Ýisinder qazaq halqynyng negizin qalaghan ejelgi taypalardyng biri. Olar tarihy dәuirlerde negizinen alghanda kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanghan, san salaly sharuashylyqtyng damuyna baylanysty, birte-birte jartylay otyryqshy túrmys keshirgen. Songhy kezderde olardyng әr kezende qonystanyp ómir ótkizgen mekenderinde jýrgizilgen arheologyalyq qazyndylardan tabylghan zattyq búiymdar men jazba derekter múny aighaqtaydy. Tómende Ýisinderding tegi jәne olardyng tarihta qonystanghan jerleri, sonday-aq Saqtarmen, Qazaqtarmen bolghan qatysy jóninde toqtalamyz.

Erekshe ýlken Ýisin qabiri (biyiktigi 20 metr, etegining ainalasy 350 metr) Kýnes audany, Kýnes aq qoy fermasy. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

1. Dahata ýisinderi

Ýisinderding ertede elimizdegi Hyshy karidorynyng batys jaghyn, yaghny qazirgi Dahata (Dúnhuan) men Shýlen (Chiliyanshan) tauynyng aralyghyn qonystanyp, kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanatyn shaghyn el ekendigi bizge qadym zaman jazbalarynan mәlim. Tarihy jazbalar.Ferghana shejiresi», «Hannama.Batys ónir shejiresi» qatarly jazbalar Ýiisinderding mәn-jayy turaly egjey-tegjeyli mәlimet beredi. Ol kezde Jýzder men Ghúndar Ýisinderding shyghysyna qonystanghan. Han patshalyghynyng (jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 206 jyldan jyl sanauymyzdyng 220 jylyna deyin biylik jýrgizgen patshalyq) batys jaghyndaghy ru-taypalar sol zamandaghy jazba derekterde jalpylama «Númdar» degen atpen әliptelgen. Qazaq tarihyn úzaq jyldar zerttegen әigili tarihshy ghalym Su Beyhay búlardy «Guajoulyq Númdar, Inshing Númdary jәne Saqtar» dep ataydy da, osylardyng barlyghy jergilikti túrghyndar edi dep jazady (1). Ýisinderding shyghys jaghyndaghy qazirgi Janiye, Juchuan ónirin mekendegen Jýzder batysqa qaray ýzdiksiz irge keneytip Guajudy (qazirgi Dúnhuandy) mekendep otyrghan Saqtardy tarpa bassalyp ózderine qaratyp alady. Sonymen ol Saqtar tarihta «Guajulyq Númdar» dep atalady. Japonyalyq Bayniyau Koujy «Ýisinder turaly zertteuler» degen enbeginde: Jýzder jaulap alghan IYúnshing Númdary – Ýisinder, IYúnshiyang degenimiz «Ýisin» esimining ekinshi bir týrli audaryluy,  – deydi. Sonymen guajulyq Númdar-Saqtar, IYúnshing Númdary-Ýisinder bolyp shyghady. Jang Shujie «Tarihy jazbanyng dúrys mazmúny» degen enbeginde: «Ýisinder jaulasqan bektikter dәuirinde (jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 221-275 jyldar) Guajudi qonystanghan dep jazady. Guang Húnming jinaghynyng 27-shi tomynda «Saqtar әsili IYúnshing Númdary, búrynnan Dúnhuandy (yaghny Guajudi) mekendep keledi›› degen derek bar, búl derek pen Bayniyau-Koujiyding bergen deregine qaraghanda, Saqtarda, Ýisinderde IYúnshing Númmdary bolyp shyghady. Sonda «IYúnshiyn» degenimiz zatynda jer aty ma, әlde ru aty ma? Búl jóninde «Syhaydyn» (sóz shalqary) 172-shi betinde: «Guaju – ertedegi jer aty, Chúnchu dәuirinde (jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 476-770 jyldar) ol jerdi «IYún » familiyaly «Númdar qonystanghan» dep jazylghan. IYún (允) әrpining familiya ekendigin beyneleu ýshin astyna salmaq belgisin (–) qoyypty. Bizding biluimizshe, songhy kezderdegi siyaqty ol kezdegi taypalarda familiya qoldanu әdeti bolmaghan. Egerde qoldanghan delinetin bolsa, onda ol beyne Engelistin: «Irgeles taypalar manayyndaghy taypagha sol taypanyng ózin-ózi atap jýrgen atynan ózgeshe at berip otyratyn bolghan» (2) dep aitqanynday, sol kezdegi kórshilerining yaghny familiyasyn óz atynyng aldyna qoyatyn hanzu, t.b. halyqtardyng óz әdetterinshe «IYúndy» familiya, «Númdy» aty dep úghyp, Ýisinderdi IYúnshing Númgha ózgertip alghan. Engelistin: «Rudyng belgili bir esimderi nemese birneshe úqsas esimderi bolady›› (3) degenindey, biz Saq, Ýisin degen eki taypanyng ekeui de sol jerde bolghan degennen kóri, Ýisinder Saq tektes bolghandyqtan ózderin ózgelerge keyde Saq, keyde Ýisin dep tanystyrghan dep aitsaq jón sekildi. Óitkeni, birinshiden, Guaju Númdary men IYúnshing Númdary degenderding qonystanghan jerleri eki týrli atalghanymen, is jýzinde búl jer – qazirgi Dúnhuan; ekinshiden, jazba materialdardan biz Saqtar turaly tek sol kezdegi Jýzderding Saqtardy jaulap alghandyghymen keyin Jýzder jaghynan Batysqa eriksiz qonys audarghandyghyn kóre alamyz. Biraq «Ýisin turaly zertteu» (Shynjang halyq baspasy, Ýrimji, 1989 j.) degen kytaptyng 146-betinde audarushy jaghynan «Shúnjidyng búl kózqarasy tarih ghylymy salasynda joqqa shygharylghan bolatyn» dep eskertu jazuyna qaraghanda, búl jazba materialdy senimsiz dep qarap professor Su Beyhaydyng «Sovettik Linunskiyde Saqtar men Ýisinder bir halyq dep qaraydy» (4) degen qúptauyna qosylamyz.

Ýisinderding bas sýiek qanqasy. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

Batys Númdar dep atalghan Saqtar nemese Ýisinder Guaju ónirin, anyghyraq aitqanda, jazbalarda ýnemi sóz bolatyn Dúnhuang men Chiliyanshan tauy ónirin mekendegen, biraq olar osy jerding tuma túrghyndary emes. Saqtar nemese Ýisinder Dúnhuang men Chiliyanshan tauynyng aralyghyn mekendedi dep alghash ahbar bergen Sy Machiyannyng «Tarihy jazbalary» men Ban Guding «Hannamasy». Búl jazbalar jeke-jeke jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 104 jyl men jyl sanauymyzdyng 62-82 jyldary jazylghan. Sy Machiyannyng Ýisinder turaly mәlimeti onyng et qúlaghymen estip jazyp alghan tól materialy emes. Kerisinshe, Jang Chiyannyng Han Udy patshagha Ýisinder turaly Ghúndardan estip-bilgederin aitqan sózinen jazyp alghan. Ýitkeni ol kezde Ýisinder Ile ózeni alabyna qayta oralyp oryn teuip, «beldi elge» ainalghan kezi edi. «Hannama» keyintinnen búl materialdardy qaytadan óndegen, keybir jerlerin keyin úghysqan ahualgha qaray tolyqtaghan. Al Saqtar turaly derek anyz ispetti kitap «Mutiyanzynyng ómir bayany» degen enbekten mәlim. Saq taypalary elimizding ejelgi Númdarynda «Sayjún», «Shyjyn», «Shyja» bolyp tanbalanghan, meyli Saq dep nemese Ýisin dep atalsyn, osy ru-taypalar ilgerindi-keyindi Ile ózeni alabyna qotaryla kóshkenge deyin, sol Dúnhuang men Chiliyanshan ónirinde jasaghany anyq, sondyqtan da biz Saqtar nemese Ýisinder jogharyda aitylghan ónirge belgili bir ónirden, atap aitqanda, qazirgi Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni alabynan óris keneytip barghan dep qaraymyz.

Torsyq tektes ydys. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

2. Jetisu – Ile ózeni alaby Ýisinderi

«Saqtar jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi VIII ghasyrdan song Europa-Aziya qúrylghynyng belgili ónirinde payda bolyp, tili jaghynan tuysqan, mәdeniyeti jaghynan jaqyn ru-taypalardan qalyptasqan taypalar birlestigi (5). Búlar qazirgi zamanghy jazbalarda Saqtar dep atalghan. Ahemend Irannyng syna jazu tekisterinde, onyng ishinde Nakshiro istemdegi jazuynda osy Saqtardyng ýsh toby aitylghan. Olar mynalar: Haomovarga (harmo ishimdigin óndiretin) Saqtar; Paradariya (dariyanyng yaghny tenizding arjaghyndaghy) Saqtar jәne Itgrahauda Saqtary asqa tagh, isse don jәne arimasyp ru-taypalarynan qúralghan. Asqa tagh ru-taypalary Shu ózeni men Talas ózenining aralyghyn, Tiyan-shan Alatauynyng orta etegin, Isse dondar Ile ózeni alaby men Shu ózenining boyyn, shyghysta Tarbaghatay tauyna deyin sozylghan alqapty; Arimayspter Issedondardyng soltýstigin jәne soltýstik Shyghys jaghyn, Altay tauynyng Batystaghy silemderine deyin qonystanghan (6). Osy shoshaq tóbeli tymaq kiyetin Saqtar beri degende jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi V-VI ghasyrlar mólsherinde Ile ózeni alabyna kelgen (7).

Caqtar men Yysinderdi tarihy jәne arheolgyalyq jaqtan zertteuge aqyl-parasatyn sarqa júmsaghan reseylik ghalym A.N.Bernshtam: «Tәnir tauy –  Saqtar men Ýisinderding besigi» (8) degen. Elimizding jas úrpaq arheology Uang Miynjy ózining «Ile ózeni alabyndaghy Saqtar mәdeniyeti jóninde alghashqy izdenis» degen maqalasynda: «Ile ózenin ortalyq etken ónir – Saqtardyng mekeni bolghan» (9) – deydi. Osy sebepti Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni alaby Saqtardyng (Ýisinderde qamtylghan) jan-jaqqa taralu ortalyghy, Saqtar osy jerding túrghyny bolghan.

Saqtar elimizding erte zamanghy jazba derekterinde Batys ónir dep atalghan jerlerge osy aradan bytyray qonystanghan. Uaqyt óte kele olar, óte-móte Saqtar odaghy qúramyndaghy Ýisinder osy «Altyn besigi», «Atamekeni» bolghan Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni alabynan Tәnir tauynyng shyghys eki jaghyn qaptalday túrpan, Jemsary, Shonjyny basyp ótip Dúnhuan, Chiliyanyshan tauyna deyin baryp qonystanghan. «Súinama, jaghyrapiya bayanynda»: «Besbalyq (qazirgi Jemsary audany óniri) qúmdy aimaqtyng teristiginde, aldynghy Han patshalyghy túsynda Ýisinderding mekeni bolghan» dep jazyluy osynyng aighaghy. Biz osy materialdargha negizdele otyryp, Dúnhuandaghy Númdar dep atalghan Saqtar nemese Ýisinder ol jerding bayyrghy túrghyndary emes, tek qonys keneytip barghan Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni alabynyng eng ertedegi túrghyndary degen qortyndygha kelemyz.

Qortyndymyzdy mysaldar arqyly dәleldeyik: «Almaty bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi III-VII ghasyrlarda Saqtardyng qonysy bolghan... Búrynghy kishi Almatynyng boyynda, Basaryqtyng týstiginde, Esentay ózenining ong jaghynda, Medeu sayynan Ýisinning bayyrghy qabyry tabyldy»; «Almatynyng týstik jaghynan arheolog M.K.Qadyrbaev aumaghy 130 sharshy metr dóngelek alanqay tapqan... Múny shamamen bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi II-III ghasyr dýniyesi dep tanugha bolady» (10). A.N.Bernshtam 1949 jyly ortalyq Tәnir (Tiyan-shan) tauynan Arameshyt ziratyn, Tergeter ziratyn, Qaraqojyr ziratyn ashyp, búlardyng bәri bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi III-V ghasyrlarda ótken Caq, Issondardyng (bizding zamanymyzdan búrynghy Ýisinderdin) bayyrghy qabiri dep qaraghan. Ol taghy sol jyly ortalyq Tәnir tauy ónirinen Aramesht, Tergeter, Qaraqojyr, Terges, Sokorvoka, Alabaqan, Ashtóbe ónirlerinen tyng zirattar ashqan. Arameshyt Ⅱ ziratynan 11 qabir, Tergeter ziratynan 4 qabir jәne Qaraqojyr ziratynan 3 qabir bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi III-V ghasyrlarda ótken Caq, Issondar (bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi Ýisinder) zamanyna tәn dep qaraghan (11).

A.N.Bernshtam Jetisudaghy (Talas ózeninen Ile ózenine deyngi) dala qazba júmystarynyng jay-japsaryna birlestire kelip, Saq-Ýisin zamanynyng júrttaryn jyl tәrtibine qaray: bizding jyl sanauymyzgha deyyngy IV-VI asyrlar, búghan: Qarashoqy (Ile ózeni) men Shu boyyndaghy ejelgi qabirler jatady; jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi III-IV ghasyrlar, búghan: Berqara (Qaratauda) men Naryn ózeni boyyndaghy bayyrghy qabirler jatady; jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi II ghasyr men jyl sanauymyzdyng I ghasary, búghan: Berqara Ⅱ (Ile ózeni) bayyrghy qabirlary jatady dep 4 gruppagha bólgen (12). Búl qabirlerden sol dәuirlerdegi Saq, Ýisinderding qoghamdyq mәn-jәiin beyneleytin zattyq búiymdar, óte-móte, sol zaman adamdarynyng nәsil tәueldiligin aiqyn kórsetetin adamdardyng qanqalary (әsirese bas sýiekteri) tabylghan.

Sýiek biz. Monghúlkýre audany Shatydaghy qabirden tabylghan. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

Qytay Ghylym Akademiyasy Shynjang filialy etnologya institutynyng arheologya ekspedetsiyasy 1961 jyly jәne 1983-1984 jyldary qazu júmystaryn jýrgizip, Ile ózenining jogharghy alabyndaghy Ýisin eskertkishterinen Shaty, Poma, Saryqoby, Qaratóbe, Temirlik, Sudynbúlaq qatarly jerlerden 70 tey oba men Kýnes Telqara (әsili núsqada óndiris-qúrylys biyntuany (diviziyasy) 71-shi tuan (polk) Balyqshylyq alany dep aitylghan, búl jerding bayyrghy aty Telqara bolghandyqtan, tariyhqa qúrmet etu túrghysynan Telqara dep aldym) ejelgi qystau-qonys júrtyn qazyp teksergen. Telqara qystau-júrtyn bes bólekke bólip shorq (nәrse izdeu ýshin tik qazdyrylghan jer) tartyp qazghan kezde, osy júrttyng Batys jaghyna ornalasqan 3-shi bóliginen jiyny 14 kýldikting orny, 8 túrghyn ýiding izi, 3 oshaqtyng orny, bir daual tamnyng (úzyndyghy 23.84 metr,topyraqtan soghylghan) izi, 2 oba jәne bir tyndyryndy shúnqyr tabylghan. Shyghys jaqqa ornalasqan 4-shi bólekti 120 sharshy metr aumaqty qazghanda, júrttan 12 kýldikting orny, 3 oshaqtyng orny, 4 túrghyn ýiding orny jәne eki oba tabylghan. Arheolokterymyz qazyndylardy zertteu arqyly atalghan qystau-qonystyng júrty Qazaqystan teritoryasyndaghy Jetisuding Kegen ózeni alabynan (Ile ózenining orta angharyna jatady) tabylghan Ýisinderding Aqtas Ⅱ qystau-qonysymen, túraq-jay júrtymen arhiytekturalyq qúrylys ereksheligi, tabylghan zattardyng sipaty, mәdeniyeti jaghynan óte jaqyn, úqsas ekendigi bayqalady, dep qaraghan. Olar taghy Ile ózeni angharyndaghy Ýisin qabiri eskertkishterin jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi II ghasyr alghashqy kezen; jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi I ghasyr orta kezen; jyl sanauymyzdyng I ghasyry songhy kezeng dep ýsh kezenge bólip týsinik jasaghan (13). Demek, búdan Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni alabyndaghy arheologyalyq mәdeniyetterding qaynarlas, dәuirles, sabaqtas, bir-birining jalghasy ekendigin kóruge bolady.

Essedondar turaly túnghysh mәlimet bergen Aystey Prokonessky eken. Ol Essedondar jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi V ghasyrda Altay ónirin mekendegen ejelgi taypalardyng biri dep kórsetedi. Osy jýz neshe jyldyng ishinde talay retki qonys audaru barysynda Essedondadyng bir bólegi Shu ózeni men Amudariya alqabyna kelip qonystanghan (14). Olar osy ónirlerge qonystanghan song Skif yaghny Saq taypalaryna engen. Osydan keyin, Saqtar turaly kóp material iyelep, jazba derekter jazghan Ptolemey Essedondardy Skiftik (batystyq) jәne serekilik (altaylyq) dep eki topqa bóledi.

Viyzentyalyq Sholast Sensting aituynsha, Essedondar jer astynan aghyp shyghatyn ózen boyyn jaylap, júldyzdargha tabynyp, ózendi pir tútatyn, ózderin sodan jaraldyq dep esepteytin adamdar eken (15). Búdan qaraghanda, Essedondar Skiyf-Saq taypalar odaghyna engennen keyin úzaq jyldar boyy aralasu, toghysu barysynda ózderin Skifter yaghny Saqtarmyz dep eseptegen. Skifter yaghny Saqtar siyaqty ózendi shyghu tegimen baylanystyryp pir tútqan, Skiftershe júldyzgha tabynghan.

Ýisinder kóne grek kitaptarynda «Issedondar» dep jazylghan eken. Búl esimdi beyne Engels aitqanday grekter Ýisinderge tanghan siyaqty, әri ol talay retki ózgeristerge úshyraghan yaghny Ýisin-Issodon, Issodon – Ýisin bolyp ózgergen.

Saq taypalar odaghy, onyng ishinde Ýisinder qonystaghan ónirlerde úzaq jyl qazba júmystarymen shúghyldanyp zertteu jýrgizgen A.N.Bernshtam qatarly orys ghalymdary Amudariya Saqtary ydyraghannan keyin Ýisinder, Qúshandar, Toharlar, Qanlylar payda bolghan degen ghylymy boljal aitqan. Keyingi kezde sol ónirlerde jalghasty zertteu jýrgizgen qazaq ghalymdary jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi birinshi myng jyldyqtyng ayaghynda ontýstik Shyghys Qazaqystanda Saq taypalary birlestigining ornyn atauy Ýisin degen jana taypalar birlestigi basty dep kórsetti (16).

Qola pyshaq. Kýnes audanynan jinalghan. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

3. Saqtardyng tegi jәne olardyng Ýisindermen bolghan qatysy

Adamzat turaly ghylymnyng zertteuinshe, adam balasy búdan 14 million jyl búryn hayuanat dýniyesinen adamzat dýniyesine qadam tastaghannan bastap tabighattyng dayyn ónimin iyemdengen taghylyq balang kezendi, mal sharuashylyghy jәne egin sharuashylyghymen jekeley jәne qosyp ainalysatyn varvarlyq kezendi, sonday-aq ónerkәsip óneri men kórkemóner ýlgisin iygergen mәdeniyettik kezendi basyp ótip, búdan 3 million jyl búrynghy alghashqy rulyq qauymdyq qoghamnyng tabaldyryghyn attady. Búl tirshilik saparynda olar jaratylystyng jasyryn syrlaryn, qily-qily qúbylystaryn tanugha aqyly onsha jetpedi, ózgertuge dәrmensizdik etti. Sonymen olar ainalasyndaghy, óte-móte ózderining ómirimen tikeley qatysty bolghan aspandaghy ay men kýnge, kók pen jerge, tau men tasqa, topyraq pen sugha úiyp, olardyng tegi, iyesi turaly miftik týsinikter jasap, ózderi soghan sendi, nandy, olardy әuliye-pir tútty, sonymen rulardyng (búl kez analyq rulyq qoghamnyng ayaq shenin menzeydi) «bәrine ortaq diny úghymdary (mifologiyasy) men tabynushylyq yrymdary» (17) qalyptasty. Aldymen tótemdik (alghashqy adamdardyng tanymyndaghy Qúday dep sanaghan aiuanat nemese ósimdik), keyintinnen animizm (jan men ruhqa senu) dinder, odan kóp Qúdayly shaman dini payda boldy. Shaman dinining alghashqy Tәniri kók Tәniri men jer Tәniri edi.

Keyin kele búl Tәnirler kóbeyip kýn Tәniri, ot Tәniri, su Tәniri, júldyz Tәniri, orman Tәniri, t.b. Tәnirler jaryqqa shyqty da ‹‹әrbir ru ózining týpki tegin Tәnirlerding birinen bastaytyn bóldi›› (18). Óz zamanasynda Saqtar mine osynday rulardan qúralghan túlgha edi.

Orta Aziya ónirin mekendegen Saq taypalaryn ejelgi grek tarihshylary Plini, Strabon qatarlylar ‹‹aziyalyq Skifter›› dep, parsylar (persiyalyqtar) skif ataulnyng bәrin Saqtar dep ataghan. ‹‹Skiyf›› – grekshe beline saptayaq baylaghan adam degen maghynadaghy sóz eken. Óitkeni, olar kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghymen shúghyldanyp mal baghatyndyqtan, túrmys qajetine baylanysty beldikterine kýmis shynjyrly saptayaq baylap jýredi eken. Demek, ‹‹Skiftin›› Saqtargha olardyng osy әdetine baylanysty grekter jaghynan tanylghan at ekeni anyq.

Gerodot (shamamen jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 428-484 jyldary jasaghan) Skifterding (Saqtardyng ) tegi turaly Skifterding ózinen jәne basqa kórshi halyqtardan birtalay anyz-әngime estigen, jazyp alghan. Onda Skifter ózderin Qara teniz jaghalauynyng bayyrghy túrghyny eseptep, tanym –senimderine say ózderining shyghu tegin sol ónirding ózen-su, kólderimen baylanystyrghan. Borisfendi (Denepr ózenin) kiyeli Qúday dep bilip, ózderining kóne babalaryna balaghan. Gerodottyng aituynsha, Skifterding alghashqy Tәnirleri – Taybiti, Api, Argympasa degen әiel Tәnirler men Bapy (babay) qatarly erkek Qúdaylar eken. Osy Bapy men Borisfen qyzynan Targhytay tughan. Gerodot osy Targhytay turaly mynaday anyz aitady: jylan әiel Ehidna Targhytaydy ýngirge kýshtep aparyp, ózimen birge túrugha zorlap kóndiredi. Jylan әiel Targhytaydan Úrpaqsay, Qúlaqsay, Lipaqsay (nemese Elpeksay) atty ýsh úl tuady. Úrpaqsay – kýn әmirshisi nemese Denepr patshasy, Qúlaqsay – kýn әmirshisi yaghny kýn Qúday degen úghymdy menzeydi eken. Skifter ózderin osy kýn әmirshisi Qúlaqsaydan tughanbyz dep qaraghan. Taghy sol anyzda jylan ana Ehidnadan órbigen Qúlaqsaylargha (Skifterding ata-babalaryna) aspannan kese, aibalta, soqa jәne moyyntúryq týsken-mys. Endi bir anyzda әkeden balagha múra bolyp kese, jaq pen sadaq qalady. Ýsh balanyng kenjesi Skif qana әke sadaghyn qayyryp tartyp ata alady, sýitip Skif Skifterding babasyna ainalady.

Egerde anyzdy tarihy derekterding janghyryghy desek, onda biz búl anyzdardan mynalardy kóre alamyz: birinshi, adamzat ol kezde óz damuynyng balang kezeninde bolyp, jylan Skifterding tótemi (kiyesi) bolghanda analyq rulyq qauymnyng tilek-armandaryna say damyp, әielder Skifterding Tәnirine (basqarushysyna) ainalghan. Skifterding yaghny Saqtardyng jylandy pir tútyp tegine balauy ghajaptanarlyq is emes. Erte zamanghy adamdardyng tanym óresinen qaraghanda qalypty qúbylys deuge bolady. Qazaq balasynyng qazirge deyin ata-anasyna qúrmetsizdik etken balasynan qanshalyqty renjip jerisede «ishten shyqqan shúbar jylanym» dep qimastyq sezimde boluy; ýige kirgen jylandy óltirmey basyna aq qúiyp esikten shygharyp jiberui – әne sol tanym-senimning sarqynshaghy bolsa kerek.

Ekinshi, Qúlaqsaydyng kýn әmirshisi úghymyn bildirui olardyng kýndi tirshilik tiregi dep eseptep, ózderin F.Engelsshe aitqanda «neghúrylym ataqty» Tәnirden taraghandyghyn әri adamzat qoghamy damyp atalyq rulyq qoghamgha qadam tastap, erlerding qoghamdaghy rolynyng jogharylaghandyghyn әigilelegen.
Ýshinshi, Skifter yaghny Saqtar tek mal sharuashylyghymen ghana shúghyldanbay, egin sharuashylyghymen de ainalysqan, qogham damyp analyq rulyq qoghamgha engen, jeke mýlik payda bolyp, tap jaryqqa shyqqan, múragerlik týzimi ornaghan.

Farfor astau. Monghúlkýre audany Sarqobydaghy qabirden shyqqan. Suret "Ýisin turaly zertteu" degen kitaptan alyndy.

Jogharyda aitqandarymyzdyng Ptolomidyng Issedondardy (Ýisinderdi) Skiftik (batystyq) jәne serekilik (altaylyq) dep eki topqa bólgenining viyzentyalyq Smolast Sensting Issedondar jer astynan aghyp shyghatyn ózen boyyn jaylaytyn, júldyzdargha tabynyp, ózendi pir tútatyn, ózimiz sodan jaraldyq dep esepteytin adamdar degenimen bir arnada toghysyp jatqandyghyn aiqyn bayqauymyzgha bolady. Al Gerodottyn: «Targhytay degen kisining Úrpaqsay, Qúlaqsay, Oipaqsay (Elpeksay) degen ýsh úly boldy, olar Altyntagh (Altay) degen taudy meken etip, Mastagh (Múz tau) degen jerge jaylaugha baryp jýripti» (19) dep jazuy da osy ru-taypalardyng tektes, tórkindes ekendigin, jýrgen-túrghan jer-mekenderining Qara teniz ben Altay tauy aralyghy ekendigin dәleldeydi.

Meyli Skiyf-Saq nemese Saq-Skif bolsyn, meyli Issedon nemese Ýisin bolsyn bәri de Gerodottyng aituynsha baghy zamanda «Aziyada ónip ósken». olar alghashynda qandastyq, tuystyq baylanyspen birge jasap, keyintinen óndiristing damuyna, jan sanynyng artuyna, el basqaru qúrylymynyng kemeldene týsuine baylanysty ru-úlystargha, taypalargha bólinip, biri birinen qol ýzisip, óz aldyna iyelikter qúrdy. Biraq keybir ishki (el basqaru, iygilik jaratu), syrtqy (ózgelerden qorghanu, ózgelerge soqtyghu) sebepterge baylanysty qaytadan úzaq merzimge odaqtasyp birikti. Búl barys úzaqqa jalghasty. Osy barysta olar ózderining «bir tekten taraghan» ru attaryn saqtasa da, ainalasyndaghy elder olargha ózderinshe balaghan attaryn saqtasa da, ainalasyndaghy elder olargha ózderinshe balaghan attaryn taghyp ta jýrdi. Sonymen olar týrlishe dәuirde, týrlishe jerlerde, týrlishe attarmen ataldy. Biraq «ru atynyng ózi túqymynyng ortaq bir tekten taraghandyghynyng dәleli bolatyndyghyn» (20) qazirge deyin eshkim teriske shygharghan joq.

Sonymen jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi VIII ghasyrda Aziyada barlyqqa kelgen Saq taypalary jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi 650 jyldarda grekter jaghynan Skif (beline saptayaq baylap jýretin), tigrahauda (shoshaq tóbeli tymaq kiyetin) Saqtar degen attarmen әliptelip, keyin qazaq dalasy dep atalatyn jerden bir bóligi ontústyk orys dalasyna, batysta Batys Aziyagha, Soltústyk Europagha qaray qonys audardy; Shyghysta Kәspy tenizi jaghalaularynan Chyrdariya aralyghyna deyin; jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi V-VI ghasyrlarda Jetisu, Ile ózeni angharyna, jyl sanauymyzgha deyingi II-III ghasyrlarda Dúnhuan, Chiliyan tauyna deyin óris keneytip baryp qonystandy. Jetisu jeri men Ile ózeni angharyndaghy Saqtardyng bir mýshesi bolghan Ýisin ru-taypalary qatarly ru-taypalar qazaq halqynyng irge tasyn qalady.

Paydalanghan derek kózderi:

1. Su Beyhay: ‹‹Batys ónirding tariyh-jaghrapyasy››, Shyndang uniyversiyteti baspasy, 1988 jyl, hanzusha 3-bet.
2. F.Engels:‹‹Semyanyn, jeke menshikting jәne memleketting shyghuy››, Shyndang halyq baspasy,1959 jyl,166-bet.
3. Jogharghy kitaptyng 159-beti.
4. Su beyhay: ‹‹Qazaq mәdeniyetining tarihy››, Shynjang uniyversiyteti baspasy, 1988 jyl. Hanzusha 27-beti.
5. ‹‹Qazaq SSR tarihy››, 1980 jyl, Almaty. 1-tom, 201-beti.
6. Nyghmet Mynjanúly: ‹‹Qazaqtyng qysqasha tarihy››, Shynjang halyq baspasy, 1987 jyl. 64-beti.
7. Huang Chynchan: ‹‹Shynjannyng ertedegi túrghyndary, últtary jәne olardyng Batys ónirde qúrghan akymiyattary››, shege baspa núsqasy, hanzusha 178-beti.
8. Huang Jynhua, Jang Guanda: ‹‹Sovet Odaghynda Ýisin turaly jýrgizilgen arheologyalyq zertteulerding mәn-jәii jóninde sholu››, qaranyz: Uang Miynjy, Uang Biynhua:‹ ‹Ýisin turaly zertteu››, Shynjang halyq baspasy,1989 jyl, 446-beti.
9. Hanzusha ‹‹Shynjang qoghamdyq ghylymdary›› jurnaly,1985 jyl,1-san.
10. Bayúzaq Qojabekúly: ‹‹Tarihy tanym››, ‹‹Atatek›› Baspasy,almaty, 1994jyl,290-beti.
11. qaranyz: Uang Miynjy, Uang Biynhua: ‹‹Ýisin turaly zertteu››, Shynjang halyq baspasy, 1989 jyl,444-445-beti.
12. Dogharydaghy kitaptyng 443-beti.
13. Saghyn Súnghatay: ‹‹Ilening jogharghy angharyndaghy ejelgi Ýisinderding arheologyalyq mәdeniyeti››,‹‹Shynjang qoghamdyq ghylymdary›› jurnaly,1995 jyl,1-san.
14.  ‹‹Qazaq sóvet ensiklopediyasy››,5-tom,124-125-betteri.

15. Jogharghymen úqsas.
16. O.Symaghúlov: ‹‹Ata-baba (tek)››, qaranyz: ‹‹Qazaq››, Almaty, ‹‹Bilim baspasy››,1994 jyl,15-16-betteri.
17. F.Engels: ‹‹Semyanyn, jeke menshikting jәne memleketting shyghuy››, Shyndang halyq baspasy,1959 jyl,167-beti.
18. Dogharydaghy kitaptyng 196-beti.
19. Geodot:‹‹Tariyh››, Sauda baspasy, 1959 jyl, hanzusha 4-tomynyng 11-,12-betteri.
20. F.Engels: ‹‹Semyanyn, jeke menshikting jәne memleketting shyghuy››, Shynjang halyq baspasy, 1959 jyl, 188-beti.

Jalghasy bar...

Suret avtordyng jeke múraghatynan alyndy

Jaqyp Jýnisúly, QHR tarih ghylymynyng agha zertteushisi, professor.

Avtordyng qysqasha ómirbayany

Jaqyp Jýnisúly 1938 jyly 1 shildede Ilening Kýnes audany, Taldy qalashyghy, Aqshy qystaghynda dýniyege kelgen. 1947 jyly Aqshy bastauysh mektebining tabaldyryghyn attaghan.  1952 jyly qyrkýiekte audan ortalyghyndaghy ortalau mektebinde oqyp, ony 1954 jyly bitiredi. J.Jýnisúly 1954 jyly kýzde Ýrimjidegi Shynjang institutynyng tariyh-jagharapiya fakulitetine oqugha týsedi. Ony ýsh jyl oqyp, 1957 jyly bitirgenen keyin instituttyng ózinde qalyp oqytushy bolghan. Ol 1957 jyly qarashada Beyjindegi Últtar institutyna baryp bir jyl hanzu tilin ýirengen. Sonday-aq J.Jýnisúly 1958 jyldan 1963 jylgha deyin Beyjing uniyversiytetinde tarih ghylymy mamandyghyn oqyp, bakalavr ghylymy dәrejesine qol jetkizgen. 1963 jyly tamyz aiynan 1977 jyly qarashagha deyin Shynjang uniyversiytetining tariyh-jaghrapiya fakulitetinde oqu-oqytu qyzmetterimen shúghyldanghan. 1977 jyldan 1980 jyly qazangha deyin  partiya yacheykasynyng mýshesi sanatymen dayyndyq kóru gruppasynyng qúramynda bolyp, Ile pedagogika institutyn qúrugha dayyndyq kóru júmystaryna qatynasqan. 1980 jyldan 1985 jylgha deyin Ile ped institutynyng hanzu tili fәkuliteti partya yacheykasynyng hatshysy, sonymen birge tarih sabaghyn ótu mindetin qosymsha atqarghan. 1985 jyldan 1988 jyly nauryzgha deyin Ile ped institutynyng Oqu-oqytu basqarmasy partya yacheykasynyng hatshysy, qosymsha basqarma bastyghy bolghan. 1988 sәuirden 1991 sәuirge deyin Ile ped instituty ghylymy zertteu basqarmasynyng bastyghy, qosymsha Qazaq mәdeniyetin zertteu kensesining mengerushisi bolghan. 1991 jyly jeltoqsanda Ile ped instituty tәrtip tekseru komiytetining orynbasar hatshysy, qosymsha ghylymy zertteu basqarmasynyng bastyghy bolghan. Sodan bastap 1997 jylgha deyin ol Ile ped instituty zertteu basqarmasynyng bastyghy, qosymsha Qazaq mәdeniyetin zertteu kensesining mengerushisi, agha zertteushisi mindetin ótegen. 1994 jyly mausymda tәrih ghylymynyng agha zertteushisi ghylmy ataghyn alghan. 1997 jyly qarashada  zeynet demalysyna shyqqan. 

‹‹Shynjang qoghamdyq ghylymdar minbesi›› (No3 san, 2007 j.) jurnalynan audaryp dayyndaghan Álimjan Áshimúly.

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