Qazaqstan Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart

Toqaev myrzanyng nazaryna!

Qyzylorda oblysynyng әkimi

Qyrymbek Kósherbaevting nazaryna

«Bolsa Tәnirim ekinshi ómir qighanday,

Syghanaqta kóz júmar em qinalmay!»

Hysamiddin әl-SYGhANAQIY.

Talas joq, Alashtyng anasy – Syr boyynyng kónekóz kózayymy, jauhar jәdigeri – topyraghy núrgha, tarihy syrgha toly ejelgi Syghanaq qalasy.

Almaghayyp әr dәuirde Syrdyng syrbaz tabanyndaghy kólemi 300 gektardan astam, Han sarayy 30 gektar alyp alandy qamtyghan Syghanaq shahary (VI-HVIII ghgh. ejelgi «Qamysqala»):

1. IH-HI ghasyrlarda oghyzdardyng («Jankent» atalghan kóne bekinisi);

2. HI-HII ghasyrlarda Ertisten Edilge deyingi úlanghayyr aumaqtaghy Qypshaq (qanly) handyghynyn;

3. HIII-HIV ghasyrda Aq Ordanyn;

4. HV ghasyrda Ábilqayyr handyghynyn;

5. HVI ghasyrda Qazaq handyghynyng astanasy bolghan túrlauly túghyr.

Aydyn suly, tereng telegeyli Syrdariya ózenining ortalyq aghysynda paleozoy dәuirinde qalyptasqan «Syr oiysy» jazyghy, parsynyng X ghasyrdyng «Hudud әl-Álem» shygharmasynyng ózegine ainalghan «Qypshaq dalasynyng ailaghy» kónekóz Syghanaq – Túran epiygersindik túghyrnama aimaghynyng kindigi hәm qazirgi Qyzylorda oblysy, Janaqorghan audanyna qarasty Tómenaryq beketining soltýstik-batysyndaghy onshaqty shaqyrym jerdegi jәdiger-shejire.

Syr dalasynda memlekettik újymnyng alghashqy belgi-bederleri b.d.d. ghún, saq, ýisin, qanly dәuirinde payda bolyp, týrki dәuirinde jarqyray órken jaydy. Aymaqta qypshaq túlparynyng túyaq-syrtyly estilip, Syrdyng orta jәne tómengi aghysyna Qypshaq handyghy ornaghanda, oghyzdar ontýstik-batysqa qaray jyljydy.

Ejelgi qytay derekteri Syghanaqtyng b.d.d. III-II ghasyrlarda Qanly memleketining bes aimaghynyng biri – Fumu alqaby (býgingi Janaqorghan men Qazaly audandarynyng arasy) bolghanyn boljady. H ghasyrdaghy arab jazbalarynda Syghanaqtyng aty jii qaytalanady. Mahmud Qashghary (HI gh.) Syghanaq qalasy men aimaghynyng túraqty túrghyndary qypshaqtar men qimaqtardyng sauda-sattyqtyng kórkin qyzdyrghanyn keninen sóz qylady. Syghanaq – óz zamanynda halqy kóp; ólkelik jer baylyghy, elining әdep-mәdeniyeti erekshe sәuletti; diyirmeninde tartylghan ún әlemning shartarabyna taraghan halyqaralyq sauda ortalyghy; qypshaq dalasyndaghy asa kórikti gýldengen shahar. Mahmud Qashghary (HI gh.): «Qazaq elining túnghysh astanasy – Syghanaq» dep kórsetti. Ataqty arab jaghrafiyatanushysy, ghalym Al-Idrisy H ghasyrda Syrdariya boyyndaghy ghúndardyng (oghyzdardyn) qalalarynyng kóptigine menzep: «Syghanaq – naghyz saudanyng qaynaghan ortasy boldy» dep kuәlendirip, 1801 jylghy «Sibirding syzba kitaby» jinaghynda: «Syghanaq – Syrdariya alabyndaghy kóne de kórnekti qala» dedi.

Irgesi b.d.d. qanlylardyng kezinen qalanghany topshalanghan qalanyng alty metrlik terendik qabatynan qymbat jәdigerlerding tabyluy – monghol shapqynshylyghynyng merzimin aiqyndaydy. Joshy han – Syghanaqty Aq Ordanyng ortalyghyna ainaldyrdy. Aq Orda Ertisten – Syrdariyagha, Saurannan – Aralgha, Qarataldan – Tómenge (Tumeni) qúighan alyp aimaqty qamtydy. Shynghyshannyng ýlken úly Joshydan taraghan úrpaq Erzenning balasy Mýbarak han (Syghanaqta jerlengen) Syghanaqta tenge shyghardy. Shejireli shaharda Toqtamys hannyng beynesimen de tengeler soghyldy. Shamamen, 670-680 jyldarda Syrdariyanyng ortalyq aghysynyng ong jaghyndaghy 15 shaqyrym, yaghni, qazirgi Janaqorghan kentining soltýstik-batysyndaghy 40 shaqyrym qashyqtyqta ornalasqan Syghanaq – HIV ghasyrdyng 30-40 jyldarynda Qazaq Elining alghashqy astanasy atandy. Qazaq memlekettigining Aq Orda handyghynan bastalatynyna aiqyn dәiek – halqynyng negizgi bóligin qazirgi qazaq últyn qúraytyn bayyrghy taypalar: Ýisin, Qanly, Dulat, Arghyn, Qypshaq, Nayman, Jalayyr qatarly rular qúrady.

Syghanaq qalasynyng dýniyening tórt búryshymen sauda-sattyghynyng kuәsi – jer jahandy jaulaghan Syghanaq tengeleri. Jersharynyng kez kelgen tanabynan tabylghan Syghanaq tengeleri – Qazaq handyghynyng әlemge әigili danqyn aiqyndady. Syghanaqtyng tengehanasynan 1371-1372 jyldary shygharylghan 12 dana tenge Otyrar qazbalarynan oljalandy. Syrdariya men Edil boyyndaghy qalalardan HIV ghasyrdyng songhy kezinde Syghanaqta qúiylghan kýmis jәne mys tengeler jolyqty. Qazan uezining Sosnovka auylyndaghy №197 qoymadan 1375-1376 jyldary Syghanaqta jasalghan kýmis tengeler shyqty. Edilding orta aghysy men Kama boyyndaghy qalalardan 1380-1400 jylghy Syghanaqtyng synghyrlaghan qúndy tengeleri kezikti. Altyn Ordanyng astanasy Saray qalasyna 1996-2000 jyldary jýrgizilgen arheologiyalyq zertteu júmystaryn Syghanaqtyng kýmis tengeleri bayytty. HV ghasyrdyng sony, HVI ghasyrdyng basynda Syghanaqta shygharylghan Otyrar men Qúiryqtóbe qalalarynan tәbәrik bolghan mys tengeler – ertede Túran oipatynda túrghan eski shahar, kәri tarihtyng aighaghy.

Orta ghasyrdaghy Qazaq handyghy dәuirley bastaghanda ataghy atoylaghan, jeri shúrayly, auasy jayly, adamy qolayly Deshti Qypshaqtyng astanasy Syghanaqty HVI ghasyrdyng tanymal tarihshysy Fazlalah ibn-Ruzbihan Isfahani: «Syghanaq qalasynyng janynan Deshti Qypshaq bastalady. Qypshaqtardyng astanasy – Syghanaq qalasynyng bazarynda demalys kýnderi 500 týie soyylyp, kәuap jasalyp, keshke deyin bir týiir qalmay satylyp ketetin. Túman taypasynyng adamdary qalanyng sulandyru jýiesin Seyhun (Syrdariya) ózeninen – Túman aryghyna oman (kanal) tartyp, shahar aimaghynyng kókoray bau-baqshagha oralyp jatqanyn kórgende, ózinizdi jalghandaghy bir beyishte jýrgendey sezinesiz. Orman-toghayy otyn-sudan tarshylyq kórsetpeydi. Emen jayylghan an-qústar – molshylyq belgisi. Syghanaqtyqtar et kerek bolsa, moyyndaryna sadaqtaryn asynyp, aqbókendi atyp alady. Qys azyghyn da annyng etinen dayyndap, sýrlep alady» – degende, qazirgi Janaqorghan audanynyng aumaghyn menzep, jaysang jer, jaghymdy júrttyng mereyin tasytty, kóne tarihymyzdyng kókjiyekterin dóp basyp, anyq aitty. Qajyrly qayrat júmsaghan Qasym hannyng túsynda Qazaq handyghy ýshin qoy ýstinde boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan zaman tudy. Qypshaqtarmen aiyrbas alys-beris qyzdyrghan Týrkistan, Mәurennahr, Qashqar saudagerleri qymbat baghaly zattar әkeldi. Tórt týlikting tóresi (semiz qoy, jylqy, týie, siyrlar); qúndyz ishikter, әshekey әsem búiymdar; aq qayyndy myqty mir-sadaqtar, sәndi jibek matalar, t.s.s. tynymsyz jetkizdi. Jerorta tenizi men Tayau Shyghysty, qytay men ýndini, parsylar men slavyandardy bir jen, bir jaghagha jalghastyrghan qypshaq dalasyndaghy Úly Jibek joly – Týrik iymeriyalarynyng qúzyretin asqaqtatyp, órkeniyetin óristetti. Alyp Syrdariya ózenining arnaly aryqtarymen, tapyrang tau búlaqtarymen sulandyrylyp, eginshiligi emen damyghan mamyrajay tynysh, meylinshe beybit-qauipsiz, barynsha baraqat-berekeli keng aimaqqa ainalyp, danqy dýrkiregen Syghanaq – Deshti Qypshaqtyng shekaralyq beketi әri Týrkistannyng mәrtebeli iri sauda ortalyghy boldy. Bilimi bekem, ilimi ilkimdi ghúlama ghalymdar Shayqy baba Syghanaky men Husam ad-Din as Syghanaky (atyshuly «Nihaya» men «Hidaya» atty diny shygharmalar jazghan) Syghanaq qalasynda dýniyege keldi. Búryndyq han biylegen XV ghasyrda búl qala – qazaq taypalarynyng qamsyz, qútty qysqy qonysyna ainaldy.

Syghanaq – alghashqy qazaq memleketi – Aq Ordanyng túnghysh astanasy ghana emes, Aq Orda dәuirinde Shynghyshan әuletinen taraghan qazaq handary Orys hannan – Kenesarygha deyin qalyptasty. «Alash han» atanghan Orys han Syghanaqta han sarayyn saldyrdy. Orys han jasaqtaghan Qazaq memleketining alghashqy resmy әskeri – «Alash myndyghy» aq-qara tu ústap, «Alash» úranymen jaugha shapty. Alash – el úranyna ainalyp, el men jerding tútastyghyn jankeshtilikpen qorghaytyn qazaqtyng birligin dәriptedi. Altyn Orda men Aq Orda dәuirinde qypshaq-qazaq tili memlekettik jazba tiline ainaldy. Syr boyyna b.z.b. 128 jyly tótenshe tapsyrmamen kelgen qytaylyq Chjan Syan «Ónirde iri 70 qala bar» dep jazsa, Joshy úlysynyng qaramaghynda 150-200 qala bolghan. HI ghasyrda ghúmyr keshken ataqty ghúlama Jýsip Balasaghún:

«Bolghan talay qalalar da halyq ta,

Uaqyt kómdi bәrin jerlep tabytqa.

Bolghan talay auylymyz, taypamyz,

Endi sonyng izin tauyp bayqanyz», – degen ghibrat amanattady.

Syghanaq jayly eng alghashqy mәlimet 982 jyly tanbalanghan. H ghasyrdaghy arab geografy ali-Mukaddasy (Makdisi) Syghanaqty «Otyrarmen kindigi bir egiz qala» dep kórsetti.

«Syghanaq» sózining alghashqy buyny kóne týrki sózi «sub», «sygh» nemese «súgh», «su» degen týsinikke sayady da; ekinshi buyny «an-aq» «on-oq» degen I-VIII ghasyrlardaghy týrki ru-taypalarynyng jalpy atauynan shyqqan. Ýndestik zanyna oray«Syghanaq», yaghny «Suly qala» «su jaghasyna salynghan qala (qamal, qorghan)» degen maghyna beredi. Ortaghasyrlyq derekterde «Syghanaq – Qypshaq dalasynyng suyqta pana, ystyqta saya bolghan qaqpasy (gavany)» degen teneuler bar.

Aq Ordanyng biyligi ýshin de, Syghanaq ýshin de talas-tartys az bolmady. Alyp shahar Syghanaq ýshin Toqtamys pen Orys hannyn, Ábilqayyr han men qalmaq Enge tórenin, Qazaq handary men Shaybany úrpaqtary ayausyz shayqasty. HII ghasyrda Islam dinin qabyldaghan qala handar men aituly aqsýiekter jerlenip, әuliyening saghanasy jatqan qasiyetti ataqoryqqa ainalghan últtyq mәdeniyetimizding óristi ózegi, keleshegimizding sәuleli kýngeyi, kóne kýmbezimiz, kórnekti keshemiz.

HIV ghasyrdyng basynda shejireli shahar qayta jandanyp, eski qalanyng shyghys jaghyndaghy qaqpanyng aldynan 50 metrdey jerden jana Syghanaq boy kóterdi. HV ghasyrda qala biraz jyldar boyy Ámir Temirding nemeresi Úlyqbekting biyliginde bolghanda, bir kezde Syghanaqta әrtýrli ghimarattar salghyzyp, astana etken Baraq han Úlyqbekke elshiler arqyly: «Syghanaq aimaghynyng jayylymdyqtary zang boyynsha da, әdilettik qúqyq boyynsha da maghan tiyesili» – dep, hat jazdy. Aqyrynda, Syr boyyndaghy qalalardy, Ontýstik Deshti Qypshaqty, Aq Ordanyng astanasy Syghanaqty ózining qol astyna birjola kirgizgen Baraq han kenet belgisiz jaghdayda qaza tauyp, Syghanaq qalasy Shaybany úrpaghy Ábilqayyr hannyng qúzyryna uaqytsha qaldy. Al, Búryndyq hannyng túsynda Syghanaq qalasy qayta Qazaq handyghynyng astanasyna ainalady. Jetisu aimaghynan oralyp, Aq Orda biyligin ornatqan qazaq handary Kerey men Jәnibek – Syghanaqta ata biyligin jalghastyrdy.

Orta Aziya men Deshti Qypshaq handyghynyng kindiginde hәm Úly Jibek jolynyng tabanyndaghy Syghanaq – qiyapat-qiyn jaugershilikting sonynda tez esin jiyp, ense kóteruge beyim edi. Kóshpendiler ózge júrtqa esh úqsamaytyn syndyrly órkeniyet jasady. Kóshpendilik – adamdardyng ómir sýrgen tól tabighatynyn, jer-suy, aua-rayy, túrmys saltynyng airyqsha qúbylysy. Dese de, qazaqty birjaqty, taza «kóshpendi» dep qarau – tekti tarihymyzgha zor qiyanat. Syr boyyndaghy Týrkistan, Syghanaq, Sauran siyaqty qalalarda túrghan halyq otyryqshylyq, ortaq sharuagha da peyildi bolghan.

Qazaq últynyng negizgi etnikalyq qúramy Qypshaq handyghynyng HI-HII ghasyrlardaghy astanasy Syghanaq – qazaq halqynyng últ bolyp újymdasyp-úiysqan, memlekettik irgetasy qalanyp-qalyptasqan bastau búlaghy, túma kózi. Qazaq balasy úshy-qiyrsyz zorlyq-zobalang kezenderdi, qiyamet-qayym, qiyn-qystau kýnderdi, jauyz-jaugershilikterdi, ayausyz-asharshylyqty bastan keship, jer betine taryday shashylyp, aqyrynda, Syrdyng boyyna at baylady. Syrdyng shuaqty kýni, maqpal týni, saumal samaly, jaysang jeli, jyly jauyny, júmsaq qary qazaqtyng janyna jay tapqyzyp, esin jiyp, ensesin tiktedi; qarny toyyp, as ishti; dertine daua, nauqasyna em tapty, úl sýiip, úlys kóbeydi.

Qylyshynan qan tamyp, qazaqtyng qyzyl qanyn asau suday aghyzghan qanypezer sovetting zorlyqshyl-zombylyqshyl biyligi «Qyzylorda» aidaryn taghyp, kiyeli jerimizding «búrqyraghan shanyn ghana qaldyrdy» (N.Nazarbaev). Orystyng ozbyrlyghy ozghan kezende sauatsyz sovet basshysymaqtarynyng biri Hrushevting topastyq tapyranymen ózbekterge ótip ketken qazaq jeri qazir Ózbekstannyng Syrdariya oblysy atalady.

Fazlalah ibn-Ruzbihan Isfahany «Búqara qonaghynyng jazbalary» («Mihman-name Búqar») atty enbeginde «Jer jәnnatynyng sheti» dep sipattaghan ortaghasyrlyq syrgha toly Syghanaq – qazirgi Qyzylorda oblysynyng ortalyghy – Qyzylorda qalasynan shamamen 140 shaqyrymday ghana jerde (Janaqorghan audanyna qarasty Sunaqata auylynan 1,5 shaqyrym) jatyr. YuNESKO-nyng Dýniyejýzilik múrasynyn, Qazaqstannyng kiyeli jerlerining kartasyna tandalghan 100 qasiyetti oryndardyng tizimine engizilgen, turizmdegi róli zor, tarihy ekskursiyalyq saparlardaghy orny orasan Syghanaqtay syrly jәdigeri bar qazirgi Qyzylorda oblysynyng atauy әr kezende (Aqmeshit, Perovsk, Aqmeshit, Qyzylorda) birneshe mәrte ózgertildi. Alty jyldan keyin Qyzylorda atalghanyna ghasyr tolady.

Qandyqol sovet kommunisterining úrany Qyzyl (orda) atauy – býgingi tәuelsiz elimiz ben erkin júrtymyzdyng asqaq ruhy men asyl múratyna meylinshe qayshy, bolmysy bóten, asa jat. Alashtyng ardaqty azamattarynyng arman-tilegin tabangha taptap, aldap-arbap, atyp-asqan; adamzat balasy búryn kórip-bilmegen qasaqana jappay qyryp-joyghan (genosiyd); maly men dәnin kýshpen tartyp alyp, ashtyqqa úshyratqan; qazaq halqynyng jetpis-seksen payyzyn qynaday qyrghan «qyzyl» biylikting qarghys atqan atauy – qazirgi bostan qazaqtyng manyzdy mýddelerimen mýldem qabyspaydy. «Qyzyldardyng ordasy» degen qandybalaq atau, qúldyq sanadan arylatyn uaqyt jetti.

Azattyqtyng júpar auasyn jútyp, otyz asudan asqanda, qútty qonysymyzdy alqyzyldan arashalap alu – erkin elding keshegi erligi men býgingi erki ghana emes, el erkindigining bereketti belgisi. Búl – erikkening ermegi, esep-qisaptyng mәselesi emes; qabyrghaly mal-jannyn, qasterli qazan-oshaqtyng keleshegining kókjiyegi. Búqar Jyrau:

«Shýrshit kelse, Syrgha kósh,

Ishetúghyn suy bar.

Atyng jatyr belende,

Týieng jatyr ólende!

On san alash biyligi,

Han Abylay tórende» – degen, eskidegi erligimiz ben kónedegi dәrgey-quatymyzdyng derek-dәleli, alash arystarynyng týgelining tabany tiygen taza topyraq, qadir-qasiyetti jer, 2 myng jylgha juyq túghyrly tarihy bar Alashtyng anasynyng qadirin qayta janghyrtu – perzenttik paryzymyz.

Bodandyqtyng borsyghan iyisi mýnkigen Qyzylorda oblysynyng atauy – Aqmeshit (Aqmeshit) oblysy ((ekinshi núsqasy – qúrlyqtaghy eng eren ózenning syrbaz atymen Syrdariya oblysy (Syrdaria) búryn osylay atalghan)); Qyzylorda qalasy – Aqmeshit qalasy (Aqmeshit) bolyp ózgerse, qazaqtyng ruhy asqaqtap, elding ertenge ýmitine alau jalghaydy.

Búl qadamnyng – әdildikpen qarulanyp, eldikti aiqyndatqan tarihy aqiqattyng bayandy bayraghy bolary sózsiz. Syr aimaghy songhy jyldary elimizde qarqyndy damyghan ýzdik bes ónirding qataryna kirdi. Byltyr 700 myng sharshy metr baspana boy kóterip, túrghyn ýy salu kóleminde eng jogharghy kórsetkishke qol jetti. Biylghy jyldyng alghashqy toqsanynda negizge kapitalgha salynghan iyvestisiya mólsheri 84 mlrd tengege jetip, aldyna qara týspedi. Syr óniri alashynyng qarasy 2018 jyldyng ayaghynda 789,8 myng adamdy qúrap, tabighy tuu ósimining aldynghy jyldan 11,2 myng adamgha artuy – әl-auqat artqandyghynyng kórsetkishi ghana emes, aimaqtyng bayandy bolashaghynyng aiqyn dәleli.

Syry men symbaty, qúpiyasy men qúdireti tym tereng – Syrdyng boyy, Syrdyng jeri turaly tolgham-týsinik sonau kóne qadymnan jetip, auyzdan-auyzgha taraghan әpsanamen býginge tamyr tartty. Sondyqtan, Syr boyyndaghy Syghanaq tarihy – qazirgi qazaqtyng namysyn qayrap, jigerining jandanuyna joyqyn silkinis, tolqyndy talpynys ýstemeleydi. Tughan el men jerding keshegi ótken kemel ónegesi – tól tarihyn baghalaytyn júrttyng bolashaghyn bayandy bastau-búlaqqa búrady. Eskining esti eskertpelerine terendey boylap, tanym-týisigimiz sergek serpilse, tirshilik tamyry tabighy tezin tauyp, órkendi el, jelkendi júrtqa ainalamyz.

Alashqa – ana, qazaqqa – pana bolghan Syr topyraghyna at baylaghan qypshaqtyng qymbat qazyghy – kórnekti astanasynyng tarihy eki myng jyldan asyp-jyghylady. Baghzy Rim imperatory Oktavian Avgust: «Rimdi balshyq kýiinde tauyp, mәrmәr keyipte qaldyryp baramyn» degen eken, iyisi qazaqqa bas-ayaghy on ghasyrda tórt mәrte saltanatty orda, mәrtebeli astana bolghan qútty qaqpa, aibatty aq bosaghamyzdyng ardaqty atyn qaytaru – әrkimning basyna qonatyn baqyt emes!

sәuir, 2019 jyl

Mynjan Bayjaniyn, qogham qayratkeri

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