyq jolyndaghy adamnyng belgisi bolghan syrt kiyim - hiyrqagha qatysty boldy. Olar hiyrqa turaly bylay deydi: «Biz ýshin sopylyq joldyng belgisi - hiyrqa emes, kәsip manyzdy». Avtor búl jerde músylman adamnyng ishken asy men kiygen kiyimi әr kezde adal, adal jolmen tabylghan boluy tiyis, - deydi. Biraq, nelikten hiyrqadan bas tartu kerektigin aitpaydy. Hodjaganiya shayhtary hiyrqanyng ornyna hirfany – kәsipti úsynady. Kәsip ýirenip, ony jete mengeru arqyly ghana adal tamaq tauyp jeuge bolady degendi aitady [2, s. 266].
Hiyrqa – sopylyqtyng syrtqy belgisi bolghany ras. Alayda, hiyrqa sopy belgili dәrejege jetkende, adal men aramdy ajyrata bilip, imany kәmil bolghanda ghana beriletin kiyim ekenin, onday dәrejege tek Alla jolyna sheksiz berilgen adam ghana jetetinin hodjaganiya shayhtary eskermeydi. Sonymen birge, olar hiyrqa emes, hirfany (kәsipti) alghan adamnyng hiyrqany alghan adammen ruhany dәrejesi teng bolmaytynyna da kónil audarmaydy. Áriyne, búl jerde kәsipti iygergen adamnyng ómirge iykemi kóbirek bolatynyna eshkim shýbә keltirmeydi. Búdan hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng halyqty ruhanilyqtan materialdyq dýniyege qaray baghyttaghanyn, materialdyq dýniyeni ruhany dýniyeden joghary qoyghanyn kóruge bolady.
Hodjaganiya shayhtary sonymen birge, sopylyq ilimning әkeden balagha beriluin de joqqa shyghardy. Olar úzaq ghasyrlar boyyna qalyptasyp, halyqqa ruhany jetekshi bolyp kele jatqan әulet ókilderining әreketin zansyz dep tanydy. Sayyidter men qoja әuletteri qolyndaghy manyzdy qújat esebinde tanylyp jýrgen shejireler manyzy joq nәrse retinde qarastyryldy. Olar shejire turaly bylay deydi: «Biz ýshin shejirening eshqanday manyzy joq. Biz ýshin onyng dәni manyzdy». Olar sopy dep qolynda shejiresi bar adamdy emes, sharighat jolyn mengerip, tariqat jolyna qadam basqan, aqiqat núrymen núrlanghan adamdy sopy dep tanitynyn aitady [2, s. 269].
Hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng búl tújyrymy búrynnan qalyptasqan yasauiya shayhtary men ózge tariqat ókilderi qolyndaghy ruhany biylikting zandylyghyna kýmәn keltiru bolatyn. Ásirese, olardyng búl tújyrymy búrynnan qalyptasqan yasauiya tariqatynyng әrtýrli tarmaghyn qúraytyn, shejireleri arqyly ózderin Payghambar әuletimen baylanystyrushy qojalar әuletterine tikeley qarsy baghyttalghan edi. Al Payghambar әuletin syilau, qúrmet kórsetu ortaghasyrlyq músylman memleketterindegi basty qaghidanyng biri bolatyn. Sebebi, memlekettegi býkil iydeologiyalyq júmys solardyng qolynda boldy. Mysaly, Ámir Temirding ruhany ústazy-piri Sayyid Baraka, Ámir-Temirge «Sen әr kezde Payghambar әuletine erekshe qúrmet kórset, olardy úlyqta. Sen olargha júmsaghan qarajatyndy dalagha shashu dep esepteme. Allanyng rizalyghy ýshin berilgen qarajat әr kezde jaqsylyq әkeledi», - deydi. Pirining osy kenesin esine jaqsy ústaghan Ámir-Temir Sayyidter әuletin qoghamdyq baspaldaqtyng eng jogharghy satysyna qoyady [4, s. 118-119]. Búl jerde Ámir-Temirding Sayyiyd әuletterine syi-qúrmet kórsetkendegi maqsaty – el ishindegi ruhany tútastyqty saqtau bolatyn. Óitkeni, Sayyidter әuleti qatarynan memleket qúramyndaghy rulyq, taypalyq jýielerding ruhany basshylary shyqty.
Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya shayhtarynyng qarsy shyqqan taghy bir mәselesi jogharyda aitylghan ruhany ilimning mirasqorlyq arqyly beriluimen tikeley baylanysty – tariqat qúramyna halyqtyn qauymmen kirui boldy. Búl negizinen yasauiya tariqatyna baylanysty edi. Yasauiya tariqatynyng tarmaqtary men týrkilerding jýzderi, ru, taypalary óz ara tyghyz baylanysty boluy, yasauiya tariqatynyng tarmaqtaryn qúraytyn qoja әuletterining týrki ru, taypalyq jýielerine pir boluy – týrki memleketinin ruhani, mәdeny tútastyghynyng kepili boldy. Hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng búl jýiege qarsy boluy týrki memleketterining irge tasyn kýiretuge baghyttalghan әreket edi.
Hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng búlay búrynnan qalyptasqan sopylyq tariqattardyng qúrylymdyq jýiesi men dәstýrlerin joqqa shygharuy, olardyng tek sopylyqqa emes, islam dinining sol sopylyq aghymdar taralghan aimaqtaghy ómir sýrgen formasyna, jalpy bolmysyna qarsy shyghu bolatyn. Hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng osy kezende jasaghan júmystary odan keyingi ghasyrlardaghy ózge sopylyq tariqattargha qarsy kýresining negizi baghyttaryn aiqyndap berdi. Biraq әli hodjaganiya tariqatynyng belsendi әreketke kóshetin kezi kelgen joq bolatyn. Baha’ ad-din Naqshbandtyng tarih sahnasyna shyghuy hodjagandiya shayhtary dayyndaghan dini-iydeologiyalyq doktrinanyn iske qosyluynyng songhy kezeni boldy. Baha’ ad-din Naqshband eki ghasyr boyyna hodjaganiya shayhtary jasaghan jolyn iske asyratyn tariqattyng qúrylymdyq jýiesi men dәstýrlik erekshelikin qalyptastyrdy. Ol ýshin ol kóptegen ústazdardyng aldyn kórip, olardan sabaq aldy. Onyng alghashqy ústazy hodjaganiya tariqatynyn ókili Baba Samasy edi. Ol ózining qaytys bolar shaghynda ózining halifasy Ámir Qúlalgha (137 j, q, b.) Baha’ ad-dindi shәkirt etip aludy, hodjaganiya dәruishterining qataryna qosudy tapsyrady. Odan keyin jeti jyl ‘Arif Digtarany atty shayhtyng qolastynda qyzmette bolady. Odan keyin Baha’ ad-din óz ilimin yasauiya shayhtary Qusam shayh pen Halil Atanyng qolynda bolyp, bilim alady. Halil Ata ólgen song ol ózining qauymyn qalyptastyra bastady. Ol ózining tobynda hodjaganiya tariqatynyng baghyty men kózqarasyn tolyq qabyldady da, qúrylymdyq jýiesin yasauiya tariqatyndaghy jýiemen úshtastyra qalyptastyrdy [1, s. 79].
Biraq, ol ózining tobynda (yasauiya tariqatymen) ózge tariqattarmen bәsekege týsetin oiy barlyghyn jasyrghan joq jәne hodjaganiya shayhtarynyn úzaq jyldar boyyna jasaghan dini-iydeologiyalyq baghytyn iske asyrugha kiristi.
Jalpy sopylyq tarihymen ainalysushy mamandar naqshbandiya tariqatynyng yasauiya tariqatynan ereksheligi tildik prinsipke negizdeletinin, yasauiya tariqatynda týrkiler, naqshbandiya tariqatynda parsy tilinde sóileytin halyq bolghandyghyn algha tartady [5, s. 250]. Biz kezinde yasauiya tariqaty men naqshbandiya tariqaty arasyndaghy erekshelikter negizinde eki bólek ómir salty men eki bólek ruhaniy-mәdeny ortalarda dýniyege keluimen baylanystyryp edik [6, b. 30-33]. Bizding ol oiymyz filosof D.Kenjetay tarapynan syngha alynyp, qate kózqaras retinde kórsetilgen bolatyn [7, 287 b.]. Biz jogharyda keltirgen mysaldar, hodjagan-naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderining sopylyq tariqattargha qarsy baghyttalghan doktrinasynyng negizinde ómir salty da, ruhaniy-mәdeniy qaynarlar da tolyghymen qamtylghanyn kórsettik. Demek, búl biz aitqan tújyrymnyng tarihy shyndyqtan onshalyqty úzaq ketpegenin kórsetedi.
Alayda, D. DeUis yasauiya tariqaty men naqshbandiya tariqattary arasyndaghy araqatynasty bylay tújyrymdaydy: «Egerde biz, Ortalyq Aziyadaghy belgili islam men sufizm tarihyna sýienip, ondaghy Yasauiya men Naqshbandiya arasyndaghy araqatynasty taldar bolsaq, onda mynany bayqaymyz; eki sopylyq joldyng bir ruhany tamyry men shyghu tegi bir ekenin kóremiz; yasauiya alghashqy kezde kóshpeli jәne týrki taypalary arasynda taraldy, al naqshbandiya irandyq, qalalyq, otyryqshy halyqtyng ruhany súranysyn qanaghattandyrdy; solay bolghandyqtan yasauiya men naqshbandiyany bir-birine qarsy, bәsekeles emes, kerisinshe, birin-biri tolyqtyratyn, әriptes, tuysqan tariqattar dep qarastyrghan abzal. Óitkeni, naqshbandiya tariqatynyng negizin salghan Baha’ ad-din Naqshband ózi ruhany ústaz retinde, kóp jaghdayda Yasauiya shayhtarynyng yqpalymen qalyptasty» [8, ss. 218-219 ].
Búl jerde D. DeUis pikirining D.Kenjetay pikirimen astarlas ekendigin kóremiz. Jalpy sopylyqtyng týpki maqsattaryna kelgende, eki tariqat arasynda úqsastyqtar barlyghyna eshkim daulaspaydy. Biraq, soghan qaramastan eki tariqat arasyndaghy qayshylyq óte teren, әri ymyrasyz ekendigin kóruge bolady. Óitkeni, búl tariqattardyng ekeui de óz bastauyn Qúran ayattary men Payghambar hadisterinen alatyn sopylyq ilimge negizdegenimen, eki tariqat tabighaty bólek eki halyqtyn, eki mәdeniyettin, atap aitqanda – týrki men soghdy-iran halyqtarynyng ortasynda dýniyege keldi. Ár tariqat ózderin tarih sahnasyna shygharghan ruhaniy-mәdeny ortanyng yqpalyn boyyna jidy. Olar sol tariqattardy bir-birinen erekshelep túratyn dәstýrlik erekshelikterdi qalyptastyrdy. Eki tariqat arasyndaghy kýresting qanshalyqty shiyelenisti bolghanyn, naqshbandiya tariqatynyng tarih sahnasyna shyqqannan keyingi tarihy oqighalargha taldau jasaghanda kózimiz jetetin bolady.
Eki tariqat arasynda ymyrasyz kýres jýrgenin D. DeUisting ózi de moyyndaydy jәne eki tariqat arasyndaghy kýresting ýsh kezennen túratynyn jazady: «Birinshisi, yasauiya tariqaty men naqshbandiya tariqattarynyng alghashqy kezendegi qatar, beybit jolmen damuy; ekinshi kezen, XIV-XV ghasyrlarda eki tariqat arasyndaghy synaghy mol kezen. Osy kezende Ortalyq Aziyadaghy sopylyq tariqattardyng ózderining klassikalyq ýlgisine kelui men súryptaluyn kóremiz; ýshinshi kezen, yasauiya men naqshbandiya tariqattary arasyndaghy kóp qatparly bәsekelestik kezeni» [8, s. 219].
D. DeUisting búl pikirining eki tarmaghyna kelisuge bolghanymen, alghashqy kezende eki tariqat arasyndaghy araqatynas beybit jolmen damydy degenine kelisu qiyn. Óitkeni, alghashqy kezeng XII-XIV ghgh. aralyghyn qamtidy. Ol kezende Shynghys han shapqynshylyghyna baylanysty týrki-monghol halyqtarynyng sayasy ýstemdigi basym bolghanyn, yasauiya tariqatynyng ókilderi sol kezende tek Ortalyq Aziya emes Joshy men Shaghatay úlystaryndaghy negizgi diniy-ruhany damudyng ózegi bolghanyn eskersek, onda hodjaganiya tariqatynyng ol kezende yasauiya tariqatyna qarsy shyghar eshqanday mýmkindigi bolmaghanyn kóruge bolady. Biraq, onyng esesine hodjaganiya shayhtarynyng sol kezende yasauiya tariqaty men jalpy sopylyq joldyng negizgi prinsipteri men qúrylymdyq jýielerine qarsy shyghyp, solargha qarsy kýresuding negizgi tújyrymdaryn jasaghanyn eskersek, onda birinshi kezende eki tariqat arasy beybit jolmen damydy degen qisyngha kele qoymaydy. Al, ekinshi kezende týrki-monghol biyligining әlsirep, Shynghys han úrpaqtarynyng Mauarannahr jerinde taqtan ketken kezeni bolatyn. Jalpy hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya shayhtarynyng ózge tariqattargha baylanysty pikirin olardyng óz aitqandarynan-aq biluge bolady. Mysaly, Baha’ ad-din Naqshbandtyng shәkirtterining birinen, onyng aqiqatqa jetu jolyndaghy tәsili men jolyn búrynghy qaysy shayhtardan ýirengenin súraghanda, ol bylay dep jauap berdi: «Mening aldymdaghylar kim deysing be? 200 jyl boyyna, Baha’ ad-dinge deyin shayhtyng eshqaysysy, onday әuliyelik dәrejege jetken emes. Onday kýshti Jaratushy rahymymen tek Baha’ ad-dinge búiyrtty» [8, s. 272]. Demek, hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqatynyng ókilderi ózge tariqattardyng búl kezende bolghanynyng ózin joqqa shygharghysy keledi.
Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderining yasauiya tariqatyna qarsy kýresi tek diniy-ruhany salada emes, qoghamdyq ómirding bar salasyn qamtydy. D. DeUis naqshbandlerding yasauiya tariqatyna qarsy eki baghytta kýres jýrgizgenin aitady: birinshisi, yasauiya tariqatyndaghy jariya zikir, ekinshisi, yasauiya tariqatynda qalyptasqan ruhany sabaqtastyqtyng qandyq prinsip arqyly jalghasuy, yasauiya shayhtarynda ilimning atadan balagha berilui, mirasqorlyq mәselesi boldy [8, s. 235]. Naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderining yasauiya tariqaty ókilderine qarsy әreketi tek synaumen shektelip qalghan joq, Yasauiyanyng sopylyq dәstýrin, olardy qúrtu ýshin tikeley qastandyqqa, әrtýrli arandatushylyqqa bardy. Mysaly, naqshbandiya shayhy Amir Qúlal Umara, belgili Yasauiya tariqatynyng ókili, «Hadiqat al-‛Arifiyn» atty belgili shygharmanyng avtory Ishaq qoja Qazghúrdiyding shәkirtterin óltiruge deyin bardy [13, s. 76]. Yasauiya tariqatyna qarsy ymyrasyz kýres jýrgizgen naqshbandiya shayhtarynyng biri Maulana Lutfullah Chusty (979/1571 j.q.b.) edi. Ol mirasqorlyq jolymen bolghan Yasauiya shayhtaryna qarsy shyqty. Isma‘il Atanyng úrpaghy Abd al-Qadyr Túrbaty atty Yasauiya shayhy shәkirtterimen birge Maulana Lutfullah Chustiymen pikir talastyrmaq bolyp kelgende, olargha oba auruynyng qozdyrghyshyn júqtyryp, qyryp salady [8, s. 236].
Mauarannahrdaghy sopylyq tariqattar arasyndaghy kýreste naqshbandiylerge qarsy shyqqan ózge tariqat ókilderining oba auruymen auyryp, shәkirtterimen birge qyrylyp qalghany naqshbandiya shayhtary tarapynan jazylghan shygharmalarda kóbirek aitylady. Soghan qaraghanda, naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderi oba auruy qozdyrghyshyn paydalanu tәsilin sol XV-XVI ghasyrlarda iygergen joq pa eken – degen zandy súraq tuyndaydy. Oghan mysal retinde, naqshbandiya shayhy Maulana Hodjagy Shahrsiyabzy Imkinagy (1010/1601 j.q.b.) shygharmasynda jazylghan myna derekti mysal retinde keltiruge bolady. Ol bylay deydi: «Bizge belgili әulie Maulana Hodjagy jahriyanyng kórnekti ókili, Qasym shayh Karminagiydi qarghap edi. Onyng ózi men shәkirtterine auru kelip, óldi. Bir kýnde otyz shәkirti Qasym shayhtyng ózimen qosa qaytys boldy. Shayhtyng janazasyna eshkim kelmedi [8, s. 237]. Oba auruynyn ayaq astynan taraluy Ábilhayr hannyng 1431 jyly Horezmge jasaghan joryghy kezinde de bolady. Ábilhayr han Horezmdi alghan son ayaq astynan oba auruy shyghyp, Ábilhayr Horezmdi tastap shyghugha mәjbýr bolady [9, s. 152]. Naqshbandiylerge qarsy shyqqan jerde ayaq astynan oba auruynyng taraluy kónilge kýdik tudyrary anyq. Al, sol kezende búl jaghday Yasauiya shayhtary qatarynyng keybirine ýrey tughyzghangha úqsaydy. Mysaly, jogharyda aitylghan Qasym shayhtyng shәkirti Horezmdik Toqym shayh Hivakiy ózining 400 shәkirtimen Naqshbandiya shayhynyng qolastyna ótedi [8, s. 237].
Naqshbandiyler yqpalynyng artuyna, tek naqshbaniylerding belsendiligi ghana emes, sonymen birge sol kezendegi biyleushilerding olargha barynsha kómek kórsetuimen de baylanysty boldy. Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqatynyng negizin salushylar Abd al-Halyq Ghyjduany men Baha’ ad-din Naqshband kez kelgen biyleushilermen jaqyndasugha, birlese qyzmet etuge qarsy bolghan bolsa [1, s. 186], Baha’ ad-din shәkirtteri Mauarannahrdyng sayasy ómirine birtindep aralasa bastady.
Naqshbandiylerding sayasatqa kózqarasyn alghash ret aitqan Baha’ ad-din Naqshbandtyn shәkirti Ámir Qúlal Umara boldy. Ol naqshbaniyler tarapynan biyleushilerding sharighat jolymen jýruin qadaghalaytyn qatang baqylau qong kerektigin aitqan bolatyn. Naqshbandiya tariqatynyng tarihyn zertteushi B.Babadjanovtyng pikirinshe, ol iydeyany negizgi is jýzine asyrghan, sayasy belsendilik tanytyp, biyleushilerge óz yqpalyn jýrgizgen naqshbandiya shayhy Hodja Ahrar boldy. Ol Shynghys han «Yasasynyn» týtinin seyiltemin dep uәde berdi jәne sol uәdesinde túrdy. Hodja Ahrardyng negizgi iydeyasy sharighatqa negizdelgen memleketti basqaru jýiesin qúrghysy keldi. Memleketting basqaru jýiesi Hodja Ahrar konsepsiyasy boyynsha biyleushi men onyng qol astyndaghy halyqtyng Alla aldyndaghy jauapkershiligine negizdeledi. Músylman bolghan song «din shenberinde» etnikalyq erekshelikterine, túrghan jerine qaramay halyq birlikte boluy tiyis boldy [10, s. 6]. Búl jerde Babadjanov naqshbandiya shayhtarynyng biylik jýiesi turaly oi-pikirlerine dúrys taldau jasaghan. Alayda, naqshbandiylerding memleketti basqaru turaly iydeyasy jalpy islamdyq shenberde bolghanymen, Yasauiya shayhtary úsynghan memleketti basqaru jýiesinen mýlde bólek ekendigin angharu qiyn emes.
Mәselen Hodja Ahrar «Shynghys han «Yasasynyn» týtinin seyiltemin» degen sózining ózi, memleketti basqarudyng yasauiya tariqatynyng ókilderi jasaghan týrkilik jýiesin tolyghymen ysyryp, onyng ornyna memleketti basqarudyng absoluttik biylikke negizdelgen irandyq jýiesin úsynyp otyrghanyn kóruge bolady. Óitkeni, Ózbek hannan keyin memleketti basqaru jýiesi ózgerip, Joshy úlysy men Shaghatay úlystarynda taza Shynghys han «Yasasy» memleketti basqarudyng negizgi joly boludan qalghan edi. Ózbek han Yasauy jolyn Joshy úlysynda memlekettik iydeologiya dәrejesine kótergen kezde memleketti basqaru jýiesin tolyghymen islam dini talaptaryna say ózgertkenin, biraq, Shynghys han «Yasasyn» da qoldanystan mýldem shygharyp tastamaghanyn, Shynghys han «Yasasyndaghy» memleketti basqaru turaly oi-pikirlerdi, músylman elderinen arnayy elshi jiberip aldyrylghan sharighat kitaptaryndaghy memleketti basqaru turaly oi-pikirmen biriktire otyryp memleketting basqaru jýiesin qalyptastyrghanyn tarihy derekter aighaqtaydy [11, s. 142]. Ózbek hannyng ol reformasynyng belgili dәrejede Mauarannahrgha da yqpaly bolghandyghyn joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy. Demek, búdan Hodja Ahrar Shynghys han «Yasasyna» emes, memleketti basqarudyng týrkilik jýiesine qarsy shyghyp otyrghanyn kóruge bolady.
Hodja Ahrar naqshbandiya tariqatynyng sayasiy-әleumettik, ekonomikalyq damuynyng da joldaryn aiqyndap berdi. Onyng iske asyrmaq bolghan basty maqsaty men iydeyasy mynau bolatyn: sopy ózin ghana emes, әlemdi de qútqarady; al ony qútqaru ýshin oghan biylik jýrgizu kerek, oghan biylik jýrgizu ýshin onymen bite qaynasu kerek. Ol negizgi oilaryn bylay tújyrymdaydy: «Eger biz shayh siyaqty әreket eter bolsaq, onda bir de bir shayh shәkirt tappaghan bolar edi. Bizding maqsatymyz músylmandardy ezushilerding ezgisinen qútqaru, ol ýshin biz biylik iyelerimen aralasuymyz, olardyng jýregin jaulap aluymyz qajet. Sonymen biz islamnyng týpki maqsatyn oryndaymyz» [12, s. 100].
Osylay birtindep búghanasy bekigen hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqaty Mauarannahrdaghy biylik ýshin kýreske bel sheshe kiristi. Alghashqy kezende Mauarannahrmen shektelse, keyingi ghasyrlarda islam әlemning kóptegen jerine taralyp, islam dinindegi eng yqpaldy sopylyq aghymnyng birine ainaldy. Biraq naqshbandiya tariqatynyng búlay kýsh alyp tez taraluy músylman halyqtaryna eshqanday silkinis, algha jyljushylyq әkelgen joq. Kerisinshe, keri ketti. Halyqtardyng ruhaniy-mәdeni, sayasi-ekonomikalyq daghdarystargha әkeldi. Onyng mynaday sebepteri bar bolatyn.
Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya tariqatynyng tarih sahnasyna shyghu jәne qalyptasu kezenderi men onyng ózge tariqattardyng dәstýrleri men qalyptasqan jýielerine qarsy shyghuyna qatysty mәlimetterdi saralaghanda mynaday qorytyndygha keluge mәjbýr bolamyz. Búl tariqatty dýniyege keltirgen týrki-monghol qolastynda bolyp, sayasy túrghydan ezilgen soghdy-iran halqynyng ashu-yzasy boldy. Ashu-yzadan payda bolghan búl tariqat ózge tariqattardyng ókilderi jasaghan, qalyptastyrghan sopylyq ilimning ozyq dәstýrlerine, tәjiriybelerine qarsy shyqty. Ózge tariqattarda sol kezenge deyin qalyptasqan jýie men olardy paydalanu tәjiriybesi qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteude, әdiletti qogham ornatuda qanshama jetistikterge jetken bolatyn. Mysaly, yasauiya tariqatynyng Altyn Orda memleketinde qalyptastyrghan qoghamdyq qatynastary men memleketti basqaru jýiesi ondaghy әdildik pen әdiletke moyynúsyndyrghan memleketti tarih sahnasyna shygharyp edi. Han da, by de, qara halyq ta zangha baghyndy. Absoluttik biylikke tek zang ghana ie boldy. Ol jýieni absoluttik biylikke úmtylghan Joshy úrpaqtary kýiretkeni belgili. Hodjaganiya-naqshbandiya shayhtary sol jýiening artyqshylyghyn kóre almady. Moyyndamady. Olar halyqty XII ghasyrgha deyin qalyptasqan, islam dinining negizgi prinsipteri búzylyp, islam dinindegi halyqtardy kezinde ruhany toqyrau men sayasy daghdarysqa úshyratqan arab dәstýrshildigi qalyptastyrghan sharighat jolyna qayta bet búrghyzdy. Búl músylman halyqtaryn ýshin algha bastyratyn qadam emes edi. Kerisinshe, keri ketu bolatyn. Ókinishke oray, naqshbandiya tariqatynyng ózge tariqattargha qarsy baghyttalghan sayasaty absoluttik biylikke úmtylghan Joshy úrpaqtarynyng sayasy mýddesimen úshtasyp, Ortalyq Aziyadaghy qalyptasqan týrki memlekettigin kýiretushi basty iydeologiyalyq qúralgha ainaldy. Yasauiya tariqatyn odan keyingi ghasyrlarda Joshy úlysyndaghy kýresten de qiyn syn kýtip túrdy. Búl kýresting nәtiyjesinde týrki halyqtarynyng memlekettiligi qayta kýireytinin ol kezde әli eshkim sezgen joq bolatyn. Búl mәselelerdi talqylau ýshin arnayy maqalalar jariyalaytyn bolmasaq, myna maqala shenberine syimaydy. Búl jerde aitpay ketuge bolmaytyn taghy bir mәsele bar. Ol naqshbandiya tariqatynyng uahhabiylik aghymnyng qalyptasuyna da yqpal etken sopylyq tariqat bolghandyghy turaly mәlimetter men naqshbandiya tariqaty men uahhabiylik arasyndaghy sabaqtastyq pen birlesken is-qimyl birligi turaly derekter anyqtala bastady. Qazirgi kezendegi uahhabiylik turaly zertteu jýrgizip jýrgen orys zertteushileri myna mәselelerding betin ashty: 1) Qazirgi kýni Ortalyq Aziyada naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderin uahhabiylik kózqarasty taratugha yqpal etip otyrghany, olardyng kózqarasy, Saud Arabiyasyndaghy hanbalilyq kózqaraspen kóp jaghdayda sәikes kelip otyrghany anyqtalyp otyr. 2) Ahmed Sirhindy negizin salghan naqshbandiya-mudjadidiya baghytynyng Ortalyq Aziyada neouahhabiylik kózqarastyng qalyptasyp, damuyna yqpal etip otyrghandyghy turaly mәseleler anyqtalyp otyr [14, 75-76]. Demek, búl sopylyq tariqattyng qaynarlary negizin sol arab dәstýrshildiginen alatynyn, naqshbandiya tariqaty men uahhabiylik negizi bir ekendigin kórsetedi.
Al, qazirgi kýni Qazaqstandaghy naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderi ishinen Abd al-Vahid ishannan bastau alatyn, sol kisining sonyna ergen naqshbandiylerdi ol tariqatqa tolyghymen jatqyzugha bolmaydy. Onyng birneshe sebepteri bar: 1) Abd al-Vahid ishandy anyz boyynsha, Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyz ruhaniattan ayan berip, Yasauy jolyn Týrkistanda qayta jandandyru ýshin ózi әkelgen. Óitkeni, shejire boyynsha Abd al-Vahid ishan Yasauy jolynan Týrkistannan quylyp, Ferghana jerinde óltirilgen Nyghmetulla shayhtyng tikeley úrpaghy. Ol kisi Týrkistangha kelip, yasauiya tariqatyn qayta jandandyra bastau kezeni Kenes ókimetining ateistik sayasatynyng órship túrghan kezine say kelip, tolyq qalyptastyrugha mýmkindik bermeydi. Jariya zikirdi ashyq sala almauy, qúpiya zikirdi salugha mәjbýr etedi. Solay búl jerden qaytadan naqshbandiya ókilderi shyghady. Alayda, búlar qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymy men mәdeniyetine, salt-dәstýrine qarsy shyqqan emes. Sopylyq praktika jaghynan naqshbandiylerdiki bolghanymen, salt-dәstýr qazaqtyki bolghan song qazaq halqynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysyna ziyansyz dep tanugha bolady. 2) Abd al-Vahid ishan sonyna ergen naqshbandiylerdi ózbekstandyq sopylyqty zertteushi mamandar Yasauy jolynyng ókilderi dep esepteydi. Olardy Yasauy joly ókilderi ekendigin naqshbandiylerding Ózbekstandaghy basqa tarmaqtary da moyyndaydy. Búl joldyng songhy ókili Ibrayymjan ishan ózhining qazaqstandyq shәkirtterine «Sender óz jerlerine ózdering ie bolyndar. Basqalargha biyletpender!»- dep eskertip otyrghan. Sol sebepti, men búl qazaqstandyq ózderin «naqshbandiyler ókilimiz» -dep jýrgen bauyrlarymyzdy ortaghasyrlarda týrkining dәstýrli dini men mәdeniyetin, memlekettigin tarihtan ketuine yqpal etken naqshbandiya tariqatynyng jalghasy retinde qabylday almaymyn.
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