Temirhan TEBEGENOV, filologiya ghylymdarynyn  doktory, professor.

Qazaq әdebiyeti tarihyna HH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary kelip qosylyp, kóptegen kór­kem tuyndylar jazghan, halyqaralyq Alash әdeby syilyghynyng laureaty, halqymyzgha tanymal kórnekti qalamger Adam Meke­baev­tyng kezekti tuyndysy "Qúpiya qoyma" (Jazushy, 2008 jyl) atty romany da dәs­týrli epikalyq shygharmalar qatarynda oqyr­mandaryna úsynyldy. "Qúpiya qoy­ma" romanynyng ta­qy­ryby - HH gha­syr­dyng 1928-1932-jyldary qazaq dalasynda bolghan jappay asharshylyq shyndyghy, iydeyasy - ashtyq apatyna úshy­ra­ghan adam­dar­dyng әrqaysysyna tәn jan әlemi bol­mysynyng kýrdeli qayshylyqty sipatyn an­ghartu. Romannyng ýsh bólimining tara­u­la­ryn­daghy sujettik bólikterinen qúralghan iydeya­lyq-kompozisiyalyq jelisinde bir­ne­she oqighalyq kezeng jinaqtala tanylady: birinshisi - 1920-1930-jyldar arasynda Qazaq­standa ke­nestik sauatsyz, әperbaqan basshylar jýr­giz­gen totalitarlyq jýie zardaptary oqiy­gha­la­ry­nyng kórkem shyndyqpen beynelenui; ekin­shisi - 1932 jylghy jappay qyrghyn әkelgen ashar­shylyq tragediyasy sipatynyng suret­telui.

Temirhan TEBEGENOV, filologiya ghylymdarynyn  doktory, professor.

Qazaq әdebiyeti tarihyna HH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary kelip qosylyp, kóptegen kór­kem tuyndylar jazghan, halyqaralyq Alash әdeby syilyghynyng laureaty, halqymyzgha tanymal kórnekti qalamger Adam Meke­baev­tyng kezekti tuyndysy "Qúpiya qoyma" (Jazushy, 2008 jyl) atty romany da dәs­týrli epikalyq shygharmalar qatarynda oqyr­mandaryna úsynyldy. "Qúpiya qoy­ma" romanynyng ta­qy­ryby - HH gha­syr­dyng 1928-1932-jyldary qazaq dalasynda bolghan jappay asharshylyq shyndyghy, iydeyasy - ashtyq apatyna úshy­ra­ghan adam­dar­dyng әrqaysysyna tәn jan әlemi bol­mysynyng kýrdeli qayshylyqty sipatyn an­ghartu. Romannyng ýsh bólimining tara­u­la­ryn­daghy sujettik bólikterinen qúralghan iydeya­lyq-kompozisiyalyq jelisinde bir­ne­she oqighalyq kezeng jinaqtala tanylady: birinshisi - 1920-1930-jyldar arasynda Qazaq­standa ke­nestik sauatsyz, әperbaqan basshylar jýr­giz­gen totalitarlyq jýie zardaptary oqiy­gha­la­ry­nyng kórkem shyndyqpen beynelenui; ekin­shisi - 1932 jylghy jappay qyrghyn әkelgen ashar­shylyq tragediyasy sipatynyng suret­telui.

1928-1930 jyldary Qazaqstanda dәndi da­qyldar óndiriluinin, qúldyrauy, tórt tý­li­ktin, onyng ishinde iri qaranyng jylqy, týie týrlerining qoldan qyrghyngha úshy­ra­tyluy ha­lyq­ty jappay asharshylyq qa­si­retine úshy­rat­ty. Búl - "Qúpiya qoyma" ro­manynyng iydeya­lyq-kompozisiyalyq je­li­sine arqau bol­ghan tarihy derekter shyn­dyghy. Romannyng ýsh bóliminde de qazaq halqy taghdyryn tәlkekke tý­sirgen, ashar­shy­lyq apatyna sebepker bol­ghan saya­si-iyde­ologiya­lyq,  memlekettik basqaru jý­­­ye­sining zor­lyq­shyl qyzmeti realistikpen aiqyndalghan. Ro­mannyng birinshi bóliminde on segiz ta­rau­da Qazaqstandaghy halyqty kýi­zelt­ken oqiy­ghalar (1925-1928 jj. sha­rua­lardy tәr­kileu, sottau, qamau, bay­lar­dyng basqa el­der­ge auuy, t.b.) tarihy shyn­dyq­pen bey­ne­­­lengen. Epikalyq bayan­dau­lar shy­ghar­ma­nyng de­rekterge negizdelgen realistik siy­pa­tyn dә­yektegen: "Kindik qany tamghany tughan jerden alastaghaly arbagha eriksiz tiye­lip, ai­dalyp bara jatqan bay-bәi­bishe­ler­ding zar­lana aitqan joqtauynan dala kóp­ke deyin kýnirenip túrdy" (A.Mekebaev. "Qú­piya qoyma".  Almaty, "Jazushy", 2008 j, 4-b).

Jazushy romannyng tútas qúryly­syn­da­ghy keyipkerler men qorshaghan túr­mys­tyq-әleu­met­tik orta shyndyghyn tarihilyq aya­synda oqyr­mannyng kóz aldyna eles­tete­di. Ghasyrlar boyy jartylay kóshpeli, jar­ty­lay oty­ryq­shylyq túrmys mә­de­niyeti jagh­dayynda ómir sýrip, órkendep kelgen qazaq halqy ýshin tosynnan kelgen óktem­dik, zorlyq yqpa­ly­nyng kýizeliske úshy­rat­qan qiyanatqa toly qa­siretti jaghdayy tariy­hilyq ayasynda kór­se­ti­lgen.

Qazaq - ejelgi zamandardan erkin, azat oily halyq. Erkin, azat halyqtyng 1925-1928 jj. tәrkileuge, 1929-1932 jj. zorlap újymdastyru, әrtýrli salyqtardyng erik­siz jinaluy sekildi, t.b. sanaluan qys­paq­targha tózbegeni, asharshylyqqa úshyrauy jәne basqa ólkelerge qonys audaruy - ta­bighy shyn­dyq. Romannyng alghashqy ta­ra­uy­nyng bastaluynda 1929 jylghy myndaghan iri qara jәne uaq maldardyng tәrkilenui "Qazan tónkerisine deyin kedey bolyp kelip, NEP kezinde shyr bitkenderdin..." de osy zor­lyqqa úshyraghany, salyqtardyng kóbeygeni, "Qa­zaq­stan auylynda kishi Qazan tónkerisin ja­say­myz­dan!" tanbaghan ókimet basshy­la­ry­nyng sayasy ústanymy ha­lyq­tyng jappay qyryl­uy­na, shet elderge auuyna sebepker bolghandyghy ai­tyla kele, tarihy derekter avtorlyq baghalaularmen dәiektelgen.

"Qúpiya qoyma" - jekelik arqyly jal­­py­lyq sipat mәnisin tanytatyn tuyn­dy. Jeke adamdardyng taghdyr tәlkegimen ar­­pa­ly­sy kezindegi tabighy minez-qúlyq qa­siyet­terimen meylinshe daralanyp ta­ny­la­tyny - adamzat payda bolyp qalyp­tasyp, damyp kele jatqan zamandar boyy ai­qyn­dalghan qúbylys. Jan әlemindegi adam­ger­shilik-imandylyq qasiyetteri taghdyrdyng qan­day synaghy tap kelse de tótep beretin, adal­dyghynan, mәrt­ti­gi­nen, meyirim­di­li­gi­nen, jomarttyghynan, en­bek­sýigishtiginen jәne t.b. san aluan asyl sapalarynan kózi jú­myl­ghansha ainymay ótetinder - asyl sapaly adamzattyng negizgi kórsetkishteri. Qazaq halqynyng ghasyrlar belesterinen býgingi zamangha jetkeni de, endi mәngilik bolashaqqa úlasuy da osynday quatty,  myzghymas berik sapaly últtyq dil qasiyet­te­rimizding úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jalghasyp kele jatqandyghynan ekendigi aqiqat. Ro­man­nyng iydeyalyq-kompozisiyalyq jeli­sin­degi keyipkerlerding kórkem shyndyqpen somda­luyn­da jazushy adamdar ja­ra­ty­ly­syn­daghy osynday adamgershilik qasiyet­ter­ding sy­naq­qa týskenin psihologiyalyq taldaularmen beruge úmtylghan.

Halyq danalyghy - úrpaqtardyng mi­nez-qú­lyq qasiyetterining әdil tóreshisi. Kórkem shy­gharmalardaghy keyipkerlerding minezdelui ómir qozghalysyndaghy sanaluan ózge­she­lik­teri bar adamdar bol­my­synan tuyndauynda qalam­gerler ózderi zerdelegen shyn­dyqqa sýienedi. "Qúpiya qoyma" romanyndaghy keyip­ker­ler­ding minez-qúlyq psiy­ho­lo­giya­syndaghy sanaluan qasiyetter egiz­de­lui de qalamgerding kórkemdik oilau dý­niye­tanymy arqyly qoryt­yl­ghany anyq. Jazushynyng keyip­ker­ler beynesin daralau, minezdeu tә­silderi epika­lyq tuyn­dy­nyng psiy­holo­giyalyq tәsilmen ja­zyl­ghan­dyghyn aighaqtay­dy. Ro­man­nyng bas­ty keyipkerleri - kór­kem­dik jinaqtaudyng klassika­lyq ozyq ýrdisine sәikes daralan­ghan. On­da­ghan, bәlkim, odan da kóp pro­to­tiyp­tik túlghalargha ortaq taghdyr, minez-qú­lyq qasiyetteri jinaqtala da­ra­lan­ghan keyipkerler (Týktibay, Mәdina, Qabysh, Órimbay) sany da az. Kórkem shygharma - ónerding naqty kór­set­kishi. Ásirese, roman janryn­daghy kesek bitimdi tuyndyda ua­qyt pen ke­nis­tiktegi әri ózara ýn­des, sonymen birg­e, bir-birine mýlde q­arama-qayshy qú­by­lys­tardyn, qa­siyetterding poe­tiy­kalyq astarly, meg­zeuli maghyna­la­rymen tútasa jinaq­ta­latyny mәlim. Os­ynday kýrdeli erekshelikteri tútas­qan "Qúpiya qoyma" - psiho­lo­giyalyq roman.

Romannyng negizgi basty keyipkeri - Týktibay. Týktibaydyng túlghasyn da­ra­lay­tyn, minez-qúlyq qasiyetterin ta­ny­tatyn kórkemdik tәsilder shyghar­­manyng bas­ta­luy­nan ayaqtaluyna deyingi sujettik bó­likterding barlyghynda da órilip otyrady. Týk­tibaydyng poe­tiy­ka­lyq daralana bey­ne­lenui adamdar orta­syndaghy ómir boyy syr­ty býtin, ishi týtin nemese kýle kirip ký­nirene shyghatyn kóri­nispen jý­re­tin­derding kórkem shyn­dyqpen jinaqtalghan bol­mysyn elestetedi. Ishki jan әlemindegi eki­úday sezimmen ómir sýretin, kónil týk­piri, jýrek qoymasy zú­lym­dyqqa, ekijýzdilikke, ayarlyqqa, jen­dettik piy­ghyl­gha toly kóp adamdardyng bitim-bolmysyn osy Týktibay tolyq elestetedi.

Basty keyipkerding kórkem shyndyqpen daralanuy roman kompozisiyasynyng tútas jelisindegi sujettik bólikter arqyly jý­zege asyrylghan. Týktibay roman je­li­sin­degi is-әreketterinen qazaq úghymyndaghy quys keude pen­deshilik shenberinde ghana ómir sýre­tin­derding it tirlik bolmysy an­gha­rylady. Ómir boyy tek qaraqan ba­sy­nyng qamymen ózining ghana aman boluyn oi­laytyn, janyn saqtap qalu ýshin ózin qor­shaghan adamdardyng qa­py­syn tauyp, amal-aylamen kýnkórisin qam­ta­ma­syz etudi, sol jolda sәti týsse, eshkimdi de aya­maytyn, qa­ty­gezdik, qanisherlik әre­ket­terden tayyn­bay­tyn jauyzdyq qa­siyet­teri túla boyynda tú­tasqan jandardyng bolmysy osy Týk­tibaydyng sipatynan angharylady.

Týktibay - ózining jeke basynyng ghana qamyn oilaushy quys keudelerding jinaq­talghan túlghasy desek te, jazushy onyng balasy Erdәulet, tughan jeri, atamekeni turaly ózine tәn qimastyq sezimderi bar ekendiginen de oqyrmandy habardar etedi, onyng da әieli Syrgha, úly Erdәulet ash­tyqtan óledi. Týk­ti­bay da әielin, balasyn saqtau ýshin sabylyp ta­maq izdeydi.

Roman keyipkerlerining biri Órimbay da Týktibay tektes bolmysymen beynelengen. Qazaq auylyndyghy "... búrynghy by - Órim­bay" (9-bet) roman oqighalary je­li­sin­de Ke­nes ókimetining zorlyq-zom­by­lyq­ta­ryna úshy­raghan halyq ókilderi qa­ta­rynda kórinedi. Týk­ti­baydyng "bolystyng pe­shirligine iliguine de septigi tiygen Órim­bay­dyn" ashtyqpen betpe-bet kelgendegi qauqarsyz jaghdayy da rea­liys­tik bol­my­symen kóringen. Biraq, ashtyq­tan bireuding ýiindegi astyghyn, tyghylghan qoy­madaghy asyl tastardy iyelenu arqyly ghana ash­tyq­tan qútyludy oilaghan Órim­bay­dyng piy­ghyly onyng ishki jan dilin aiqyn­day­dy.

Romandaghy basty keyipkerlerding biri Qa­bysh ta qazaq ortasyndaghy halyq óki­line tәn shynayy bolmysymen bey­ne­len­gen. Auyl-aymaqqa "Kirme Qabysh". "Kedey Qabysh", "Shashty Qabysh" ata­nuy­men de belgili edi. Sebebi, Sary­ar­qa­daghy babalary bir jútta Syr boyyna auyp kelip, keyin osy Qabyshtyng ata-anasy osy ónirde qa­lyp qoyypty. Ómir boyy "Kirme Qabysh" aty qalmaghan ol dәuleti shalqyghan Sa­typ­aldy baydyng eng senimdi qyzmetkeri bolady. Qa­bysh - qazaq auy­lyn­daghy enbegi men aqyly arqasynda adal ómir sýrgen halyq ókilining jinaqtalghan túlghasy. Ózi jas­ta­yynan jal­shysy bolghan Satypaldy baygha adal­dy­­ghy­nan ómir boyy ainymaydy. Sa­typaldy bay ózine adal qyzmet etken Qa­bysh­qa zor senim artady, jat elge at­tanar­da da jighan-tergen dýniye-mýlikterining eng ba­gha­­lylaryn, onyng ishinde altyn-kýmis asyl tastaryn amanat etip qaldyrady. Qabysh Jynghyldysay degen jerden arnayy jer­kepe qazyp, baghaly zattardy soghan jasy­rady.

Qoymanyng bar ekenin tek jary Mә­diy­nagha ghana aitqan onyng osy isi Týktibaydyng aram­za­lyq әreketining jýzege asuyna se­bepker bolady.

Romanda birneshe әielding beyne­le­nuin oqiy­myz. Eng kórnektisi - Qabysh­tyng jary - Mәdina. Mәdina - qazaq әielining ru­ha­ny әlemin tany­ta­tyn beyne. Qazaq auylyndaghy qa­ra­pa­yym sharualardyng biri Uәiisting otba­syn­da dýniyege kelgen Mәdina - ata-ana­synyng jәne aghasy Júmabekting ys­tyq yqylasyna bólenip ósken qyz. Mә­dinanyng balalyq, boy­jetken­dik shaq­tardaghy qalyp­tasuynda әkesi Uә­yisting sharuasyna myghym tiyanaq­ty­lyghy, sol arqyly jamaghayyny bay Sa­typaldynyng eng senimdi kisisine ainal­gha­ny, sheshesi Shamshattyng ot­ba­sy taz­a­ly­ghy men taghamdarynyng dәm­di­ligin, qo­naq­jaylyqty ústanghan bәi­bishelik bol­mysy aghasy Júmabek pen jen­gesi Zey­nep­ting tәlimgerlik-tәr­biye­shilik taghy­ly­my, t.b.  qazaqtyng últtyq óne­geli ústanymdardyng keyipker túl­gha­synyng daralana qalyptasuyna mol әser etkenin sezinemiz. Boyjetken Mә­dina qúda týsushi talay­lardyng esh­qay­sysyna emes, Satyp­aldy bay­dyng qol­qa­lauymen, el azamaty Qa­bysh­qa jar bolu baqytyn iyelenedi.

Romannyng ýsh bóligindegi sujettik bó­likterde Mәdinanyng jary Qabysh­pen birge tamaq izdep sabylghan sәt­te­rin de, qa­uip-qaterlermen (ash adam­dar­dyng sha­buy­ly, jardan qúlap ketu qaupi, t.b.) betpe-bet kelgeni de, kýieui jauyz Týk­ti­bay­dyng qolynan qapyda qaza tap­qandaghy jan kýizelisi de, kýie­uin Týk­ti­bay­dyng óltir­genin bilmey ash­tyqtan qú­tylu mәj­býr­liginen alayaq­qa aldanyp, oghan әiel­dikke kónip qor bolghany da - bәri de bolmys shyn­­d­yghy túrghysynda beynelen­gen. Eng sonynda jasyrylghan qoyma kiltin Týk­­tibaygha berip, altyn­dar­dy iye­lengen ja­uyzgha erip, jat elge kele jatqan әielding tra­gediyalyq hal-ahualy qayshylyqty tagh­dyr tәlkegining shynayy kelbetin elestetedi.

Romannyng basty keyipkerleri men qorshaghan qoghamdyq-әleumettik ortany tú­­tastyryp túrghan iydeyalyq-kom­po­ziy­siya­lyq jeli - tiri bolyp ómir sýru ýshin arpalys. Osy maqsat jolynda qogham­dyq-әleumettik me­mlekettik bas­qaru jýiesining býkil bol­my­sy aiqyn­dalghan. Romannyng kór­kemdik týiini - tirshilik qozgha­ly­syn­da aram­zalyqpen ómir sýretinderding aqyry adal niyetti adamdardyng qarghy­sy­nan bәribir it ólim­men óletinin, tarih betinde mәn­gilik abyroysyz ataqpen atalatynyn dәleldeu.

"Qúpiya qoyma" romany - ómir qoz­­gha­lysyndaghy adam jan әlemining aluan týrli qúbylystaryn jan-jaqty qam­tuy­men erekshelenetin shygharma. Epikalyq tuyndydaghy psihologiyalyq taldau­lar­men beynelengen keyipkerler jan әlemine tәn qarama-qayshylyqty qa­siyetter, qúby­lys­tar egizdelgen qa­rym-qatynastar da, kónil-kýy qo­bal­julary, tebirenisteri de su­retkerlik tanymmen qamtylghan. Ro­man­nyng tútas jelisinde psihologiyalyq egiz­deuler ýnemi órile qoldanylghan. Keyip­ker­ler­ding ishki sezimderi men qorshaghan әleu­mettik-túrmystyq ortanyng ta­bighat qú­bylystarymen, kórinisterimen qa­tarlas egizdele beynelenui shy­ghar­ma­nyng kór­kemdik sipatyndaghy әser­li­lik­ti damyta, kýsheye týskendey sabaq­tasyp otyrady. Ókimetting qughyn-sýr­gini, es jighyzbay sypyryp-siyr­ghan alym-salyghy, iship-jeuge eshtenesi qalmay ashtyqtan bú­ra­lyp dalada da, ýiinde de ólip jat­qan­dar, jýrek jal­ghar­lyq tamaq izdep sa­byl­­ghan­dar, t.b. barlyghynyng da tabighat kel­­be­timen de egizdele órilgendey әser­men bey­nelenui romannyng psiy­ho­lo­giya­lyq tal­daumen órilgen kom­po­ziy­siya­syn­daghy shy­­nayy estetikalyq symbatty tanytady.

Psihologiyalyq-әleumettik ro­man­darda adam men tabighat qúb­ylys­tary­nyng egizdelui - ómir qozghalysynyng kórkem shyndyqpen beynelenuindegi klas­sikalyq ýrdis. Álem әdebiyetindegi klas­sikalyq shygharmalarda adam men tabighat qúbylystaryn egizdey bey­neleuler ar­qy­ly Jaratushy Allanyng núry arqyly payda bolghan, ósken-ór­kendegen ghalam­dyq-gharyshtyq tir­shi­lik qoz­ghalysynyng úly zan­dylyghy ne­gizge alynady. Romanda keyipkerlerding jan әlemindegi ekiúday kónil-kýy se­zim­deri qayshylyqtaryn jarystyra, egizdeu beyneleulerge de oryn be­ril­gen. My­saly, Týktibaydyng jan dý­niye­sin­degi qay­shylyqty kónil-kýy saryn­daryn sa­ralauda onyng auyryp jat­qan­da kór­gen týsindegi pende Týk­tibay men peshir Týktibaydyng pikir­sayysy arqyly onyng osy sәtke deyingi sýrgen ómirining jaq­sylyghy da, jamandyghy da tara­zyl­a­na­dy. Al, Qabyshtyng jary Mә­dinagha qú­mart­qan aram pighylyn halyq any­zyn­daghy batyr Qahardyng súlu jaryna nәpsisi qozghandyghyn al­tyn ar­qy­ly bildirgen hannyng isharatty әre­ketin bayandap, ózi de altyn úsynuy da Týk­tibay tektes jarmaq kónildi, ekijýzdi súr­qiyalar kelbetin jinaqtap eles­te­tedi. Jazushy keyipker psiho­lo­giya­syn­daghy ekiúday qa­siyetterdi saralauda halyq dilinen tu­yn­daghan tәsilderdi útymdy paydalanghan.

Roman bólimderindegi negizgi iydeya­lyq jelini qúraytyn avtorlyq bayan­daular da, ke­yipkerlerding dia­logtary men mo­nologtary da, tabighat pen adam jan әle­min tútastyra tanytatyn suret­teu­ler de - bәri de shygharma arqa­uyn­daghy kórkem shyndyq týiin­deulerin andatady. Taghdyrdyng auyr sy­naghy tura kelgende adamdardyng әraluan minez-qúlyq qasiyet­terine sәikes әreke­t­te­rimen tanylatyny realistikpen saralanghan.

Qoryta aitqanda, kórnekti jazushy Adam Mekebaevtyng "Qúpiya qoyma" romany - qazirgi qazaq әdebiyeti da­muynyng әlemdik klassikalyq sóz óneri kórsetkishterimen dengeyles sipatyn tanytatyn tuyndy. Tәuelsiz Qazaq­stannyng jana әdebiyeti halqymyzdyng basynan ótken qiyn-qystau kezender shyndyghyn әleumettik psihologiyalyq taldaular ayasynda kórkem shyndyqpen beynelegen osynday shygharmalar ar­qyly úrpaqtardyng tarihy sanasyn, últtyq-otanshyldyq zerdesin tәrbiye­leydi. Qazaq últynyng ózin-ózi saq­­tauy, mәngilik bolashaqta da sal­ta­nat qúra damuy jana buyn úrpaqtardyng kór­kem­dik oilauyn damytu osynday shy­ghar­malar arqyly jýzege asatyny aqiqat.

«Egemen Qazaqstan», №386-388 (25785) 24 QARAShA SEYSENBI 2009 JYL