BIRINShI QARA SÓZDING FILOSOFIYaLYQ MAGhYNASY

«Men bala kýnimde estushi edim, bizding qazaq sartty kórse, kýlushi edi «enendi úrayyn, keng qoltyq, shýldiregen tәjik, Arqadan ýy tóbesine salamyn dep, qamys artqan, bútadan qoryqqan, kóz kórgende «әke-ýke» desip, shyghyp ketse, qyzyn boqtasqan, «sart-súrt degen osy» dep. Noghaydy kórse, ony da boqtap kýlushi edi: «týieden qoryqqan noghay, atqa minse - sharshap, jayau jýrse - demin alady, noghay degenshe, noqay desenshi, týkke ynghayy kelmeydi, soldat noghay, qashqyn noghay, bashalshik noghay» dep. Orysqa da kýlushi edi: «auyldy kórse shapqan, jaman sasyr bas orys» dep. Orys oiyna kelgenin qylady degen... ne aitsa soghan nanady, «úzyn qúlaqty tauyp ber depti» dep.

Sonda men oilaushy edim: ei, qúday-ay, bizden basqa halyqtyng bәri antúrghan, jaman keledi eken, eng tәuir halyq biz ekenbiz dep, әlgi aitylmysh sózderdi bir ýlken qyzyq kórip, quanyp kýlushi edim.

Endi qarap túrsam, sarttyng ekpegen egini joq, shygharmaghan jemisi joq, saudagerining jýrmegen jeri joq, qylmaghan sheberligi joq. Ózimenen ózi әure bolyp, birimenen biri eshbir shahary jaulaspaydy! Orysqa qaramay túrghanda qazaqtyng ólisining ahiyrettigin, tirisining kiyimin sol jetkizip túrdy. Áke balagha qimaytúghyn malyndy kirelep sol aidap ketip túrdy ghoy. Orysqa qaraghan song da, orystyng ónerlerin bizden olar kóp ýirenip ketti. Ýlken baylar da, ýlken moldalar da, eptilik, qyrmyzylyq, sypayylyq - bәri solarda. Noghaygha qarasam, soldattyqqa da shydaydy, kedeylikke de shydaydy, qazagha da shydaydy, molda, medrese saqtap, din kýtuge de shydaydy. Enbek qylyp, mal tabudyng da jónin solar biledi, saltanat, әsem de solarda. Onyng maldylaryna, qúzghyn tamaghymyz ýshin, birimiz jalshy, birimiz qosh alushymyz. Bizding eng bayymyzdy: «sәning shaqshy ayaghyng bilәn pyshyratyrgha qoyghan iydәn týgil, shyq, sasyq kazaq», - dep ýiinen quyp shygharady. Onyng bәri - birin-biri quyp qor bolmay, sharua quyp, óner tauyp, mal tauyp, zor bolghandyq әseri. Orysqa aitar sóz de joq, biz qúly, kýni qúrly da joqpyz. Baghanaghy maqtan, baghanaghy quanghan, kýlgen sózderimiz qayda?».

Bir qaraghanda qazirgi zaman oqyrmany «Abaydyng búl sózinde qanday filosofiya boluy mýmkin?» dep qarabayyr týsinikke jol bereri anyq. Áriyne, múnda da shyndyq bar: túrmys tauqymetimen keng dalada mal sonynan kóship‑qonyp jýrgen qazaq qala sala almady, mektepter asha almady...  Ózara saudagha salarlyq bazary da joq, oghan shygharar zattary da joq... Bar saudasy qora‑qora malyn sart pen orysqa, odan qaldy noghaygha (tatargha deniz) aidap, ony ary‑beri saudalap, ózine qajetti alu ghana...

Osy túrghyda oilanghan Abay «Kimning túrmys‑tirshiligi túraqty?» degen әleumettik‑filosofiyalyq súraqty qoyady. Eger, osy mәselege filosofiyalyq sanamen «alysty boljau» túrghysynan qarastyrsaq, әriyne, qazaqtyng túrmys‑tirshiligi aitpay keletin apattan, júttan, quanshylyqtan, indetten meylinshe qorghansyz kýide ekenin kóremiz. Yaghni, qazaq ózi aitqanday: barsha qazaqtyng túrmys‑tirshiligining túraqtylyghy, ómirining qauipsizdigi «Bay ‑ bir júttyq» degen aksiomalyq aqiqattyng ótinde túrghanyn bayqaugha bolady. Abay óz sózinde halqynyng osy kýiin dóp basyp, onyng bolashaghynyng búlynghyrlyghyna alandaydy.

IYә, oqyrman «Múnda qanday filosofiya boluy mýmkin?» degen súraqty taghy da qoigha qúqyly. Oghan berer jauap bireu ghana: «Osy súraqty mynghyraghan malgha ie bolyp otyrghan baylar nege qoymaghan?» dep, súraqqa súraqpen jauap beru. Shyndyghynda, qazaq baylarynyng  «mynghyraghan maly»  kenetten, ghayyptan payda bolghan joq qoy? Ol baylyqtyng payda boluy ýshin qanshama ter tógildi, býkil auyl bolyp, әulet bolyp qanshama enbek sinirildi...

Endeshe, osy baylyqty eseleu, ony tek óz qajetine emes, osydan ýles alyp kýnin kórip otyrghan tútas elding ómirining dingegi bolatynday «Baylyghymyz túraqty ma?» degen súraqty aldymen bay‑baquatty adamnyng ózi qongy tiyis edi ghoy. Joq, onday ýrdis bayqalmaydy. Qazaq baylary sauda men kәsipkerlikti damytu, shaghyn óndirister ashu jәne t.t. shyghyndargha barugha jýrekteri daualamaydy. Olar ghasyrlar boyy jalghasyp kele jatqan «Bir malym ekeu bolsa» degen erejeden  auytqymaydy. Sol sebepti de, olar osy mindetti ne orysqa, ne tatargha, ne sartqa «mindettep» qoyady. Biraq, olar da qarap jatpay qúral‑sayman óndirisin ýnemi jetildirumen bolady. Ol jetilgen sayyn, onyng qazaqqa keler baghasy da óse beredi. Sóitip, qazaqtyng olargha degen tәueldiligi de ýzbey arta beredi.

Al, qazaqtyng osy kýide qala bergeni saudager men kәsipkerge óte paydaly: azyq‑týligin, shiykizatyn halyq arzangha berip otyrsa, odan artyq ne kerek?

Mine, Abay kóterip otyrghan mәsele osy: halyq ýshin ekzistensiyalyq, basqasha aitsaq – ómirmәndik mәsele qatarynda túrady. Al, onday mәseleni adamzat tarihynda tek filosoftar ghana ýnemi kóterip otyrghan. Sondyqtan, osy mәseleni kóteru arqyly Abay ózin filosofiyalyq oilau shenberine kóterilgen túlgha retinde kórsetedi (pozisiyalaydy).

Sol sebepti de, Abaydyng ekinshi sózinde óz halqynyng ómirining túraqty boluy, onyng alys perspektivalargha josparlana aluy, sóitip, halqynyng «bir júttan qyrylyp qalmaytynday» túraqty damu jolyna týsui qajettigi «zarzaman» filosofiyalyq formatynda aitylady.

Abay tek ony aitumen shektelmeydi: ol onyng mysalyn alystan izdemeydi, qazaq halqy jaqsy biletin, kózi ýirengen, qarym‑qatynasy men alys‑berisi ornyqqan kórshilerining túrmys‑tirshiliginen alyp, sony algha tartady. Qazaq aitatyn «Sart bayysa tam salady» degen tәmsilin qazaqtyng jadyna qayyra salyp, ózine qarata aitady.

Áriyne, sol zamandarda otyryqshylyqqa bet búrghan orys ta, sart ta, olarmen aralasy jii noghay da otyryqshylyq ómir saltyna tәn «enbek bólinisi» qatynasyna týse bastady. Árkim óz qarymy men qabiletine say kәsipterdi mengerip, ony jetildirip, ózgeshe mәdeny qalypty – otyryqshylyq ómir saltyn qalyptastyrugha kóshe bastady. Bolmasa, kýni keshe ghana ózimen óriste malyn qatar aidaghan noghaylar kenetten ozyp, algha shyqty deuge esh negiz joq.

Bar mәsele olardyng kóshpendi mәdeniyetting periyferiyasynda (shetkeri aimaghynda) ornalasuynda bolyp otyr. Olar tarihy túrghyda qalyptasqan geosayasy jaghdayyna baylanysty «syrtqy әlemmen» tyghyz baylanysa otyryp, evolusiyalyq jolmen syrtqy әlemnin  «ómir sýru qalybyn» ózining mәdeny órisine transformasiyalady.  Búl obektivti prosess. Óitkeni, qogham ómirining basty maghynasy men maqsaty da ekzistensiya, yaghni, ómir sýru, jaqsy ómir sýru ekeni anyq.

Múnday prosesti orys halqy bastan keshirgen. Áueli «orman halqy» qalybynda ómir sýrgen halyq, Petr‑1 patshasynyng keluimen ekonomikasyn europalyq baghytqa búrudy qolgha aldy. Oghan birinshi Petr patshanyng jas kezinen Europagha baryp, júmysshydan bastap, sol zamanghy óndiristik tehnologiya negizderin mengerip qaytuy kóp yqpal etken. Taqqa otyrghan song ol qalalar salugha, saudany damytu ýshin «teniz qaqpasyn» ashugha bar kýshin saldy. Europadan arhiytektorlardy, sәuletshilerdi shaqyryp, jana qalalar túrghyzyp, jana qoghamnyng negizin qalaugha kiristi. Tipten, eskiden ajyraghysy kelmegen konservativti boyarlaryn «europalyq ómir saltyn» qabyldamaghany ýshin qatang jazalady da.

1‑Petr engizgen memlekettik qúrylym damy kele endi‑endi qalyptasa bastaghan imperiyalyq sanagha odan әri pәrmen berdi. Kórshi ornalasqan imperiyalyq dәstýri bar eldermen qiyan‑keski shayqastar bastaldy.

Al, onyng yqpalyndaghy Tatariya, Noghaylar, Bashqúrlar, Qyrym tatarlary jәne ózgeleri osy imperiyalyq sananyng óz aumaghyndaghy kóshirmesin jasap shyqty. Ony Abay naqty dәlelmen bylay týsindiredi: «Bizding eng bayymyzdy: «sәning shaqshy ayaghyng bilәn pyshyratyrgha qoyghan iydәn týgil, shyq, sasyq kazaq», - dep ýiinen quyp shygharady» dep, shyndyqty ortagha salady.

Negizi, qoghamnyng damuynda sauda qatynasynyng damuy qay zamanda bolmasyn orasan zor roli atqarghan. Endeshe, saudany tek «tauar aiyrbasy» dengeyinde mengerip, odan kóp útylyp jatqan qazaq túrmysyn Abay dóp basady. Búl da tereng filosofiyalyq oidyng nәtiyjesi bolsa kerek...

Al, mәdeny tamyry tym terenge tartatyn «sarttar» (Abay oghan tәjikterdi jәne tәjikpen qany men mәdeniyeti aralasqan týrkitildes halyqtardy jatqyzady) – kóneden qol óneri men qala qúrylysyn damytqan, mahalla sauda qatynasyn mengergen, ýnemshil әri paydashyl, ne nәrseni kәdege jaratudy oilaytyn mentaliytetti әldeqashan mengerip ýlgergen edi.

Áriyne, búl keng dalada maldy óriske salyp qoyyp, uaqytynyng kóp bóligin sauyq‑sayranmen, erkin oilaumen, qiyaldaumen, sheshendik aitystarmen, kýres pen dodada jigittik qasiyetin shyndaumen ótkizetin qazaq mentaliytetine qarsy baghytta bolary zandy. Onymen qosa, ol zamandaghy qazaqtyng dәstýri men salttary er azamatty «jigittikke» bauludyng tetigi edi. Al, «jigittik» úghymynyng astarynda qazaqy mәrttik, jauyngerlik, shyndyq pen ar‑namys, әdiletsizdikke tózimsizdik siyaqty asyl qasiyetter jatady. Biraq, qazaqtyng búl mentaliyteti ‑ europalyq ghylymy tilde «rysarlyq» dep atalghan minezi ‑ orys‑noghay‑sart pragmatizminen alshaq, negizinen romantikalyq  sipatta qalyp qoyghan edi. Abaydyng da kórip‑bilip otyrghany osy jaghday!

Osy tústaghy Abaydy ókindiretin nәrseni bylay suretteuge bolady: Abay ol elderding pragmatizmi qoghamnyng әleumettik jaghdayyn túraqty etip, onyng irgetasyn bekitedi. Al «qazaq romantizmi» onday túraqtylyqqa ie emes, sondyqtan, halyqtyng ómiri de qauip‑qater ótinde túrady. Sóitip, Abay osy eki aradaghy bәsekelestikte, ne bolmasa, «astyrtyn shayqasta» qazaq ýnemi útylysta bola beredi degen ýlken filosofiyalyq oidy kóteredi. Búl Abaydyng ózge elding dәstýrin dәripteui emes, óz halqyna barar jol baghytyn silteui.

Tarih qatelikterdi keshirmeydi. Abaydyng so zamanda aitqan tereng oiy men alandauy aragha otyz jylday salyp, qazaq halqynyng taghdyrynda «asharshylyq» degen atpen oryn aldy. Ol halyqtyng basyna tóngen alapat megatragediya bolyp shyqty. Al, halqymyzdyng onyng zardabyn әli kýnge tartyp jatqany ‑ býginde bizge belgili tariyh.

Mine, eger belgili bir yqpaldy kýshter (baylar delik) sol zamanda Abaysha oilap, halqynyng ómirin әrtaraptandyryp, halyqtyng auqymdy bóligin túraqty mekenderge qonystandyryp, ondaghy «enbek bólinisin» qamtamasyz etudi evolusiyalyq jolmen jýzege asyra bastaghanda – jiyrmasynshy ghasyrdyng otyzynshy jyldary halyqtyng teng jartysy ashtan qyrylghan asharshylyq apaty bolmas pa edi, bәlkim.

Joq, ol kezde Abaydyng búl filosofiyasyn, tereng oiyn qogham qabyldamady. Qalyptasqan ekonomikalyq ýrdis osylay jalghasa beretinine eshkim shýbә keltirmedi. Nәtiyjesinde, imperiyalyq biylik almasuynan keyin, qazaq halqyn kýshtep otyryqshylyqqa kóshiru oryn alghanda – halyq oghan dayyn bolmay shyqty.

Eger, Abay aitqan joba sol zamandardan qalyptasa bastaghanda, otyzynshy jyldary ashtyqtan «barar jeri, basar tauy» qalmaghan, malynan aiyrylghan júrtqa pana bolarlyq «óz qamaly» bolushy edi. Biraq qazaqta onday «qamal» bolmady. Ózimen‑ózi bekinip alghan ózgeler ony qabyldamady... Qazaq keng dalada, qamal manyna jeter‑jetpeste qyrylyp qaldy...

Sonymen birge, Abaydyng ekinshi sózindegi filosofiyalyq týiindi oidyng býginde de ózekti bolyp otyrghanyn aita ketu artyq emes:

1. Qazaq elining damuy әrtarapty baghyttan túrady, ol baghyttardyng әrqaysysy Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tútastyghy men tәuelsizdigine kepil bolady;
2. Qazaq halqy ózining ruhaniy‑mәdeny damuynda ózining ejelden kele jatqan salt‑dәstýrine sýienedi jәne ony әlemdik damu ýrdisimen úshtastyrady;
3. Qazaq eli ózining barlyq asyl qasiyetin jana zamanda jarqyratyp kórsetedi jәne ózining romantikalyq beynesin ozyq pragmatizmmen jalghastyrady.
4. Árbir qazaq azamaty «abaysha oilau» qalybyn boyyna siniredi...

Mine, osylay dep maqalamdy ayaqtaymyn. Tek songhy buyndaghy «tórtinshi oidy» Abay emes, ózim aitqanymdy nazarda ústaularynyzdy ótinemin, qúrmetti oqyrmanym...

Ábdirashit Bәkirúly,

filosof‑publisist

Abai.kz