Álem tarihynda últ-azattyq qozghalystar men otarlyq ezgige qarsy kýreste eleuli ról atqarghan túlghalar az emes. Solardyng qatarynda Latyn Amerikasynyng tәuelsizdigi ýshin kýresken jәne birneshe memleketting azattyghy jolynda orasan zor ýles qosqan Simon Bolivar esimi erekshe oryn alady.

Ony Latyn Amerika halyqtary «El Libertador», yaghny «Azat etushi» dep ataydy. Bolivar — erkindikti, әdilettilikti, últtyq birlikti basty qúndylyq etken qayratker. Onyng býkil sanaly ghúmyry otarlyq ezgige qarsy kýreske arnaldy. Búl maqalada Simon Bolivardyng ómiri, kýres joly, sayasy kózqarastary men tarihy múrasy jan-jaqty qarastyrylady.

Simon Bolivardyng ómiri men qalyptasuy

Simon Bolivar 1783 jyly Venesuelanyng astanasy Karakas qalasynda dýniyege kelgen. Onyng tolyq aty — Simon Hose Antonio de la Santus Bolivar-iy-Ponte Palasios-iy-Blanko. Bolivar auqatty jәne bedeldi kreol otbasynda ósti. Kreoldar — Latyn Amerikasynda dýniyege kelgen europalyq tekti adamdar. Áke-sheshesinen erte aiyrylghan jas Bolivar tәlim-tәrbiyeni tәrbiyeshiler men múghalimderden aldy.

Jasóspirim shaghynda Europagha sapar shegip, Ispaniyada bilim aldy. Osy sapary kezinde ol Fransiyada bolghan tarihy oqighalargha kuә bolyp, Aghartushylyq dәuirinin iydeyalaryna susyndady. Fransuz revolusiyasynyng úrandary — "Bostandyq, tendik, bauyrlastyq" — jasóspirim Bolivardyng dýniyetanymyna tereng әser etti. Sonymen qatar, Napoleon Bonaparttyng biylikke keluin kózimen kórgen ol, halyqtyng ishki kýshin, últtyng biriguin jәne revolusiyalyq ózgeristerding mәnin týsindi.

Azattyq kýresining bastaluy

Bolivar Europadan oralghan son, 1810 jyly Venesuelada bastalghan últ-azattyq qozghalysqa belsendi aralasa bastady. Búl kezende Ispaniya Fransiyamen soghysyp jatqan bolatyn, jәne búl jaghday Latyn Amerika elderining tәuelsizdikke úmtyluyna qolayly jaghday tughyzdy.

Bolivar 1811 jyly Venesuelanyng tәuelsizdigin jariyalaugha atsalysty. Alayda Ispaniya tarapynan kýshti qarsylyqqa úshyrap, birneshe ret jenilis tapty. Soghan qaramastan, ol kýresin toqtatpady. Ol Kolumbiyagha, sodan keyin Karib tenizi araldaryna ketip, janadan kýsh jinady. Bolivar sayasy diplomatiyany da, әskery taktikany da úshtastyra bildi. Ol jergilikti halyqtyng qoldauyna sýiene otyryp, partizandyq soghystyng әdisterin tiyimdi qoldandy.

1819 jyly ol And taularynan asyp, kýtpegen jerden Kolumbiyagha shabuyl jasap, sheshushi jeniske jetti. Búl jenis onyng ataghyn býkil Latyn Amerikagha pash etti.

Úly Kolumbiya jәne Bolivardyng memleket qúru armany

Bolivardyng basty armany — Latyn Amerikasynda birtútas, tәuelsiz, federativti memleket qúru edi. Osy iydeyany jýzege asyru maqsatynda ol 1819 jyly Úly Kolumbiyany (Gran Colombia) qúrdy. Búl memleket qazirgi Kolumbiya, Venesuela, Ekvador jәne Panama territoriyalaryn qamtydy. Alayda, ishki qayshylyqtar men jergilikti elitalardyng óz biyligin saqtap qalugha úmtyluy birlik iydeyasyn jýzege asyrugha kedergi boldy.

Simon Bolivar sayasy qúrylym retinde respublikalyq basqaru jýiesin qoldady. Ol monarhiyalyq basqaru týrine týbegeyli qarsy boldy jәne әr azamattyng teng qúqyghy men zang aldynda tendigin jaqtady. Degenmen, key kezderi ishki túraqtylyqty saqtau maqsatynda tótenshe biylikke de jýginuge mәjbýr boldy.

Bolivar 1824 jyly Peru men qazirgi Boliviya territoriyasyn azat etuge qatysyp, Perudegi ispan әskerin talqandady. Boliviya memleketi onyng qúrmetine atalyp, oghan alghashqy konstitusiyany jazugha mýmkindik berildi.

Qayghyly aqyry jәne keyingi baghalanuy 

Simon Bolivardyng ómiri jenistermen ghana emes, kýizelistermen de qatar jýrdi. Ol songhy jyldary óz armanynyng jýzege aspaytynyna kózi jetip, biylikten ketuge mәjbýr boldy. El ishinde oghan qarsy oppozisiyalyq kýshter kýsheyip, keybireuler ony diktator dep aiyptady. Alayda ol eshqashan jeke basynyng paydasyn maqsat etken emes — Bolivar óz baylyghyn halyqtyng mýddesine júmsady.

Ol 1830 jyly 17 jeltoqsanda Kolumbiyanyng Santa-Marta qalasynda, jalghyzdyq pen auru mendegen halde dýniyeden ótti. Ol qaytys bolghanda bar bolghany 47 jasta edi. Alayda artynda tereng iz qaldyrdy.

Keyingi úrpaq onyng enbegin joghary baghalady. Qazir ol — Latyn Amerika halyqtarynyng últtyq batyry. Onyng esimimen Boliviya memleketi, kóptegen qalalar, uniyversiytetter men eskertkishter atalghan.

Simon Bolivardyng múrasy — erkindik, últtyq birlik jәne әleumettik әdildik iydeyalarymen baylanysty. Ol tek otarshylarmen kýresip qana qoyghan joq, sonymen qatar jana qogham qúrudy maqsat etti. Onyng sayasy tújyrymdamalarynda demokratiyalyq instituttar, zang ýstemdigi, azamattardyng qúqyqtary men bostandyqtary erekshe oryn aldy.

Bolivardyng "Djamayka haty" men "Angusturadaghy sózi" siyaqty enbekteri sayasy filosofiya salasyndaghy qúndy múra bolyp tabylady. Ol halyqtyng bilim aluyn, últtyq birtútastyqty jәne memleketti basqaruda moralidyq jauapkershilikti basty prinsipter retinde kórsetti.

Simon Bolivar — әlemdik tarihtaghy eng úly azat etushilerding biri. Onyng esimi tek Latyn Amerikasy ýshin ghana emes, barlyq otarlyq jýiege qarsy shyqqan halyqtar ýshin ruhany ýlgi bola alady. Onyng batyldyghy, erik-jigeri men әdilet ýshin kýresi milliondaghan adamdardyng jýreginen oryn tapty. Bolivar azattyqtyng simvolyna ainaldy. Býginde de onyng armandary men iydeyalary ózekti — әdiletti, erkin jәne tәuelsiz qogham qúru jolynda әr halyq Simon Bolivardan ýireneri sózsiz.

Keyde oilaymyz, bizding kóp qyiynshylyq kórgen Euraziya qúrylghynada osynday bir adamnyng keregi aidan anyq.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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