AQYNDYQ ÓNERI

(1867-1922)

Qazaq әdebiyeti tarihynda ózindik qoltanbasy qalghan aqyndyq ónerding óren jýirigi: aitysker, suyryp salma - improvizator, sazger, әnshi Áset Naymanbayúly - naghyz segiz qyrly ónerpaz әri qaghaz betinde qalamy qatar jýitkigen sauatty aqyn.

Á. Naymanbayúly aqyndyq ónerding óren jýirigi, suyryp salma - improvizator, aqpa aqyn. Aqynnyng әn - ólenderi de, jyr - tolghaulary da әr týrli oryndaushylar arqyly birneshe núsqada jetti. Suyrypsalmalyq ýlgide tuyp, auyzsha el arasyna tarap, býgingi kýnderge jetken aqynnyng shygharmalaryn hronologiyalyq jýiege týsiru mýmkindigi shekteuli. Sol sebepti Ásetting 1968 jylghy jinaghyna kirgen 34 әn - ólen, tolghau - jyrlary men 1988 jyly jinaqqa engen 29 әn mәtini, 71 ólen, jyr - tolghaularyn qúrastyrushylar janrlyq týri, taqyryptyq ereksheligi túrghysynan toptastyrghan. Shygharmalaryn janrlyq túrghydan jikteu - aqyn talantynyng auqym - ayasyn tanytsa, taqyrybyna qaray toptastyru - zamana kýiine, әleumettik ahualgha, bolmysqa, dýniyege kózqarasyn andaugha mýmkindik beredi. Sondyqtan Áset aqyn lirikasyn tómendegidey taqyryptargha bólip, jiktep qarastyramyz.

1. Jastyq, sýiispenshilik әuenderi.
2. Óner, ghylym, din jayly aghartushylyk, didaktikalyq ólender.
3. Zamana jayyn, zaryn synshyl realizm dәstýrinde tolghaghan jyrlary, arnau ólenderi.
4. Halyq poeziyasy ýlgisindegi salt - ghýryp ólenderi.
   “Bala kezinen qissalar jattap, әigili әnshilerding әnin, jyrshylardyng asyl sózderin oy - sanasyna týiip alatyn әdetining arqasynda, Áset óz ólenderine әn shyghara bastady. Aqan serinin, Birjannyn, Qúltumanyng súlu sazdy әnderin Bayjigit eline jetkizushi, taratushy Ásetting әnshiligi akyndyghynan kem emes”.

“Ýlken Ardaq”, “Kishi Ardaq”, “Qarakóz” 1-2 týri, “Gauhar qyz”, “Jeldirme”, “Maqpal” siyaqty әnderin aqyn jas bozbala shaghynda shygharghan. Sonyng biri - Áset aqynnyng әdeby muzykalyq múrasyn qarastyrghan A. Júbanovtyn  “Zamana búlbúldary”, S. Elamanova (Tórt tomdyq qazaq ensiklopediyasy “Áset Naymanbaev”), D. Dýisenova (Tvorchestvo Aseta Naymanbaeva), qazaq әnining tarihy, zertteluin, týbegeyli sóz etken Q. Júbanov, A. Zataevich, A. Júbanov, T. Bekqojina, B. Erzakovich, Z. Janúzaqova, Á. Bayghaskina, B. Amanov, A. Qúnanbaeva, Á. Múhambetova, B. Qaraghúlov, S. Elamanova siyaqty ghalymdardyng muzykalyq múralardy taldaugha baylanysty úsynghan ozyq nizamdaryn paydalanu - Ásetting muzykalyq múrasyn zertteu arqauynyng shiray týsuine septesken bolar edi.

Shygharmashylyq tolysu shaghy XIX ghasyrdyng sony men XX ghasyrdyng basyndaghy tarihy alasapyran kezenine tap kelgen Áset aqyn múrasy sol dәuir tudyrghan әdebiyettegi dәstýr ýrdisin damytugha ýles qosyp, el ómirin, әleumet túrmysyn, tarih tauqymetin óleng tolghaularyna arqau etti. Akynnyng synshyldyghy aghartushylyq iydeyasymen úshtasyp jatyr. Nadandyktyng syry jalqaulyqta ekenin dóp basqan aqyn iydeyasy -ayqyn.

Al qazaq, malyng da kóp, sәning de kóp,

Osynshama boldyng eken nege erinshek?

Qomsynyp kóp qorlaydy basqa halyq,

Óster me edik ónerdi kóp ýirensek?...

dep, óner - bilimnen kende qalghan halqynyng ar - namysyn korghau, әr elge bodan bolmay, otarlyq, ezgiden qútyludyng joly birlikte, ghylym, óner ýirenude ekenin jastargha ósiyet, ghibrat retinde aitady.

Óner ýiren, keudendi órge sýire,

Endigi jas, bolmandar tym erinshek...

Oqyp bilim paydalan, bireuge úqtyr,

Álinshe din mellatqa payda júqtyr.

Oqymay bos qalamyz biz nesine?

Bilimdi ozghan kisi bәri ózindey

Ayaq, qol, bayqap qara kelbetine,

dep, oqu - bilimdi, ónerdi el iygiligine júmsau kerektigin, oqu men ónerding talaptanghan, talpynghan jastyng múratyna jetkizer dara joly ekenin kersetedi. Áset ghylym jayly tolghanghanda qazaq poeziyasynda XVIII ghasyrdan beri nasihat, ýgit ýlgisinde aitylyp kele jatkan belgili jaylardy da termelep, tәmsildep, keyde tyng tosyn teneu, tirkes tauyp, tereng oy týiindeydi. Mysaly:

Ghylymmen tәn tazaryp jandanady

* * *

Ghylym qu, jan tamyryn terbetuge

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Perdesi adamzattyng – ghylym shatyr

* * *

Arasyn ghylym búldap asyldaydy

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Bolghanda ghylym – dariya , oqu – órnek

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Ghylym – dos, aqyl – qanat, talap – serik

* * *

Ghylym degen imannyng bir kilti bar.

Óner - ghylym aqyn shygharmalarynyng basty taqyryby boluy zandy. Áset aqyn shygharmalaryndaghy óner, bilim, mahabbat taqyrybyn, sayasy -әleumettik mәselelerdi sóz etkende – Abay poeziyasynan bastau alghan mazmúnnyng keyingi aqyndargha ortaqtyghyn, Ásetting de sol taqyryp, sol kórkemdikti iygerudegi ózindik talpynysyn kóremiz.

Áset "Ghylym – dos, aqyl – qanat, bilim – serik" degen óleninde:

"Ghylym tappay maqtanba" degen qayda ?

Talay ghibrat, tәmsil sóz búryn ótti,

Biz sonyng búl ghasyrda ornyn bastyq,

Tauarih kitabynda maghlúm bolghan,

Ghibratyn bayan qylyp elge shashtyq, –

dep, aldyndaghy ýlgi  shashqan oqymystylar men aqyndardy  ónege tútady. Áset shygharmalaryna ómirlik ózek bolghan taqyryp - óner, bilim, ghylym taqyryby. Óz boyynan әnshilik, aqyndyq, sazgerlik, baluandyq siyaqty ónerding aluan týri tabylghan sauatty aqyn óner, bilim, ghylymnyng ómirdegi ólsheusiz narqyn erekshe nasihattaydy. Óner, kәsip qumay, oku - bilimge talpynbay, et pen qymyzgha bórtip, dau - shar quyp, bir - birining malyn talap, barymtalap "kýnshildikpen kýni ótken mas elinin" siqyna keyip, namysyn oyatpaq niyette:

Qulyq, súmdyq, bas qamy baqqanymyz,

Qyz ben qymyz qydyryp tapqanymyz, –

dep synay otyryp, úiqy, erinshek, nadandyq, maskýnemdik jaylap "Bilgenge ermey, bilimge kónil bólmey", "qamdanbay, qarap qalghan qazaq sorlynyn" kýiin:

Qazaqtyng osy kýngi kópshiligi,

Ayyryldy kiyer kiyim, isher astan.

Ayyrylyp ata - qonys mal - mýlkinen,

Aqyry bir shybynday jan dep qashqan, –

dep, otarlyq ezgige amalsyz boysúnghan halqynyn boykýiezdigine nalidy. "Kýizelgen el, jyghylghan tudy kórmey, bir - birine әli qas júrttyng arasynda", "Bir adam zamanadan habary joq", "Birlik joq, yntymaq joq, әdildik joq", óitkeni, "Qazaq qamyn oilaghan kising bar ma?", bәrining "Bilgeni, izdegeni óz qúlqy". "Men - danyshpan degender de tolyp jatyr, Kózi ashyq ónerpazdar bilim shashpay" dep, aqyn halyqqa jol kórsetip, "aqyl salar azamattar qayda?" dep, qamyghady. Eskilikke, kertartpalyqqa qarsy túrghan aqyn halyqty enbekke, óner - bilimge úmtylugha shaqyrady. Tipti, onyng ótkir syngha qúrylghan shygharmalarynyng ózinde halyq ómirining kókeykesti mәselelerine jauap beruge tyrysu aiqyn seziledi. Onyng shygharmalaryndaghy narazylyq aghartushy aqynnyng arman - maqsattarymen úshtasyp jatady. Abay ýrdisin ýlgi tútqan Áset aqynnyng óleninde óz kezenining ómir shyndyghyn tanytuda ótkirligi basym.

Áset aqyn ólenderining kóbi nasihat, tәmsil ýlgisinen ómir, adam tirshiligining mәni, jaqsy men jaman, asyl men jasyq, adaldyq pen zalymdyq siyaqty ómirde adam - pende boyynda kezdesetin kereghar qasiyetterdi salystyra   termeleu, allegoriyalyq tәsilde suretteu arqyly mәngilik mәnin joymas zandylyqtardy sipattaugha kóteriledi. "Tәmsil", "Jas jigit nadandyqpen aldanady", "Jan fәny dýniyeden aqyrda ólmek", "Sabazdar sanasy joq satylyp jýr", "Shynshyl bol, shyqpa joldan, shydamdy bol", "Adamzat dýnie quyp qartayady", t.b. óleng - termeleri imandylyq, adamgershilik jaylardy da qamtiy-dy.

XIX ghasyrdyng sony men XX ghasyrdyng basyndaghy qazaq әdebiyetining ókili Áset aqynnyng diny - didaktikalyq túrghydaghy ólenderi kezinde iydeologiya saldarynan jinalmay, jariyalanbay keldi. Áset óz ómirinde arab -parsyshany ýirenip, islam dinin jiliktep zerttegen siyaqty. El aralap jýrgende de bay - manaptardy, diny ghúlamalardy óz sózine ilandyryp, adaldyqty, pәktikti, qayyrymdylyqty ýzdiksiz ýgittep otyrghan aqyn dindi uaghyzdaghan joq, dinning aq jolyn qoghamnyng damu kózine ainaldyrudy múrat tútqan. Ásetting 1968, 1988 jyldardaghy jinaqtarynda dinge qatysty ólenderi engizilmegen. Zaman kózqarasy tudyrghan pikirler Ásetting din taqyrybyndaghy ólenderin әdiletsiz synady. Dýmshe moldany synau, dindi synau dep kórneu búrmalandy. "Júldyz" jornalynyng 1995 jylghy №1 sanynda Qytay Halyq Respublikasynda túratyn Asqar IYgenúly jinap, "Ásetting belgisiz ólenderi" degen taqyryppen toptap jariyalaghan ólenderining ishinde "Ya alla, hamdu sana kóp ibatyn" dep bastalatyn óleni – taza diny taqyryptaghy payghambarlardy dәripteytin úzaq ólen. Din tarihyn, sharighat qaghidalaryn bilu osy kezeng aqyndarynyng basty maqsaty boldy. Aqyn ólenderindegi diny - didaktikalyq saryn búrynghy jyraulardyng tolghaularyndaghydan kem emes. Mysaly:

Iman qajet bolmaydy keybir nasqa,

Malym aman bolsyn der, ýsh - tórt týlik.

Qajy barmas, malynan zeket bermes,

Qayyrsyz nadan baydyng bәri de ólik, –

dep, imansyzdardy әshkereleydi.

Aqyn ólenderining bir parasy – arnau ólenderi. Ár týrli ortada, әr týrli jaghdaygha baylanysty ekspromtpen tughan arnaular birde әzil - syqak, әjuә - qaljyng retinde tuyp jatsa, keyde el ortasynyng dau - sharyn bitistiruden әleumettik taqyrishtargha deyin kóterilgen. Syn - syqaq týrindegi arnau ólenderining deni adam boyyndaghy jaghymsyz minezderdi әshkereleuge arnalyp, ekijýzdilik, jylpostyq, qulyq, jalqaulyq siyaqty kelensizdikter aqyn nazarynan tys qalmaghan. Tórtuyl Aqbolattyng bii Kәripke:

Kýn qaqty súr sholaqsyng shyr bitpegen,

Órt óshirgen nemedey týr bitpegen.

Araqkesh, apiynkesh - ónkey saytan,

Kesel  ghoy mal men basty órbitpegen –

dese, Mәmbet ishindegi Tumataydyng bolysy Otynshygha ózining tilegi boyynsha:

Janynda Ótekemning altyn pyshaq,

Tórt Mәmbetti aldyng ghoy taydap túsap.

Tórt Mәmbetti alsang da tayday  túsap,

Jan - jaghyndy qoymadyng tajalgha úsap, –

dep, bir auyz ólenmen syn aitypty. Aqyn arnaularynda jenil әjua - yumor, kópshik qoya otyryp, kemshiligin kórsetu siyaqty ironiyalyq shumaqtar da kezdesedi.

Áset aqyn "Adamnyng jasy jóninde" degen óleninde bes jastan jýz jasqa deyingi jas shama kezenderin on - on bes, jiyrma - jiyrma bes, otyz, qyryq, elu dep eki tarmaqpen qayyryp ýstirt aityp shyqsa, "Jas shama" óleninde on jastan, jiyrma jasqa deyingi kezenderdi sanamalap balalyq, jastyq shaq ereksheligine, әr jasqa jeke toqtalyp, filosofiyalyq tújyrymdar jasaydy. "Balalar on jasynda qúlyndaysyn; on bir men on ekide sabaq oqyp; on ýsh pen on tórtinde taghlym alyp; on beske jetkennen song bir oy týsip; jetkende on altygha ótkirlenip", t.s.s. Jyraulyq poeziyada sheshendik sózderde әr kezenge beriletin bagha, teneu kóbinese úqsas bolyp kelse, Áset tyng teneuler tauyp, әr jas kezenning qasiyetin tereng asha týsedi, oghan jalpygha ortaq maghyna ýsteydi.

On jasta:

Úzaqtay jazghytúry shuyldaysyn,

On altyda:

Bizindey etikshining jylmyndaysyn,

Baqsynyng jana peri jynyndaysyn.

On segiz ben on toghyzda:

Jibekting qyzyl - jasyl núryndaysyn,

Jiyrmada sary altynnyng buyndaysyn,

Tasyghan Ýsh Tentekting suyndaysyn.

Bar bolsa sýieginde, órge jýzip,

Saqpannyng tasynday bop zyryldaysyn.

Jas mólsherining ózine tәn sipatyn, әr kezenning bolmysyn, qaytalanbas qasiyetin, shynshyldyqpen shynayy suretteytin aqyn ólenderi – ómir turaly jyry, ósiyeti, nasihaty, didaktikalyq tolghaulary.

Aqyn halyq túrmysyndaghy eski salt - sanagha, jaramsyz әdet - ghúrypqa da syn kózimen qaraghan. Qazaq túrmysyndaghy auyr indetke ainalghan qalyng mal dәstýrin jәne onyng auyr zardaptaryn synap, әli sәby jas balalardy da atastyryp qoyatyn әdetin әshkereleydi.

Balasyn besiktegi atastyryp,

Artqy daudy qoyady shatastyryp,

Ol bala óledi me, ósedi me,

Qarlyghashtay qylmenen matastyryp.

Jynysyn malgha satqan malghún minez,

Osynyng esing bolsa, obalyn sez.

Nanbasang ayat sózin abaylandar,

Saudanyng bәri haram, kórmese kóz.

"Qúdalyq turaly" degen óleninde de osy oiyn damytyp: "Mal ýshin qúda bolar sәby úlgha" dep balasynyng bolashaghynan góri qalyng mal bolashaghyn oilaghan nadan minezdi aiyptap:

Sýiikti bútaghyna býrlep shyqqan,

Qúrmetti jemisindi ysyrap qylma, –

dep uaghyzdaydy.

Á. Naymanbayúly múrasynyng kólemdi bir salasy – qissa – dastandary. Suyrypsalmalyq ónerding talantty ókili halyq  jadyndaghy qyzyqty anyz, oqighalardy, shyghys әdebiyetinen kelgen sujet jelilerin, diny - uaghyzdyq hikayalardy janghyrta jyrlap, XIX ghasyrdyng sony men XX ghasyr basyndaghy qazaq әdebiyetindegi dәstýr ýrdisine say kóptegen epikalyq shygharmalar tudyrdy. Áset aqynnyng baspa betin kórgen dastandary:

1. Shyghystyng ertegilik, anyzdyq sipattaghy adamgershilik, adaldyq, sertke beriktik, ghashyqtyq, erlik, óner taqyrybyn kótergen kissalary: "Aghash at", "Barat  qyz","Er Sherizat",  "Ýsh jetim qyz" , "Ýsh balanyng әngimesi" .
2. Diny - uaghyzdyq sipattaghy Múhammed (gh. s.) payghambar múghjizasyn dәripteytin "Fransuz patshasynyng balasy" qissasy.
3. Abay ýlgisinde jyrlaghan "Evgeniy Onegiyn" atty
   nәziralyq tuyndysy.
4. Monghol halqy ómirinen jyrlaghan, ghashyqtyq taqyrybyndaghy "Saliha - Sәmen" dastany.
5. Qazaq dalasyndaghy otarlyq ozbyrlyqqa qarsy qayrat kórsetken er túlghasyn dәripteytin "Keshubay" dastany.

Birinshi, ekinshi toptaghy shygharmalardy tek qissalary dep atau sebebimiz: kissa - arab, dastan - parsy sózi bolghanymen sinonim emes. Qissa – әngime, ertegi mysal degen úghymdy bildirse, dastan - tarihy әngime, batyrlar jyry úghymynda koldanylady.

Qoryta aitqanda, Áset aqyn – XX ghasyr basyndaghy qazaq aqyndaryna tәn demokrattyq - aghartushylyq aghymdaghy oilaryn, diny -didaktikalyq uaghyzdaryn t.b. aluan taqyryptardy óz shygharmalaryna ózek etip, ólenmen órgen aqyn әri qazaq әn óner tarihynda óz qoltanbasymen qalghan tendessiz sazger, әnshi retinde halyq jadynda mәngi qalary dausyz.

Paydalanghan әdebiyetter:

1. Qojaghúl S. Áset aqyn. –Almaty: Qazaq tarihy, 2003 j. –144 bet.
2. Múhamedhanov Q. Abaydyng aqyn shәkirtteri. 3-k.-Almaty: Dәuir, 1995 j. –320 bet.
3. Naymanbaev Á. Shygharmalar. –Almaty: Jazushy, 1988 j. –304 bet.
4. Jarmúhamedov M. Aytys. –Almaty: QSSR «Bilim» qoghamy, 1990 j. -52 bet.
5. Dýisenbaev Y.T. Epos jәne aqyndar múrasy. –Almaty: Ghylym, 1987 j. .
6. Júmaliyev Q. HVIII–HIH ghasyrlardaghy qazaq әdebiyeti. –Almaty,1967. –B. 134 bet.

Erik Omarghaliyev,

Semeyding tarihiy-ólketanu muzeyining ghylymy qyzmetkeri

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