Qostanay ónirining ózen-kólderi, eldi mekenderining eski ataularyn, kóne beyit-qorymdaryn patsha zamanynda jasalynghan kartalar, qújattar negizinde zerdelep jýrgen zertteu júmystarynyng barysynda Resey arhiyvining múraghatynan búryn-sondy zertteushilerding kózine týspegen, nazaryna ilinbegen tarihy jәdigerge jolyqtyq. Ol – Qostanay qalasynyng túnghysh bas plany (jospary). Búl jolda Orynbor arhiyvining sonarynan bastalghan izkesu Sankt-Peterburg qalasyndaghy «inge» keziktirdi. «Iz kesu» demekshi, orys tiline shetten kirgen «plan» degen sózding qazaqsha balamasyna «jospar» degen sózdi qoldanyp jýrmiz. Al «plan «sózining týp-tórkini kóne latyn tilindegi «planum», «planta» degennen shyghady. Onyng latyn tilindegi kóne maghynasynyng biri «ayaq izi» degen úghymdardy bildiredi eken. Demek, «plan syzu» degen sóz qazaqtyng «iz kesu, iz salu» degen úghymymen para-par. Orys tilindegi plan sózining «chertej», «topograficheskaya karta mestnostiy», «plan deystviye» dep kete beretin sinonimdik maghynalary atalmysh úghymnyng ózge tildegi týrlenui dep payymdaugha bolady. Bizding qolymyzdaghy jәdiger topografiyalyq kartanyng mazmúnyna jaqyn. Sondyqtan ony «Qostanay qalasynyng topografiyalyq kartasy» dep ataugha tolyq negiz bar. Búl karta - patsha dәuirindegi qazaq dalasynda payda bolghan qalalardyng tarihyna qatysty derektik sipaty mol taptyrmas jәdigerding biri.

Karta Torghay oblysy әskery general gubernatorynyng 1895 jyldyng 25 sәuirindegi №3767 jәne 1896 jyldyng 30-sәuirindegi №2883 pәrmenimen jasalady (suret 1).

1 suret. Kartadaghy jazba mәlimetter

Tarihy derekter boyynsha, atalmysh jyldary Torghay oblysynyng әskery general-gubernatorynyng qyzmetin general-mayor Ya.F.Barabash degen kisi atqarady. Gubernatordyng pәrmenin oryndaghan - Orman isi mekemesining (lesnoe vedomostvo) agha topografy Beloglazov. Kólemi, shamamen, A1 formatyndaghy eki ýlken bólikten túrady. Jasalghan naqty merzimi belgisiz, shamamen 1896-1902 jyldar aralyghy dep boljaymyz. Sebebi 1902 jyly Torghay general-gubernatory Yustisiya ministrligining Mejevaya kanselariyasyna Qostanay qalasynyng jaylymdyq jәne egin sharuashylyghy qatysty jerlerdi ólsheu ýshin jerólsheushi (zemlemer) mamandy súratqan ótinishi saqtalghan. Jer ólsheu isi karta syzbasy dayyn bolghannan keyin jýretin әreket dep sanaymyz. Karta qalany batystan soltýstikke qaray súlatyp, yaghny Tobyl ózenining arnasy boyynsha syzyp salghan. Sebebi onyng maqsaty ózenning sol jaq jaghalauyna ornalasqan qalanyng shekarasyn belgileu bolghan. Qalanyng ontýstik-shyghys betten tabighy shekarasy – Tobyl ózeni. Beloglazov syzghan karta 1907 jyldyng 30 qarashasynda Ishki ister ministrligi Jerge ornalastyru jәne jer isi bas basqarmasynyng Syzba bólimining tekserisinen ótip, keybir eskertuler jazylghan. Ol kartada qyzyl boyaumen belgilengen. Búghan qol qoyghan qyzmetker – topograf K.Pavlovskiy. Demek, karta 1907 jylgha deyingi aralyqta tolyq syzylyp, dayyn bolghan.

Kartanyng alghy sózindegi «spesialinoe mejevanie so snyatiyem vnutrennney situasii» degen jolgha qaray otyryp, múny dayyndaudaghy basty maqsat qalanyng aumaghyn aiqyndap, shekarasyn bekitu bolghandyghyn bayqaymyz. Tarihtan belgili, qala men jergilikti Araqaraghay bolysynyn, Qostanay jylqy zauyty ornalasqan Zatobol poselkasy túrghyndary arasynda jer ýshin dau-damaylar jii oryn alyp túrdy. Sol sebepten bolar, kartany bekituge qala túrghyndarymen qatar Araqaraghay bolysynyng jәne Qostanay jylqy zauytynyng ókilderi de shaqyrylady. Atap aitqanda, Qostanay qalasynyng deputattary meshanin (qalalyq túrghyn degen maghyna beredi - avt.) Gavrilo Kozlov pen Ivan Sarikov, Qostanay uezi Araqaraghay bolysynyng deputattary Túrghymbay Tomabaev (sauatsyz bolghandyqtan tanbasyn soghady) pen Osman (Ospan) Altynsariyn, Qostanay jylqy zauytynan deputattar Nikandr Stalbov pen agha veterinar S. Karobovtar kartanyng dúrystyghyn rastap, qol qoyady. Búl iske kuәger retinde Petr Alferiev, Nikodim Petin jәne Pavel Chernogorov syndy bógde, tәuelsiz kisiler shaqyrylyp, olar sauatsyz bolghandyqtan qoldy atalmysh kisilerding atynan meshanin Fedor Taniev qol qoyady (suret 2).

2 suret. Karta keskindemesining dúrystyghyna kelisim berip, qol qoyghan kisiler turaly aqparat.

Atalmysh aqparattan qazaq júrty birden shyramytatyn kisi – Ospan Altynsariyn. Ol - ataqty aghartushy Ybyray Altynsarinnyng bir anadan tughan bauyry. Á.Balghymbaevtyng búl kýnge deyin әli tolyq jariyalanbaghan esteliginde Ospan turaly mynaday derek bar: «Altynsary qaytqannan keyin onyng әielin qazaqtyng salty boyynsha aghayyny Qoshan (múragerlikpen) alyp, odan Ospan tuady. Ospan - Ybyraymen bir anadan tuatyn Altynsarynyng ekinshi balasy». Demek, Balghoja әuleti Ospannyng tughan әkesi Qoshan bolsa da, ony mezgilsiz qaza bolghan Altynsarynyng balasy dep eseptegen. Sondyqtan onyng tegine «Altynsariyn» degen tek tanba belgilengen.

Kartada qala kóshelerining ornalasuy, әkimshilik jәne diny minajat ghimarattary, zauyt, óndiris oryndary, beyit-qorymdar, say-sala, kólder belgilengen. Qalanyng ortalyq bóliginde eki shirkeu ghimaraty, al ózen jaghalauyndaghy biyik qabaqta әskery kazarma men týrme ornalasqany bayqalady. Tarihshylardyng jazuy boyynsha, qalagha qonys audarushylardyng alghashqy legining jerkepe soghyp ornalasqan jeri Tobyl ózenining biyik jaghalauy, qazirgi ortalyq kóshening (Ál-Farabi) ózenge tireletin aimaghy edi. Osy kósheden Tobyl ózenining ýstine salynghan kópir bar. Odan Zatobol poselkasyna jәne Torghaygha ketetin joldar shyghady. Jәrmenke ótetin oryn da, jemis aghashtarynyng baghy da ózenning arghy betinde. Qala týrmesi, әskery kazarma da sol aimaqqa jaqyn ornalasqan (bizding qosymsha soqqan belgilerimiz qyzyl júldyzsha, krest, aishyq jәne jebe syzyqpen berilgen). Onyng qazirgi orny búrynghy Qostanay ayaq kiyim fabrikasynyng many.

Qalanyng naq oralyghyndaghy alanda ornalasqan shirkeu ghimaratynyng belgisi – 1898 jyly salynghan әulie Nikoliskiy sobory kenes ýkimetining 30–jyldaryndaghy oirany kezinde talqandalghan. Onyng orny, ólketanushylardyng aituynsha, qalalyq ortalyq sayabaq ishindegi kinoteatr many. Ekinshi shirkeu ghimaratynyng belgisi qalanyng soltýstik qanaty jaghynda. Ol býgingi tandaghy Nazarbaev kóshesindegi júmys jasap túrghan shirkeu nemese erterekte qazirgi Ortalyq bazardyng manynda bolyp, keynn búzylyp ketken-mys shirkeu ghimaraty (suret 3).

3 suret. Qalanyng ortalyq bóligining keskindemesi.

Kartada aghayyndy Yaushevter múryndyq bolyp salynghan músylmandar meshitining ornalasqan orny belgilenbegen. Sebebi karta dayyndalghan kezende músylman meshitining ghiamaraty әli salynbaghan edi. Ony salugha rúqsat alu mýmkinshiligi patshanyng 1905 jylghy 17 qazanda jariyalaghan maniyfestinen keyin ghana payda bolady (Qaranyz: Múraghat qorjyny: derek pen payym // https://abai.kz/post/117977 ).

Kartadan óndiris oshaqtarynyng deni kópshiligi ontýstik qanattaghy Ábil-say (kartada «Abemi-say» dep berilgen - avt.) men soltýstik qanattaghy Ordabay-saydyng arghy betine ornalasqanyn bayqaymyz. Qalanyng alghashqy tabighy shekarasy, o basta, Torghay oblysynyng genreal-gubernatory A.P.Konstantinovichting belgileui boyynsha, atalmysh eki saydyng arasy dep aiqyndalghan bolatyn. Keyin qala birtindep keneyip, odan asyp ketedi. Say syrtyna aldymen sauda oryndary kóshiriledi, keyin ol jaqta  óndiris oryndary ashylady.

Ábil-saydan keyingi betke Tatar slabodkasy, músylmandar beyiti, sauda ýishikteri, kirpish zauyty, oq-dәri jәne kópes Stahaevtyng kerosin saqtau qoymasy ornalasqan (suret 4). Tatar slabodkasynyng Ábil-saydyng arghy betine ornalasuynyng tarihy negizderi bar. 1905 jylghy «17 qazan» maniyfestine deyin qalada tek pravoslavie dinin tútynushylar jәne patshanyng erekshe jarlyghymen rúqsat etilgen kópester, memleket qyzmetkerleri ghana túraqty túrugha qúqyghy bar bolatyn. Tatar júrtynyng birynghay qala syrtyna ornalasuynyng jәne sol manda qazaq júrty qonys tepken kóshening «Kazahskaya ulisa» dep ataluynyng syry osynda jatyr.

4 suret. Qalanyng Ábil-saydan keyingi bóligining keskindemesi.

Soltýstiktegi Ordabay-saydyng qala betine ataqty shversariyalyq kópes Loresting syra zauyty ornalasyp, arghy betine qasaphana, IYver әielder monastyry, teri óndeu zauyty ornalasady. Qostanaydan Ýy ózenining Tobylgha qúyar saghasyndaghy Usti-Uy stansiyasyna baratyn (qazirgi Vvedenka trassasy) joly da osy jerdi jaghalap ótedi (suret 5).

5 suret. Qalanyng Ordabay-saydan keyingi bóligining keskindemesi.

Osy arada astyn syzyp aita ketetin bir mәsele bar. Qalanyng soltýstigindegi Ordabay-say atauy qala túrghyndarynyng jadynan úmytylyp ketken. Karta sol  úmytylghan toponimikany janghyrtugha mýmkindik beredi. Jalpy, Qostanay qalasynyng alghashqy ornyn geodezist injenerler әuelden «Ordabay» (Urochiyshe Urdabay) degen jerden belgileydi. Biraq búl jer Torghay oblysynyng әskery general-gubernatory A.P.Konstantinovichke únamay, ol Ordabaydan ózen aghysynyng tómengi jaghyndaghy 7 verst jerdegi qazirgi qala ornyn tandaydy. Qala alghashqyda qysqa uaqyt «Ordabay» (Urdabay) dep te atalady. Múny Y.Altynsarinnyng jazbalarynan kóre alamyz. Aytalyq, onyng 1880 jyldyng 14 aqpanynda V.V.Katarinskiyge joldaghan hatynda Torghaydan Troiskige nemese jana qala Ordabaygha qonys audarghysy keletinin jazady. Sonymen qatar ol 1881 jyldyng 5 sәuirinde N. Iliminskiyge Torghay oblysyndaghy tórt ortalyq mektepting biri Ordabayda (әngime tórkini Troiskiden jana uezd ortalyghy Qostanaygha kóshirilip әkelinetin mektep jayynda bolghan) boluy tiyis dep kórsetedi.

Kóp úzamay qalanyng aty әueli Nikolaevsk, odan song Novonikolaevsk dep atap, 1895 jyldan bastap «Qostanay» dep ózgeredi. Al Nikolaevsk atauy «әuelgi Ordabaygha» auystyrylyp, ol jerde poselok payda bolady. Kartada Nikolaevsk poselkasy men Qostanay qalasyn ózen boyymen jaghalap jalghastyratyn jol kórsetilgen (suret 6).

6 suret. Qostanay men Nikolaevsk poselkasy arasyndaghy Tobyldy jaghalap jýretin jol

Patsha taqtan týsken kezde onyng atyn iyemdengen atau da ózgeriledi. Ol eldi meken kenes dәuirinen bizge «Krasnyy partizan», odan song «Amangeldi» degen ataumen jetti. Tobyl ózenining aghysymen qaraghanda qalanyng joghary jaghynda, yaghny batysta ornalasqan Ordabay mekeni men ózenning tómengi aghasynda, yaghny qalanyng soltýstiginde ornalasqan Ordabay-say bir kisining esimi me, әlde ekeui eki kisi me, ol jaghy belgisiz. Bizdinshe, qalanyng tarihynda orny bar «Ordabay-saydy» este saqtau ýshin, ony sol saydyng manayynan iydeologiyalyq túrghydan eskirgen kóshe ataularynyng birine (mysaly, Rabochiy kóshe) bergen tarihy túrghydan dúrys bolar edi. Búghan qalalyq onomastikalyq komissiyanyng júmystyq tәjiriybesi bar. Kóp jyldar siresip túrghan «Kazahskaya» kóshesin ataqty Ábil-saygha ózgertkeni belgili. Sol tәjiriybeni «Ordabay-saygha» qoldanugha bolady. Al qalanyng aumaghyna enip ketken «Amangeldini» Ordabay shaghyn audany dep atasa, dúrys bolar edi. «Bir oqpen eki qoyan atyp alu» degen osy bolady.

Kartada Troisk qalasy men Qostanaydy jalghastyrghan eski jәne jana poshta joly, qala manyndaghy kólder jәne olardyng tabighy jaghdayy (suly nemese qúrghaq) atalyp, eski qorghandar orny belgilengen. Biz kartadan eki eski qorghannyng orny belgilengenin bayqadyq. Qala manyndaghy kólder ataularynyng qazaqshasy qyzyqty. Mysaly, Mayqúmyr kól, Qaraqasqa kól, Astau kól (Chernenkov) degen ataular bar. «Astau kóldin» ornalasu poshymy úzynsha kәdimgi astaugha úqsaydy. Búl mysaldar qazaq júrty jer-su ataularyna onyng geografiyalyq erekshelikterin eskerip, túrmysqa tútynu, mal, egin sharushylyghyna paydalanu qolaylyghyna qatysty atau qoyatynyn taghy bir anyq anghartady (suret 7).

7 suret. Qala manyndaghy qazaqsha atalatyn kólder.

Iz syzbada Tobyl ózenining qala túsyndaghy arnasy suret týrinde keremet beynelengen. Onda ózenning qoyyn-qoltyghy, búrylys-búrany, jaghalau boyynyng keskindemesi, ózen arnasy men biyik jar qabaqtyng araqashyqtaghy belgilengen. Múny qazirgi Tobyl ózenining arnasymen salystyrghanda, kóptegen ózgerister bolghanyn anyq angharugha bolady. Mysaly, býgingi tandaghy Gashek kóshesining boyyndaghy jaghalaudaghy «KJBY shúnqyry» dep atalatyn túiyq qoltyq kezinde ózen arnasymen jalghasyp jatqan bastauy ken, sony sopaqsha ýirek moyyn bop ketken býiir qaryn ekendigi bayqalady (suret 8).

8 suret. KJBY shúnqyry  jәne onyng manayy.

Topograf Beloglazovtyng óner tuyndysynan kem emes enbegi týrli burokrattyq saralaudan ótip, jer ólsheushi Gaaz degen esimdi maman kisining 72 betten túratyn sipattamasymen birge 1912 jyly Basqarushy Senattyng (Praviytelistvuiyshiy Senat) qarauyna jetedi. Onda Senattyng jer ólsheu jәne kartografiyamen ainalysatyn «Mejevaya kanselyariyasy» qújatty arnayy qarap, oghan 16 týrli eskertu jasap, kartany bekituge jibermey, keri qaytarady. Keri qaytarudyng barlyq sebepterin tizip kórsetpey-aq, alghashqy ýsh sebebin ghana atap ketkimiz keledi:

1. Qújat Jer isi men memlekettik mýlik bas basqarmasy men Ishki ister ministrligi arasynda Qostanay qalasyna tiyisti jaylymdyq jәne egindik jerding (vygonnye zemli) jalpy kólemi turaly kelisim joq;

2. Sayajay (qanday sayajay ekendigin anyqtau mýmkin bolmady-avt.) Qostanay әielderi IYver qauymdastyghynyng jerine ornalasqandyqtan jer ólsheushi maman Gaaz din isteri mekemesining ókilining kelisimen aluy kerek edi;

3. Qala territoriyasyna ornalasqan Qostanay auyl-sharuashylyghy mektebining jeri Orynbor oqu okrugine tiyisti bolghandyqtan, sol mekemening ókili kelisim berui qajet, al múnda tek mektep mengerushisining kelisimi ghana bar...

Osylaysha, atalmysh qújat Basqarushy Senattyng esiginen keyin qaytady. Onyng búdan keyingi taghdyry belgisiz. Kóp úzamay I dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalyp, Resey imperiyasynyng kýii ketip, qúiyn soghyp, shanyraghy shayqala bastaydy. Onyng aqyry alyp imperiyanyng ydyrauyna úlasady. Qújattyng songhy taghdyry sol úiytqyghan qúiynnyng ishine jútylyp ketse kerek...

Sóz sonynda aitarymyz: atalmysh jәdigerdi kóneden jetken tarihy múra retinde bizder ony Qostanay oblystyq ólketanu muzeyine eksponat retinde tabystadyq. 2023 jyldyng 1 nauryz kýni saghat 15.00-de muzey zalynda kartany qala júrtshylyghyna saltanatty týrde tanystyru rәsimi ótedi. Qalanyng tarihy bey-jay qaldyrmaytyn túrghyndardy atalmysh  tarihy jәdigerdi kórip, tamashalaugha shaqyramyz. Marhabbat!

Almasbek Ábsadyq,

Qostanay

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